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AuthorTitleYearJournal/ProceedingsReftypeDOI/URL
Aars, J., Andersen, M., Belikov, S., Boltunov, A., Buckland, S.T., Marques, T.A. and Wiig, Ø. Line transect estimate of the subpopulation size of polar bears in the Barents Sea 2005 (Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group)Polar Bears, pp. 173-175  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Aars2005,
  author = {Aars, J. and Andersen, M. and Belikov, S. and Boltunov, A. and Buckland, S. T. and Marques, T. A. and Wiig, Ø.},
  title = {Line transect estimate of the subpopulation size of polar bears in the Barents Sea},
  booktitle = {Polar Bears},
  year = {2005},
  number = {Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group},
  pages = {173--175}
}
Aars, J., Marques, T.A., Buckland, S.T., Andersen, M., Belikov, S., Boltunov, A. and Wiig, Ø. Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size 2009 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 25, pp. 35-52 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Aars2008,
  author = {Aars, J. and Marques, T. A. and Buckland, S. T. and Andersen, M. and Belikov, S. and Boltunov, A. and Wiig, Ø.},
  title = {Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {35--52},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00228.x}
}
Aars, J., Marques, T., Lone, K., Andersen, M., Wiig, Ø., Fløystad, I.M.B., Hagen, S.B. and Buckland, S.T. The number and distribution of polar bears in the western Barents Sea area 2017 Polar Biology
Vol. 36, pp. 1374125 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Aars2017,
  author = {Aars, Jon and Marques, Tiago and Lone, Karen and Andersen, Magnus and Wiig, Øystein and Fløystad, Ida Marie Bardalen and Hagen, Snorre B. and Buckland, Stephen T.},
  title = {The number and distribution of polar bears in the western Barents Sea area},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {1374125},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2017.1374125}
}
Acevedo, P., Ferreres, J., Jaroso, R., Durán, M., Escudero, M.A., Marco, J. and Gortázar, C. Estimating roe deer abundance from pellet group counts in Spain: an assessment of methods suitable for Mediterranean woodlands 2010 Ecological Indicators
Vol. 10, pp. 1226-1230 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Acevedo2010,
  author = {Acevedo, P. and Ferreres, J. and Jaroso, R. and Durán, M. and Escudero, M. A. and Marco, J. and Gortázar, C.},
  title = {Estimating roe deer abundance from pellet group counts in Spain: an assessment of methods suitable for Mediterranean woodlands},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {1226--1230},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.04.006}
}
Acevedo, P., Ruiz-Fons, F., Vicente, J., Reyes-García, A.R., Alzaga, V. and Gortázar, C. Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats 2008 Journal Of Zoology
Vol. 276, pp. 37-47 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Acevedo2008,
  author = {Acevedo, P. and Ruiz-Fons, F. and Vicente, J. and Reyes-García, A. R. and Alzaga, V. and Gortázar, C.},
  title = {Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats},
  journal = {Journal Of Zoology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {276},
  pages = {37--47},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00464.x}
}
Akin, J.A. Fourier series estimation of ground skink population density 1998 Copeia, pp. 519-522  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Aki98,
  author = {Akin, J. A.},
  title = {Fourier series estimation of ground skink population density},
  journal = {Copeia},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {519--522},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1447455}
}
Aldrin, M., Holden, M. and Schweder, T. Comment on Cowling's "spatial methods for line transect surveys" 2003 Biometrics
Vol. 59, pp. 186-88 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Aldetal03,
  author = {Aldrin, M. and Holden, M. and Schweder, T.},
  title = {Comment on Cowling's "spatial methods for line transect surveys"},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {186--88},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0420.00022}
}
Alldredge, J.R. and Gates, C.E. Line transect estimators for left-truncated distributions 1985 Biometrics
Vol. 41, pp. 273-280 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{AllGat85,
  author = {Alldredge, J. R. and Gates, C. E.},
  title = {Line transect estimators for left-truncated distributions},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {273--280},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530663}
}
Alldredge, M.W., Pacifici, K., Simons, T.R. and Pollock, K.H. A novel field evaluation of the effectiveness of distance and independent observer sampling to estimate aural avian detection probabilities 2008 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 45, pp. 1349-1356 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alldredge2008,
  author = {Alldredge, M. W. and Pacifici, Krishna and Simons, T. R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {A novel field evaluation of the effectiveness of distance and independent observer sampling to estimate aural avian detection probabilities},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {1349--1356},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01517.x}
}
Alldredge, M.W., Pollock, K.H., Simons, T.R. and Shriner, S.A. Multiple-species analysis of point count data: a more parsimonious modeling framework 2007 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 44, pp. 281-290 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alletal2007a,
  author = {Alldredge, M. W. and Pollock, K. H. and Simons, T. R. and Shriner, S. A.},
  title = {Multiple-species analysis of point count data: a more parsimonious modeling framework},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {281--290},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01271.x}
}
Alldredge, M.W., Simons, T.R. and Pollock, K.H. Factors affecting aural detections of songbirds 2007 Ecological Applications
Vol. 17, pp. 948-955 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alletal0000b,
  author = {Alldredge, M. W. and Simons, T. R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {Factors affecting aural detections of songbirds},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {948--955},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0685}
}
Alldredge, M.W., Simons, T.R. and Pollock, K.H. A field evaluation of distance measurement error in auditory avian point count surveys 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 71, pp. 2759-2766 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alldredge2007,
  author = {Alldredge, M. W. and Simons, T. R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {A field evaluation of distance measurement error in auditory avian point count surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {2759--2766},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-161}
}
Allen, S.J., Pollock, K.H., Bouchet, P.J., Kobryn, H.T., McElligott, D.B., Nicholson, K.E., Smith, J.N. and Loneragan, N.R. Preliminary estimates of the abundance and fidelity of dolphins associating with a demersal trawl fishery 2017 Scientific Reports
Vol. 7(1), pp. 4995 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Allen2017,
  author = {Allen, Simon J. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Bouchet, Phil J. and Kobryn, Halina T. and McElligott, Deirdre B. and Nicholson, Krista E. and Smith, Joshua N. and Loneragan, Neil R.},
  title = {Preliminary estimates of the abundance and fidelity of dolphins associating with a demersal trawl fishery},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4995},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05189-0}
}
Allison, L.J. and McLuckie, A.M. Population Trends in Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus Agassizii) 2018 Herpetological Conservation and Biology
Vol. 13, pp. 433-452 
article  
Abstract: Populations of the Mojave Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) experienced severe declines in abundance in the decades leading up to 1990, when the species was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Population responses to recovery efforts have not been well documented because of the difficulties of studying this low-density, cryptic species over a time period appropriate to its long generation time. We used line distance sampling to estimate annual adult densities since 1999 in Utah and since 2004 elsewhere in the range of Mojave Desert Tortoises. We used generalized least squares regression on log-transformed adult tortoise densities to estimate annual percentage change through 2014 in each of 17 Tortoise Conservation Areas (TCAs) in the five recovery units. We report annual proportional increases in density of adults in the Northeastern Mojave Recovery Unit, but declines in the other four recovery units. Adjusting these densities and trends for the area of potential habitat in each recovery unit, we estimated that in 2004 there were 336,393 adult tortoises (standard error [SE] = 51,596), with an overall loss of 124,050 adult tortoises (SE = 36,062) by 2014. The proportion of juveniles in our surveys has been decreasing in all five recovery units since 2007. Prevailing declines in the abundance of adults overall and in four of the five recovery units indicate the need for more aggressive implementation of recovery actions and more critical evaluation of the suite of future activities and projects in tortoise habitat that may exacerbate ongoing population declines.
BibTeX:
@article{Allison,
  author = {Allison, Linda J and McLuckie, Ann M},
  title = {Population Trends in Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus Agassizii)},
  journal = {Herpetological Conservation and Biology},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {433-452}
}
Alpizar-Jara, R. Assessing assumption violation in line transect sampling 1997 School: North Carolina State University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{ALP97,
  author = {Alpizar-Jara, R.},
  title = {Assessing assumption violation in line transect sampling},
  school = {North Carolina State University},
  year = {1997}
}
Alpizar-Jara, R. and Pollock, K.H. Combining line transect and capture-recapture for mark-resighting studies 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 99-114  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{AJPol99,
  author = {Alpizar-Jara, R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {Combining line transect and capture-recapture for mark-resighting studies},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {99--114}
}
Alpizar-Jara, R. and Pollock, K.H. A combination line transect and capture recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys 1996 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 3, pp. 311-27 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{AJPol96,
  author = {Alpizar-Jara, R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {A combination line transect and capture recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {311--27},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00539369}
}
Alpizar-Jara, R., Pollock, K.H. and Haines, D.E. Mark-recapture estimators for dual frame population size of prominent nesting structures: the effect of uncertain detection probability 2005 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 12, pp. 155-168 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alpizar-Jara2005,
  author = {Alpizar-Jara, Russell and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Haines, Dawn E.},
  title = {Mark-recapture estimators for dual frame population size of prominent nesting structures: the effect of uncertain detection probability},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {155--168},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-005-1039-0}
}
Alves, J., da Silva, A.A., Soares, A.M.V.M. and Fonseca, C. Pellet group count methods to estimate red deer densities: precision, potential accuracy and efficiency 2013 Mammalian Biology — Zeitschrift für Saügetierkunde
Vol. 78, pp. 134-141 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Alves2013a,
  author = {Alves, Joana and da Silva, António Alves and Soares, Amadeu M. V. M. and Fonseca, Carlos},
  title = {Pellet group count methods to estimate red deer densities: precision, potential accuracy and efficiency},
  journal = {Mammalian Biology — Zeitschrift für Saügetierkunde},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {134--141},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.08.003}
}
Amin, R., Klair, H., Wacher, T., Ndjassi, C., Fowler, A., Olson, D. and Bruce, T. Estimating Forest Antelope Population Densities Using Distance Sampling with Camera Traps 2021 Oryx, pp. 1-7  article DOI  
Abstract: Traditional transect survey methods for forest antelopes often underestimate density for common species and do not provide sufficient data for rarer species. The use of camera trapping as a survey tool for medium and large terrestrial mammals has become increasingly common, especially in forest habitats. Here, we applied the distance sampling method to images generated from camera-trap surveys in Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon, and used an estimate of the proportion of time animals are active to correct for negative bias in the density estimates from the 24-hour camera-trap survey datasets. We also used multiple covariate distance sampling with body weight as a covariate to estimate detection probabilities and densities of rarer species. These methods provide an effective tool for monitoring the status of individual species or a community of forest antelope species, information urgently needed for conservation planning and action.
BibTeX:
@article{Amin2021,
  author = {Amin, Rajan and Klair, Hannah and Wacher, Tim and Ndjassi, Constant and Fowler, Andrew and Olson, David and Bruce, Tom},
  title = {Estimating Forest Antelope Population Densities Using Distance Sampling with Camera Traps},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--7},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605320001209}
}
Amundin, M., Carlström, J., Thomas, L., Carlén, I., Teilmann, J., Tougaard, J., Loisa, O., Kyhn, L.A., Sveegaard, S., Burt, M.L., Pawliczka, I., Koza, R., Arciszewski, B., Galatius, A., Laaksonlaita, J., MacAuley, J., Wright, A.J., Gallus, A., Dähne, M., Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A., Benke, H., Koblitz, J., Tregenza, N., Wennerberg, D., Brundiers, K., Kosecka, M., Tiberi Ljungqvist, C., Jussi, I., Jabbusch, M., Lyytinen, S., v Sav skov, A. and Blankett, P. Estimating the Abundance of the Critically Endangered Baltic Proper Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) Population Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring 2022 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 12(2), pp. e8554 
article DOI  
Abstract: Knowing the abundance of a population is a crucial component to assess its conservation status and develop effective conservation plans. For most cetaceans, abundance estimation is difficult given their cryptic and mobile nature, especially when the population is small and has a transnational distribution. In the Baltic Sea, the number of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) has collapsed since the mid-20th century and the Baltic Proper harbour porpoise is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN and HELCOM; however, its abundance remains unknown. Here, one of the largest ever passive acoustic monitoring studies was carried out by eight Baltic Sea nations to estimate the abundance of the Baltic Proper harbour porpoise for the first time. By logging porpoise echolocation signals at 298 stations during May 2011– April 2013, calibrating the loggers' spatial detection performance at sea, and measuring the click rate of tagged individuals, we estimated an abundance of 71– 1105 individuals (95% CI, point estimate 491) during May– October within the population's proposed management border. The small abundance estimate strongly supports that the Baltic Proper harbour porpoise is facing an extremely high risk of extinction, and highlights the need for immediate and efficient conservation actions through international cooperation. It also provides a starting point in monitoring the trend of the population abundance to evaluate the effectiveness of management measures and determine its interactions with the larger neighboring Belt Sea population. Further, we offer evidence that design-based passive acoustic monitoring can generate reliable estimates of the abundance of rare and cryptic animal populations across large spatial scales.
BibTeX:
@article{Amundin2022,
  author = {Amundin, Mats and Carlström, Julia and Thomas, Len and Carlén, Ida and Teilmann, Jonas and Tougaard, Jakob and Loisa, Olli and Kyhn, Line A. and Sveegaard, Signe and Burt, M. Louise and Pawliczka, Iwona and Koza, Radomil and Arciszewski, Bartlomiej and Galatius, Anders and Laaksonlaita, Jussi and MacAuley, Jamie and Wright, Andrew J. and Gallus, Anja and Dähne, Michael and Acevedo-Gutiérrez, Alejandro and Benke, Harald and Koblitz, Jens and Tregenza, Nick and Wennerberg, Daniel and Brundiers, Katharina and Kosecka, Monika and Tiberi Ljungqvist, Cinthia and Jussi, Ivar and Jabbusch, Martin and Lyytinen, Sami and v Sav skov, Aleksej and Blankett, Penina},
  title = {Estimating the Abundance of the Critically Endangered Baltic Proper Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) Population Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e8554},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8554}
}
Anadon, J., Gimenez, A. and Ballestar, R. Linking local ecological knowledge and habitat modelling to predict absolute species abundance on large scales 2010 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 19, pp. 1443-1454 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10531-009-9774-4,
  author = {Anadon, Jose and Gimenez, Andres and Ballestar, Ruben},
  title = {Linking local ecological knowledge and habitat modelling to predict absolute species abundance on large scales},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {1443--1454},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9774-4}
}
Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., Payne, J., Sawang, A., Tuuga, A. and Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia 2005 PLoS biology
Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-8 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ancrenaz2005,
  author = {Ancrenaz, M. and Gimenez, O. and Ambu, L. and Ancrenaz, K. and Andau, P. and Goossens, B. and Payne, J. and Sawang, A. and Tuuga, A. and Lackman-Ancrenaz, I.},
  title = {Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia},
  journal = {PLoS biology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--8},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003}
}
Ancrenaz, M., Goossens, B., Gimenez, O., Sawang, A. and Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. Determination of ape distribution and population size using ground and aerial surveys: a case study with orang-utans in lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia 2004 Animal Conservation
Vol. 7, pp. 375-385 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ancrenaz2004,
  author = {Ancrenaz, Marc and Goossens, Benoit and Gimenez, Olivier and Sawang, Azri and Lackman-Ancrenaz, Isabelle},
  title = {Determination of ape distribution and population size using ground and aerial surveys: a case study with orang-utans in lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {375--385},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S136794300400157X}
}
Andersen, D.E., Rongstad, O.J. and Mytton, W.R. Line transect analysis of raptor abundance along roads 1985 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 13, pp. 533-539 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal85,
  author = {Andersen, D. E. and Rongstad, O. J. and Mytton, W. R.},
  title = {Line transect analysis of raptor abundance along roads},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {533--539},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782684}
}
Andersen, E.M. and Steidl, R.J. Power to Detect Trends in Abundance within a Distance Sampling Framework 2020 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 57(2), pp. 344-353 
article DOI  
Abstract: Ensuring that inferences from biological monitoring are reliable requires a level of sampling effort that is commensurate with programmatic objectives and reflects attributes of target populations. Consensus guidelines have emerged to guide allocation of sampling effort for programmes designed to detect trends in occupancy but not for abundance, despite its prevalence as a target parameter. We evaluated the influence of population attributes (density, availability, detection probability and magnitude of trend) and sampling design features (number of sites, number of repeat surveys, and survey-year interval) on a Bayesian analogue of statistical power to detect declines in abundance estimated using distance sampling methods. For a range of values common to terrestrial vertebrates, we simulated spatially and temporally replicated populations from which we generated survey data. We then analysed each dataset with a hierarchical open-population model that allowed for temporary emigration to estimate power for periods of 5– 20 years. For a given amount of sampling effort, power to detect trends was highest when effort was allocated to maximizing the number of sites by decreasing the number of repeat surveys within a year and increasing the interval between survey years. For example, to have an 80% chance of detecting a 3% annual decline required 40% longer when 67 sites were surveyed three times per year compared to 600 sites surveyed once every three years despite both allocations requiring 4,000 surveys over 20 years. Notably, these patterns were independent of density or detectability of the target species, which contrasts with occupancy studies where optimal allocation shifts from surveying more sites to more repeat surveys when detectability is low or occupancy is high. Synthesis and applications. Our findings provide guidance for allocating resources efficiently for distance sampling studies focused on terrestrial vertebrates. By comparing the approximate density and detectability of target populations to those we considered, monitoring programmes can balance the amount of survey effort allocated to sites, surveys per site, and annual revisits to help ensure sufficient power to meet objectives effectively and efficiently. These decisions are increasingly important as budgets for conservation decrease and consequences of inaction continue to increase.
BibTeX:
@article{Andersen2020,
  author = {Andersen, Erik M. and Steidl, Robert J.},
  title = {Power to Detect Trends in Abundance within a Distance Sampling Framework},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {57},
  number = {2},
  pages = {344--353},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13529}
}
Anderson, A.S., Marques, T.A., Shoo, L.P. and Williams, S.E. Detectability in audio-visual surveys of tropical rainforest birds: the influence of species, weather and habitat characteristics 2015 PLoS ONE
Vol. 10(6), pp. e0128464 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ Indices of relative abundance do not control for variation in detectability, which can bias density estimates such that ecological processes are difficult to infer. Distance sampling methods can be used to correct for detectability, but in rainforest, where dense vegetation and diverse assemblages complicate sampling, information is lacking about factors affecting their application. Rare species present an additional challenge, as data may be too sparse to fit detection functions. We present analyses of distance sampling data collected for a diverse tropical rainforest bird assemblage across broad elevational and latitudinal gradients in North Queensland, Australia. Using audio and visual detections, we assessed the influence of various factors on Effective Strip Width (ESW), an intuitively useful parameter, since it can be used to calculate an estimate of density from count data. Body size and species exerted the most important influence on ESW, with larger species detectable over greater distances than smaller species. Secondarily, wet weather and high shrub density decreased ESW for most species. ESW for several species also differed between summer and winter, possibly due to seasonal differences in calling behavior. Distance sampling proved logistically intensive in these environments, but large differences in ESW between species confirmed the need to correct for detection probability to obtain accurate density estimates. Our results suggest an evidence-based approach to controlling for factors influencing detectability, and avenues for further work including modeling detectability as a function of species characteristics such as body size and call characteristics. Such models may be useful in developing a calibration for non-distance sampling data and for estimating detectability of rare species./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Anderson2015,
  author = {Anderson, Alexander S. and Marques, Tiago A. and Shoo, Luke P. and Williams, Stephen E.},
  title = {Detectability in audio-visual surveys of tropical rainforest birds: the influence of species, weather and habitat characteristics},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e0128464},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128464}
}
Anderson, B.W. and Ohmart, R.D. Comparisons of avian census results using variable distance transect and variable circular plot techniques 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 186-192  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{AndOhm81,
  author = {Anderson, B. W. and Ohmart, R. D.},
  title = {Comparisons of avian census results using variable distance transect and variable circular plot techniques},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {186--192}
}
Anderson, C.W., Nielsen, C.K., Hester, C.M., Hubbard, R.D., Stroud, J.K. and Schauber, E.M. Comparison of indirect and direct methods of distance sampling for estimating density of white-tailed deer 2013 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 37, pp. 146-154 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CharlesW.Anderson2013,
  author = {Anderson, Charles W. and Nielsen, Clayton K. and Hester, Cyrus M. and Hubbard, Ryan D. and Stroud, Janice K. and Schauber, Eric M.},
  title = {Comparison of indirect and direct methods of distance sampling for estimating density of white-tailed deer},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {146--154},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.231}
}
Anderson, D.R. Response to Engeman: index values rarely constitute reliable information 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31, pp. 288-291 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{And03,
  author = {Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Response to Engeman: index values rarely constitute reliable information},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {288--291},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784387}
}
Anderson, D.R. The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies 2001 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 29, pp. 1294-1297 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{AND2001,
  author = {Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {1294--1297},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784156}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Crain, B.R. Some mathematical models for line transect sampling 1985 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 27, pp. 741-752 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal85b,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Some mathematical models for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {741--752},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710270705}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Crain, B.R. Estimating population size and density using line transect sampling 1985 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 27, pp. 723-731 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal85a,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Estimating population size and density using line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {723--731},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710270702}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Crain, B.R. Some comments on Anderson and Pospahala's correction of bias in line transect sampling 1980 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 22, pp. 513-524 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal80,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Some comments on Anderson and Pospahala's correction of bias in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {513--524},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710220607}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Crain, B.R. Line transect estimation of population size: the exponential case with grouped data 1979 Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods
Vol. A8, pp. 487-507 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal79a,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Line transect estimation of population size: the exponential case with grouped data},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {A8},
  pages = {487--507},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610927908827776}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Crain, B.R. A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method 1978 Ecology
Vol. 59, pp. 190-193 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal78,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Crain, B. R.},
  title = {A log-linear model approach to estimation of population size using the line-transect sampling method},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {190--193},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1936648}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., White, G.C. and Otis, D.L. Density estimation of small-mammal populations using a trapping web and distance sampling methods. 1983 Ecology
Vol. 64(4), pp. 674-680 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling methodology is adapted to enable animal density (number per unit of area) to be estimated from capture-recapture and removal data. A trapping web design provides the link between capture data and distance sampling theory. Several alternative sampling and analysis methods are possible within the general framework of distance sampling theory; a few alternatives are discussed and an example is given.
BibTeX:
@article{Anderson1983,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and White, G. C. and Otis, D. L.},
  title = {Density estimation of small-mammal populations using a trapping web and distance sampling methods.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {64},
  number = {4},
  pages = {674--680},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1937188}
}
Anderson, D.R., Laake, J.L., Crain, B.R. and Burnham, K.P. Guidelines for line transect sampling of biological populations 1979 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 43, pp. 70-78 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andetal79b,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L. and Crain, B. R. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {Guidelines for line transect sampling of biological populations},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {70--78},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800636}
}
Anderson, D.R. and Southwell, C. Estimates of macropod density from line transect surveys relative to analyst expertise 1995 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 59, pp. 852-857 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{AndSou95,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Southwell, C.},
  title = {Estimates of macropod density from line transect surveys relative to analyst expertise},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {852--857},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801966}
}
Andriolo, A., Martins, C.C.A., Engel, M.H., Pizzorno, J.L., Mas-Rosa, S., Freitas, A.C., Morete, M.E. and Kinas, P.G. The first aerial survey to estimate abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the breeding ground off Brazil (Breeding Stock A) 2006 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 8, pp. 307-311 
article  
Abstract: In the Southern Hemisphere, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were heavily exploited from both coastal stations and in pelagic waters in all major ocean basins. About 200,000 whales were taken after 1900, causing declines of populations to small percentages of their pre-exploitation levels. The study presented here aimed to investigate humpback whale abundance in the Brazilian coastal breeding ground, in order to provide information to support further analysis of the population recovery. Between 25 August and 2 September 2001, a fixed wing, flat window, aircraft was used to survey transect lines along the northern limit of Bahia State (12textdegree 10'S), to the southern limit of Espírito Santo State (20textdegree 42'S). All on-effort sightings were recorded and abundance was estimated according to standard distance sampling methodology (Burnham et al., 1980; Buckland et al., 1993). Group sizes of humpback whales ranged between 1-5 and the mean group size was 1.52 (±0.06). The model that best fitted the perpendicular distance data, based on the minimum Akaike Information Criterion, was the hazard rate model. The population size estimated using uncorrected data was 1,493 (CV=0.21) whales. Surface time was used to correct the estimates for gtextasciicircum (0), resulting in a correction factor of 0.67 (±0.15). The corrected analysis for each block and combined result, increased the population size estimate to 2,229 (CV=0.31) individuals. The data from this study could be used to identify new areas appropriate for whalewatching, to monitor the status and dynamics of the humpback whale population off the Brazilian coast and to provide information for the establishment of new protected areas
BibTeX:
@article{Andriolo2006,
  author = {Andriolo, A. and Martins, C. C. A. and Engel, M. H. and Pizzorno, J. L. and Mas-Rosa, S. and Freitas, A. C. and Morete, M. E. and Kinas, P. G.},
  title = {The first aerial survey to estimate abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the breeding ground off Brazil (Breeding Stock A)},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {307--311}
}
Andriolo, A., Piovezan, U., da Costa, M.J.R.P. and Duarte, J.M.B. Line-transect sampling method used to evaluate the impact of a flooding dam on marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) population in the Paraná river, Brazil. 2001 Deer Specialist Group News
Vol. 16, pp. 1-2 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Andriolo2001,
  author = {Andriolo, Artur and Piovezan, Ubiratan and da Costa, Mateus J. R. Paranhos and Duarte, José Maurício Barbanti},
  title = {Line-transect sampling method used to evaluate the impact of a flooding dam on marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) population in the Paraná river, Brazil.},
  journal = {Deer Specialist Group News},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {1--2}
}
Andriolo, A., Piovezan, U., Costa, M.J.R.P., Laake, J. and Duarte, J.M.B. Aerial line transect survey to estimate abundance of marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) (Illiger, 1815) 2005 Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
Vol. 48, pp. 807-814 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andriolo2005,
  author = {Andriolo, A. and Piovezan, U. and Costa, M. J. R. P. and Laake, J. and Duarte, J. M. B.},
  title = {Aerial line transect survey to estimate abundance of marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) (Illiger, 1815)},
  journal = {Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {807--814},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132005000600017}
}
Andriolo, A., Piovezan, U., da Costa, M.J.R.P., Torres, H.A., Vogliotti, A., Zerbini, A.N. and Duarte, J.M.B. Severe population decline of marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae), a threatened species, caused by flooding related to a hydroelectric power plant 2013 Zoologia (Curitiba)
Vol. 30(6), pp. 630-638 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Andriolo2014,
  author = {Andriolo, Artur and Piovezan, Ubiratan and da Costa, Mateus J. R. Paranhos and Torres, Hermógenes A. and Vogliotti, Alexandre and Zerbini, Alexandre N. and Duarte, José M. B.},
  title = {Severe population decline of marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae), a threatened species, caused by flooding related to a hydroelectric power plant},
  journal = {Zoologia (Curitiba)},
  publisher = {FapUNIFESP (SciELO)},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {630--638},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702013005000015}
}
Anganuzzi, A.A. and Buckland, S.T. Reducing bias in estimated trends from dolphin abundance indices derived from tuna vessel data 1989 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 39, pp. 323-334 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{AngBuc89,
  author = {Anganuzzi, A. A. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Reducing bias in estimated trends from dolphin abundance indices derived from tuna vessel data},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {323--334}
}
Anganuzzi, A.A., Buckland, S.T. and Cattanach, K.L. Relative abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, estimated from tuna vessel sightings data for 1988 and 1989 1991 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 41, pp. 497-506 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Angetal91,
  author = {Anganuzzi, A. A. and Buckland, S. T. and Cattanach, K. L.},
  title = {Relative abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, estimated from tuna vessel sightings data for 1988 and 1989},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {497--506}
}
Anganuzzi, A.A., Catanach, K.L. and Buckland, S.T. Relative abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical pacific in 1990 and trends since 1975, estimated from tuna vessel sightings data 1992 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 42, pp. 541-547 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Anganuzzi1992,
  author = {Anganuzzi, A. A. and Catanach, K. L. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Relative abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical pacific in 1990 and trends since 1975, estimated from tuna vessel sightings data},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {541--547}
}
Anthony, R.M. and Stehn, R.A. Navigating aerial transects with a laptop computer map 1994 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 22, pp. 674-676 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{AntSte94,
  author = {Anthony, R. M. and Stehn, R. A.},
  title = {Navigating aerial transects with a laptop computer map},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {674--676},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783096}
}
Applegate, R.D., Jr, R.E.K., Moss, E.D., Warr, E.L. and Kennedy, M.L. Problems with avian point counts for estimating density of northern bobwhite— a case study 2011 Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
Vol. 2, pp. 117-121 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Applegate2011,
  author = {Applegate, Roger D. and Jr, Robert E. Kissell and Moss, E. Daniel and Warr, Edward L. and Kennedy, Michael L.},
  title = {Problems with avian point counts for estimating density of northern bobwhite— a case study},
  journal = {Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {117--121},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3996/092010-JFWM-033}
}
Arandhara, S., Sathishkumar, S. and Baskaran, N. Modelling the effect of covariates on the detectability and density of native blackbucks and invasive feral-horse using Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India 2020 Mammalian Biology
Vol. 100(2), pp. 173-186 
article DOI  
Abstract: Reliable estimates of population size and a knowledge of determinants of detectability and density estimates are crucial for effective conservation of species. Using Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling (MCDS), we modelled the influence of covariates on detection probability and density estimates of native blackbuck Antilope cervicapra and the invasive feral-horse Equus caballus at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Grids of 1,texttimes,1 km size were overlaid on the study area with a 1-km line transect in alternate grid cells. Sixteen transects were walked four times each, which detected 199 blackbuck and 152 feral-horse clusters. On each sighting, the climatic, habitat and anthropogenic covariates were recorded, which are likely to affect detection probability. At first, exploratory analyses were made using Conventional Distance Sampling (CDS) to arrive at estimates. Later, in Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling (MCDS), key models were fit into the dataset after selecting the potential covariates that had a significant effect on detection distances obtained from FAMD/PCA, and the best one was selected based on AIC. The MCDS analysis in blackbuck included covariates, viz., distance to water in the best model (29 individuals/km2; CI,22– 36; detection probability,=,0.58), followed by distance to feral-horse, sampling time and principal diet. The covariate distance to water emerged as the best model for feral-horse as well (13 individuals/km2; CI,9– 18; detection probability,=,0.36), followed by distance to cattle and principal diet. While the MCDS approach outperformed the CDS global and survey-strata estimates in blackbuck, both the approaches had a marginal difference in feral-horse. Post-stratification analysis showed that blackbuck density increased significantly with distance to water and feral-horse, but insignificantly with the absence of principal diet; whereas, the density of the feral-horse increased significantly with distance to water and cattle in the presence of principal diet. These findings suggest the ability of feral-horse to keep the blackbuck away from optimal areas, where the principal diet is abundant. Our study, thus, illustrates the need for the use of MCDS approach that ascertained (i) reliable population density estimates, (ii) spatiotemporal constraint on large herbivores caused by overabundance of water during the wet season, and (iii) competitive interaction of the invasive feral-horse with the native blackbuck and its likely effect on the latter keeping away from the former and the principal diet to overcome competition. Thus, the study highlights the impact of feral-horse on the native species and suggests measures for the long-term conservation of the blackbuck.
BibTeX:
@article{arandhara_modelling_2020,
  author = {Arandhara, Subhasish and Sathishkumar, Selvarasu and Baskaran, Nagarajan},
  title = {Modelling the effect of covariates on the detectability and density of native blackbucks and invasive feral-horse using Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India},
  journal = {Mammalian Biology},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  pages = {173--186},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00018-w}
}
Araújo, H., Bastos-Santos, J., Rodrigues, P.C., Ferreira, M., Pereira, A., Henriques, A.C., Monteiro, S.S., Eira, C. and Vingada, J. The importance of Portuguese continental shelf waters to Balearic shearwaters revealed by aerial census 2017 Marine Biology
Vol. 164(3), pp. 55 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus is one of the most threatened seabirds in the world. To evaluate the abundance and distribution of Balearic Shearwaters in Portuguese Continental Shelf Waters, during the post-breeding period when migrating birds are outside the Mediterranean Sea, we conducted 5 aerial surveys between 2010 and 2014 (21 survey days covering 62,716Â km2). Following a line transect method, observers recorded a total of 181 Balearic Shearwaters sightings. Using Distance sampling software, we estimated an overall species abundance (2010– 2014) of 10,182, ranging between 2338 in 2010 and 23,221 individuals in 2012. During the 2012 post-breeding period, the Portuguese Continental Shelf Waters were used by up to 96.8% of the latest migratory population assessment. Considering Balearic Shearwater estimates per sampling block, there was a preference for the North and Center sectors of the Portuguese coast (respectively, 7058 and 1366 individuals) where several SPAs were already designated. We computed the annual and overall habitat predictive models for Balearic Shearwaters using a maximum entropy algorithm on MaxEnt software. In all models, the Balearic shearwater distribution was best predicted by mean chlorophyll concentration. Balearic Shearwaters are mostly present in shallow shelf and coastal waters particularly in the widest portions of the continental shelf. These areas are strongly influenced by upwelling, which concurs with the chlorophyll concentration being the most important predicting variable. Portuguese Continental Shelf Waters are one of the most important post-breeding grounds to the Balearic Shearwater.
BibTeX:
@article{Araujo2017,
  author = {Araújo, Hélder and Bastos-Santos, Jorge and Rodrigues, Pedro Correia and Ferreira, Marisa and Pereira, Andreia and Henriques, Ana Catarina and Monteiro, Sílvia S. and Eira, Catarina and Vingada, José},
  title = {The importance of Portuguese continental shelf waters to Balearic shearwaters revealed by aerial census},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {164},
  number = {3},
  pages = {55},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3089-x}
}
Arendt, W.J., Gibbons, D.W. and Gray, G. Status of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole Icterus oberi and other forest birds in Montserrat, West Indies 1999 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 9(4), pp. 351-372 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Montserrat Oriole Icterus oberi is endemic to the Caribbean island of Montserrat where, prior to 1995, it was widely distributed across the island's three main interior mountain ranges: the Centre, Soufriere and South Soufriere Hills. In July 1995, a long-dormant volcano on Chances Peak in the Soufriere Hills began to erupt. Since then the forest habitat of the oriole on the Soufriere and South Soufriere Hills has been devastated by pyroclastic flows and surges, heavy ash eruptions and rock falls. The Montserrat Oriole populations that inhabited these two mountain ranges have probably been lost. In December 1997, a census of the remaining Centre Hills population was undertaken to assess its status in the face of the heavy ash fall that occurred earlier the same year. To do this, a systematic grid of 140 sample points was overlaid on an area of 1,437⋅5 ha encompassing the Centre Hills, and a 10-minute count of all bird species was undertaken at 137 of these points during an eight-day survey period. The distance from the point to each oriole detected was measured and records of all other species were allocated to one of five distance bands radiating out from the point. Distance sampling was used to model densities, and thus to estimate population sizes, of eight bird species in the study area. It was estimated that 4,000 (95% CIs 1,500-7,800) Montserrat Orioles remain in the Centre Hills and thus the world. Although the probability of pyroclastic flows and surges overrunning the Centre Hills is considered remote, it is recommended that the Montserrat Oriole be classified as Globally Threatened (Endangered) under the revised IUCN threat categories because of its loss of breeding habitat since 1995.
BibTeX:
@article{Arendt1999,
  author = {Arendt, W. J. and Gibbons, D. W. and Gray, G.},
  title = {Status of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole Icterus oberi and other forest birds in Montserrat, West Indies},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {351--372},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927090000352X}
}
Asefa, A., Davies, A.B., McKechnie, A.E., Kinahan, A.A. and van Rensburg, B.J. Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on bird diversity in ethiopian montane forests 2017 The Condor
Vol. 119(3), pp. 416-430 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Asefa2017,
  author = {Asefa, Addisu and Davies, Andrew B. and McKechnie, Andrew E. and Kinahan, Anouska A. and van Rensburg, Berndt J.},
  title = {Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on bird diversity in ethiopian montane forests},
  journal = {The Condor},
  publisher = {American Ornithological Society},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {119},
  number = {3},
  pages = {416--430},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-16-81.1}
}
Ashenafi, Z.T., Coulson, T., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Leader-Williams, N. Behaviour and ecology of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) in a human-dominated landscape outside protected areas 2005 Animal Conservation
Vol. 8, pp. 113-121 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ashenafi2005,
  author = {Ashenafi, Z. T. and Coulson, T. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Leader-Williams, N.},
  title = {Behaviour and ecology of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) in a human-dominated landscape outside protected areas},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {113--121},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943005001952}
}
Astrup, R., Ducey, M., Granhus, A., Ritter, T. and von Lüpke, N. Approaches for estimating stand-level volume using terrestrial laser scanning in a single-scan mode 2014 Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Vol. 44(6), pp. 666-676 
article DOI  
Abstract: The most efficient way to obtain stand inventory data with terrestrial laser systems (TLS) is with the single-scan mode, which involves taking one scan at a single point. With a single-scan setup, there will be a nondetection of trees in a plot and the representation of the individual trees will be incomplete. We explore how stand-level volume estimates, based on the single-scan mode, perform compared with standard inventory estimates. We base our study on 166 plots in 12 mature stands dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) in southern Norway. First, we compare individual-tree volume estimates from TLS with estimates from volume functions and measurements from harvesters. We show that individual-tree volumes can be estimated with high precision and accuracy with TLS in single-scan mode. Secondly, we test three approaches for correction of nondetection relying on model-based estimates of the detection probability obtained by point transect sampling estimators. We show that all three approaches adjust for nondetection and yield stand-level volume estimates that are similar to those obtained by fixed-area sampling. In conclusion, our results indicate that stand-level volume estimates, based on single-scan mode TLS data, perform well compared with standard inventory estimates.
BibTeX:
@article{Astrup2014,
  author = {Astrup, R. and Ducey, M. and Granhus, A. and Ritter, T. and von Lüpke, N.},
  title = {Approaches for estimating stand-level volume using terrestrial laser scanning in a single-scan mode},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {44},
  number = {6},
  pages = {666--676},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0535}
}
Atkinson, A.J., Yang, B.S., Fisher, R.N., Ervin, E., Case, T.J., Scott, N. and Shaffer, H.B. MCP Camp Pendleton arroyo toad monitoring protocol 2003   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Atketal03,
  author = {Atkinson, A. J. and Yang, B. S. and Fisher, R. N. and Ervin, E. and Case, T. J. and Scott, N. and Shaffer, H. B.},
  title = {MCP Camp Pendleton arroyo toad monitoring protocol},
  publisher = {Western Ecological Research Center, U. S. Geological Survey},
  year = {2003}
}
Atuo, F.A. and O'Connell, T.J. The landscape of fear as an emergent property of heterogeneity: contrasting patterns of predation risk in grassland ecosystems 2017 Ecology and Evolution, pp. 1-12  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Atuo2017,
  author = {Atuo, Fidelis Akunke and O'Connell, Timothy John},
  title = {The landscape of fear as an emergent property of heterogeneity: contrasting patterns of predation risk in grassland ecosystems},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {1--12},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3021}
}
Averill-Murray, R.C. and Averill-Murray, A. Regional-scale estimation of density and habitat use of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Arizona 2005 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 39(1), pp. 65-72 
article DOI  
Abstract: Desert Tortoise surveys and management in the Sonoran Desert typically exclude intermountain valleys, where tortoises are generally thought to be absent. Furthermore, few regional-level surveys have been conducted because of difficulties in sampling in the complex landscape of Sonoran Desert upland habitat. We used distance-sampling to document macrohabitat use and regional density of Desert Tortoises across the 76,800-ha Ironwood Forest National Monument in Arizona. We observed 42 tortoises on transects, and distance sampling produced an estimate of 17,997 tortoises ? 150 mm carapace length (coefficient of variation = 41.5%) on the monument. Stratification by habitat type (steep topography with boulders, incised washes, or neither of these components) improved precision slightly (37.2%). Detection probability contributed least to density variance, compared to encounter rate and tortoise detectability on the transect line, indicating that assumptions of the technique were met during sampling. We found tortoises or their sign on 92% of transects in boulder habitat, on 71% that included incised washes, and on 25% in habitat with neither of these features (up to 1.7 km away from the nearest slope). Our results indicate that Desert Tortoises in the Sonoran Desert occur at low density, but are not absent, from intermountain valleys, and the maintenance of these valleys for tortoise movement between local populations may be important for long-term population viability. With this in mind, concentrating survey effort in areas with steep topography and boulders will increase tortoise encounter rate, result in better precision of regional density and trend estimates, and may also reduce survey effort.
BibTeX:
@article{Averill-Murray2005,
  author = {Averill-Murray, R. C. and Averill-Murray, A.},
  title = {Regional-scale estimation of density and habitat use of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in Arizona},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--72},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2005)039%5B0065:REODAH%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Azhar, B., Zakaria, M., Yusof, E. and Leong, P.C. Efficiency of fixed-width transect and line-transect-based distance sampling to survey red junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in peninsular Malaysia 2008 Journal of Sustainable Development
Vol. 1, pp. 63-73 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Azhar2008,
  author = {Azhar, Badrul and Zakaria, Mohamed and Yusof, Ebil and Leong, Puan Chong},
  title = {Efficiency of fixed-width transect and line-transect-based distance sampling to survey red junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in peninsular Malaysia},
  journal = {Journal of Sustainable Development},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {63--73}
}
Baccaro, F.B. and Ferraz, G. Estimating density of ant nests using distance sampling 2012 Insectes Sociaux
Vol. 60, pp. 103-110 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baccaro2012,
  author = {Baccaro, F. B. and Ferraz, G.},
  title = {Estimating density of ant nests using distance sampling},
  journal = {Insectes Sociaux},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {103--110},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-012-0274-2}
}
Bachl, F.E., Lindgren, F., Borchers, D.L. and Illian, J.B. Inlabru: an R package for Bayesian spatial modelling from ecological survey data 2019 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 10(6), pp. 760-766 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bachl2019,
  author = {Bachl, Fabian E. and Lindgren, Finn and Borchers, David L. and Illian, Janine B.},
  title = {Inlabru: an R package for Bayesian spatial modelling from ecological survey data},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {760--766},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13168}
}
Bächler, E. and Liechti, F. On the importance of g(0) for estimating bird population densities with standard distance-sampling: implications from a telemetry study and a literature review 2007 Ibis
Vol. 149, pp. 693-700 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baechler2007,
  author = {Bächler, Erich and Liechti, Felix},
  title = {On the importance of g(0) for estimating bird population densities with standard distance-sampling: implications from a telemetry study and a literature review},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {149},
  pages = {693--700},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00689.x}
}
Bagchi, S., Goyal, S.P. and Sankar, K. Herbivore density and biomass in a semi-arid tropical dry deciduous forest of western India 2004 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 20(4), pp. 475-478 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bagchi2004,
  author = {Bagchi, S. and Goyal, S. P. and Sankar, K.},
  title = {Herbivore density and biomass in a semi-arid tropical dry deciduous forest of western India},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {20},
  number = {4},
  pages = {475--478},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646740400166X}
}
Baird, R.W. and Burkhart, S.M. Bias and variability in distance estimation on the water: implications for the management of whale watching 2000 (SC/52/WW1)School: IWC  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Baird2000,
  author = {Baird, R. W. and Burkhart, S. M.},
  title = {Bias and variability in distance estimation on the water: implications for the management of whale watching},
  school = {IWC},
  year = {2000},
  number = {SC/52/WW1}
}
Bakermans, M.H., Vitz, A.C., Rodewald, A.D. and Rengifo, C.G. Migratory songbird use of shade coffee in the venezuelan andes with implications for conservation of cerulean warbler 2009 Biological Conservation
Vol. 142(11), pp. 2476-2483 
article DOI  
Abstract: Although previous studies have demonstrated high use of shade coffee plantations by Neotropical migratory birds, we still have a poor understanding of the suitability of shade coffee plantations as habitat on the wintering grounds. We studied density, body condition, and survivorship of Neotropical migrants, with emphasis on cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea), in primary forest and shade coffee plantations in Venezuela. We worked in three primary forest sites and three shade coffee plantations on the western slope of the Cordillera de MÃtextcopyright rida of the Andes Mountains. At each site, we surveyed migrants with distance-based line transects and mist-netted and banded migrants during November-February 2005/06 and 2006/07. In addition, we estimated apparent monthly survival for cerulean warbler based on 29 color-banded individuals. Densities of migrants were 3-14× higher in shade coffee plantations than primary forest sites, even after accounting for differences in detectability. Apparent monthly survival of cerulean warblers was estimated at 97% and overwinter persistence was similarly high. In addition, cerulean warblers demonstrated high between-season fidelity, with 65% of the birds banded the first year being resighted during the second year. Interestingly, immature birds returned at nearly half the rate as did adults. Banding data indicated that body condition increased significantly as the season progressed for cerulean warblers, Tennessee warblers (Vermivora peregrina), and American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla). Collectively, these data provide evidence that shade coffee plantations offer high quality wintering habitat for Neotropical migrants, including cerulean warblers.
BibTeX:
@article{Bakermans2009,
  author = {Bakermans, Marja H. and Vitz, Andrew C. and Rodewald, Amanda D. and Rengifo, Carlos G.},
  title = {Migratory songbird use of shade coffee in the venezuelan andes with implications for conservation of cerulean warbler},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {142},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2476--2483},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.018}
}
Bakouch, H.S., Chesneau, C. and Abdullah, R.I. A Pliant Parametric Detection Model for Line Transect Data Sampling 2021 Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods
Vol. 0(0), pp. 1-14 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transect survey methodology is a commonly used method for estimating the population abundance. Despite recent advances in this regard, parametric models are still widely used among biometricians, mainly because of their simplicity. In this paper, a new two-parameter detection model satisfying the shoulder conditions is proposed for modeling line transect data. We discuss its properties of interest, including the shapes of the model and the corresponding probability density function, moments, and the related sub-detection model. Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters is considered. Subsequently, an application is carried out to the proposed model based on a practical data set of perpendicular distances. It is compared with some classical and recent models based on the evaluation of some goodness-of-fit statistics. As results, the variance-covariance matrix, confidence intervals of the parameters and estimated population abundance of the data set are obtained under the proposed detection model.
BibTeX:
@article{Bakouch2021,
  author = {Bakouch, Hassan S. and Chesneau, Christophe and Abdullah, Rawda I.},
  title = {A Pliant Parametric Detection Model for Line Transect Data Sampling},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--14},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2021.1872640}
}
Bal, P. Estimating gopher tortoise abundance through design-based and model-based methods 2010 School: Univeristy of St Andrews  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Bal2010,
  author = {Bal, Payal},
  title = {Estimating gopher tortoise abundance through design-based and model-based methods},
  school = {Univeristy of St Andrews},
  year = {2010}
}
Baldi, A. and Kisbenedek, T. Species-specific distribution of reed-nesting passerine birds across reed-bed edges: effects of spatial scale and edge type 1999 Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Vol. 45, pp. 97-114 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BalKis99,
  author = {Baldi, A. and Kisbenedek, T.},
  title = {Species-specific distribution of reed-nesting passerine birds across reed-bed edges: effects of spatial scale and edge type},
  journal = {Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {97--114}
}
Baldi, R., Albon, S.D. and Elston, D.A. Guanacos and sheep: evidence for continuing competition in arid Patagonia 2001 Oecologia
Vol. 129, pp. 561-570 
article DOI  
Abstract: Guanacos (Lama guanicoe) are the only wild ungulate species widely distributed across the Patagonian steppe and have undergone a precipitous population decline since the introduction of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) 100 years ago. There has been speculation that sheep ranching may have played a major role in guanaco population decline after monopolising the most productive land because of competition for forage plants. Our aim in this work was to estimate guanaco abundance and account for its variation across nine different sites, two seasons and two years. We conducted over 100 ground surveys of both guanacos and sheep and estimated the availability of the preferred plant species both animal species might select in their diet. We found that (1) sheep densities were up to 23 times higher than guanaco densities in sympatric conditions, (2) at a protected site without sheep, guanaco density was one order of magnitude higher than at the rest of the sites, (3) across nine different sites, sheep densities alone accounted for around 60% of the variation in guanaco abundance, (4) guanaco densities were negatively related to both total plant cover and availability of the preferred plant species in their diet, which were both positively associated with sheep density, and (5) within-site changes in guanaco densities between seasons and years were negatively related to changes in sheep densities. Our results are consistent with predictions on interspecific competition for food resources, although we cannot rule out possible effects of other human-related activities influencing guanaco abundance. We conclude that sheep compete with guanacos for forage in arid Patagonia.
BibTeX:
@article{Baldi2001,
  author = {Baldi, R. and Albon, S. D. and Elston, D. A.},
  title = {Guanacos and sheep: evidence for continuing competition in arid Patagonia},
  journal = {Oecologia},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {561--570},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100770}
}
Ball, S.J., Ramsey, D., Nugent, G., Warburton, B. and Efford, M. A method for estimating wildlife detection probabilities in relation to home-range use: insights from a field study on the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) 2005 Wildlife Research
Vol. 32(3), pp. 217-227 
article DOI  
Abstract: Using field data from brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), we present a method for modelling wildlife detection probabilities. Whereas detection functions typically (e.g. for distance sampling) describe the probability of direct human observations of animal subjects, we adapted this approach for cryptic species where observation depends on animals being caught in traps. Specifically, we characterised the probability of individual brushtail possums being caught by leg-hold traps in an area of farmland and native forest in New Zealand. Detection probability was defined as the per-individual, per-trap, per-night probability of a possum being captured, and was modelled as a function of home-range utilisation. Radio-telemetry was used to define the home-range distributions of 18 possums, and a combination of scanning radio-receivers and movement-activated video-cameras recorded instances when radio-collared possums encountered and stepped on the trigger of leg-hold traps (inactivated by being wired open). We estimated a 5% chance of trapping individual possums with a single leg-hold trap located in the centre of their home range for one night (median value across possums). Furthermore, this probability decreased rapidly as a function of distance, so that at 120 m from the centre of the home range there was less than a 1% chance of trapping success per possum per night. The techniques developed in this study could be applied to a wide variety of species and sampling methods. textcopyright CSIRO 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{Ball2005,
  author = {Ball, S. J. and Ramsey, D. and Nugent, G. and Warburton, B. and Efford, M.},
  title = {A method for estimating wildlife detection probabilities in relation to home-range use: insights from a field study on the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {217--227},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR03125}
}
Ballance, L.T. and Pitman, R.L. Cetaceans of the western tropical Indian Ocean: distribution, relative abundance, and comparisons with cetacean communities of two other tropical ecosystems 1998 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 14, pp. 429-459 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BalPit98,
  author = {Ballance, L. T. and Pitman, R. L.},
  title = {Cetaceans of the western tropical Indian Ocean: distribution, relative abundance, and comparisons with cetacean communities of two other tropical ecosystems},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {429--459},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00736.x}
}
Balph, M.H., Stoddart, S.L. and Balph D., H. A simple technique for analyzing bird transect counts 1977 The Auk
Vol. 94, pp. 606-607 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Baletal77,
  author = {Balph, M. H. and Stoddart, S. L. and Balph D., H.},
  title = {A simple technique for analyzing bird transect counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {606--607}
}
Banks-Leite, C., Pardini, R., Boscolo, D., Cassano, C.R., Puttker, T., Barros, C.S. and Barlow, J. Assessing the utility of statistical adjustments for imperfect detection in tropical conservation science 2014 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 51, pp. 849-859 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JPE:JPE12272,
  author = {Banks-Leite, Cristina and Pardini, Renata and Boscolo, Danilo and Cassano, Camila Righetto and Puttker, Thomas and Barros, Camila Santos and Barlow, Jos},
  title = {Assessing the utility of statistical adjustments for imperfect detection in tropical conservation science},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {849--859},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12272}
}
Barabesi, L. Local likelihood density estimation in line transect sampling 2000 Environmetrics
Vol. 11(4), pp. 413-422 
article DOI  
Abstract: A novel semiparametric estimator for the probability density function of detected distances in line transect sampling is proposed. The estimator is obtained using a local likelihood density estimation approach, a technique recently proposed which affords the advantages of both parametric and nonparametric methods, i.e. accuracy and robustness. Moreover, a procedure for the selection of the local likelihood bandwidth is obtained. The performance of the proposed estimator with respect to some existing nonparametric and semiparametric estimators is assessed by means of a Monte Carlo study. Finally, a real data set is analyzed. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
BibTeX:
@article{Barabesi2000,
  author = {Barabesi, L.},
  title = {Local likelihood density estimation in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {413--422},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-095X(200007/08)11:4%3C413::AID-ENV422%3E3.0.CO;2-P}
}
Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L. Random versus stratified location of transects or points in distance sampling: theoretical results and practical considerations 2012 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 20(2), pp. 215-236 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Barabesi2012,
  author = {Barabesi, Lucio and Fattorini, Lorenzo},
  title = {Random versus stratified location of transects or points in distance sampling: theoretical results and practical considerations},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--236},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-012-0216-1}
}
Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L. The use of replicated plot, line and point sampling for estimating species abundance and ecological diversity 1998 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 5, pp. 353-370 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BarFat98,
  author = {Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L.},
  title = {The use of replicated plot, line and point sampling for estimating species abundance and ecological diversity},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {353--370},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009655821836}
}
Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L. A note on bandwidth selections for kernel density estimators at endpoints 1994 Metron
Vol. 52, pp. 43-56 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BarFat94,
  author = {Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L.},
  title = {A note on bandwidth selections for kernel density estimators at endpoints},
  journal = {Metron},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {43--56}
}
Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L. Asymptotic properties of orthogonal series density estimators in line transect sampling with grouped data 1993 Metron
Vol. 51, pp. 59-81 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BarFat93,
  author = {Barabesi, L. and Fattorini, L.},
  title = {Asymptotic properties of orthogonal series density estimators in line transect sampling with grouped data},
  journal = {Metron},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {59--81}
}
Barabesi, L., Greco, L. and Naddeo, S. Density estimation in line transect sampling with grouped data by local least squares 2002 Environmetrics
Vol. 13, pp. 167-176 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Barabesi2002,
  author = {Barabesi, Lucio and Greco, Luigi and Naddeo, Stefania},
  title = {Density estimation in line transect sampling with grouped data by local least squares},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {167--176},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/env.524}
}
Barbraud, C. and Thiebot, J.-B. On the importance of estimating detection probabilities from at-sea surveys of flying seabirds 2009 Journal of Avian Biology
Vol. 40, pp. 1-7 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Barbraud2009,
  author = {Barbraud, Christophe and Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste},
  title = {On the importance of estimating detection probabilities from at-sea surveys of flying seabirds},
  journal = {Journal of Avian Biology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {1--7},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04653.x}
}
Bårdsen, B.-J. and Fox, J.L. Evaluation of line transect sampling for density estimates of chiru Pantholops hodgsoni in the Aru Basin, Tibet 2006 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 12, pp. 89-100 
article DOI  
Abstract: The chiru or Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni has dramatically decreased in number over recent decades, and efficient monitoring of the density and distribution of chiru is vital to the management of this endangered species. We evaluated line transect sampling methodology, using track and cross-county transects, and assessed its conformity to underlying assumptions for use in estimating density of chiru in the ca 2,300 km2 Aru Basin, Tibet. Although violations of some assumptions were apparent, they were generally not substantial, and simple adjustments of sampling design can reduce their effects in future surveys. Sampling effort was not sufficient to demonstrate clear seasonal differences in chiru density between summer and autumn. However, cross-country transects on the west side of the study area did show a statistically significant higher autumn than summer density, and encounter rates (the number of detections per km) were significantly higher for both transect types in autumn. We tested for an expected negative bias associated with track transects, and although a clear difference in estimated density was not found, a significantly higher encounter rate was present for cross-country than for track transects. With increased sampling effort and a more effective design in future surveys, line transect sampling will be a useful methodology for assessment of chiru populations. textcopyright Wildlife Biology (2006).
BibTeX:
@article{Bardsen2006,
  author = {Bårdsen, B.-J. and Fox, J. L.},
  title = {Evaluation of line transect sampling for density estimates of chiru Pantholops hodgsoni in the Aru Basin, Tibet},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {89--100},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12%5B89:EOLTSF%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Barlow, J. Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters estimated from a summer/fall survey in 2002 2006 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 22(2), pp. 446-464 
article DOI  
Abstract: Cetacean abundance is estimated for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Islands based on a ship line-transect survey from August to November, 2002. Sighting detection functions are estimated from this and other NOAA research surveys from 1986 to 2002 using a new, multiple-covariate approach. Twenty-four species were seen on this survey, including two species (Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei] and sei whale [Balaenoptera borealis]) that had not been previously documented to occur in Hawaiian waters. The most abundant large whales are sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The most abundant delphinids are pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Fraser's dolphins, spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and Kogia breviceps) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are also estimated to be quite abundant. Some of the migratory baleen whales (fin whales [Balaenoptera physalus], sei whales, minke whales [B. acutorostrata], and humpback whales [Megaptera novaeangliae]) were seen only late in the survey. Abundance is estimated for 19 cetacean species. The overall density of cetaceans is low in the study area, especially for delphinids. The precision of density and abundance estimates is generally low for all species because of the low number of sightings. textcopyright 2006 the Society for Marine Mammalogy.
BibTeX:
@article{Bar06,
  author = {Barlow, J.},
  title = {Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters estimated from a summer/fall survey in 2002},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {446--464},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00032.x}
}
Barlow, J. Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters during summer/fall of 2002 2003 (LJ-03-13)School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Barlow2003,
  author = {Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters during summer/fall of 2002},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center},
  year = {2003},
  number = {LJ-03-13}
}
Barlow, J. Trackline detection probability for long-diving whales 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 209-221  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bar99,
  author = {Barlow, J.},
  title = {Trackline detection probability for long-diving whales},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {209--221}
}
Barlow, J. Preliminary estimates of cetacean abundance off California, Oregon, and Washington based on a 1996 ship survey and comparisons of passing and closing modes 1997 (LJ-97-11)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Bar97,
  author = {Barlow, J.},
  title = {Preliminary estimates of cetacean abundance off California, Oregon, and Washington based on a 1996 ship survey and comparisons of passing and closing modes},
  year = {1997},
  number = {LJ-97-11}
}
Barlow, J. Abundance of large whales in California coastal waters: a comparison of ship surveys in 1979/80 and in 1991 1994 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 44, pp. 399-406 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bar94,
  author = {Barlow, J.},
  title = {Abundance of large whales in California coastal waters: a comparison of ship surveys in 1979/80 and in 1991},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {399--406}
}
Barlow, J. Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon and Washington: I. ship surveys 1988 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 86, pp. 417-431 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bar88,
  author = {Barlow, J.},
  title = {Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon and Washington: I. ship surveys},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {417--431}
}
Barlow, J., Ferguson, M.C., Perrin, W.F., Ballance, L., Gerrodette, T., Joyce, G., Macleod, C.D., Mullin, K., Palka, D.L. and Waring, G. Abundance and densities of beaked and bottlenose whales (family Ziphiidae) 2006 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 7, pp. 263-270 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Barlow2006,
  author = {Barlow, Jay and Ferguson, Megan C. and Perrin, William F. and Ballance, Lisa and Gerrodette, Tim and Joyce, Gerald and Macleod, Colin D. and Mullin, Keith and Palka, Debra L. and Waring, Gordon},
  title = {Abundance and densities of beaked and bottlenose whales (family Ziphiidae)},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {263--270}
}
Barlow, J., Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J. Factors affecting perpendicular sighting distances on shipboard line-transect surveys for cetaceans 2001 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 3, pp. 201-212 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{baretal2001,
  author = {Barlow, J. and Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J.},
  title = {Factors affecting perpendicular sighting distances on shipboard line-transect surveys for cetaceans},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {201--212}
}
Barlow, J., Gerrodette, T. and Silber, G. First estimates of vaquita abundance 1997 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 13, pp. 44-58 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baretal97,
  author = {Barlow, J. and Gerrodette, T. and Silber, G.},
  title = {First estimates of vaquita abundance},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {44--58},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00611.x}
}
Barlow, J. and Griffiths, E.T. Precision and bias in estimating detection distances for beaked whale echolocation clicks using a two-element vertical hydrophone array 2017 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 141, pp. 4388-4397 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Barlow2017,
  author = {Barlow, Jay and Griffiths, Emily T.},
  title = {Precision and bias in estimating detection distances for beaked whale echolocation clicks using a two-element vertical hydrophone array},
  journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {4388--4397},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4985109}
}
Barlow, J., Oliver, C.W., Jackson, T.D. and Taylor, B.L. Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon and Washington: II. aerial surveys 1988 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 86, pp. 433-444 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Baretal88,
  author = {Barlow, J. and Oliver, C. W. and Jackson, T. D. and Taylor, B. L.},
  title = {Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, abundance estimation for California, Oregon and Washington: II. aerial surveys},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {433--444}
}
Barlow, J. and Taylor, B. Estimates of large whale abundance off California, Oregon, Washington, and Baja California based on 1993 and 1996 ship surveys 2001 (LJ-01-03)School: National Marine Fisheries Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Barlow2001,
  author = {Barlow, J. and Taylor, B.},
  title = {Estimates of large whale abundance off California, Oregon, Washington, and Baja California based on 1993 and 1996 ship surveys},
  school = {National Marine Fisheries Center},
  year = {2001},
  number = {LJ-01-03}
}
Barlow, J. and Taylor, B.L. Estimates of sperm whale abundance in the northeastern temperate Pacific from a combined acoustic and visual survey 2005 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 21(3), pp. 429-445 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Barlow2005,
  author = {Barlow, J. and Taylor, B. L.},
  title = {Estimates of sperm whale abundance in the northeastern temperate Pacific from a combined acoustic and visual survey},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {21},
  number = {3},
  pages = {429--445},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01242.x}
}
Barnes, A., Hill, G.J.E. and Wilson, G.R. Correcting for incomplete sighting in aerial surveys of kangaroos 1986 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 13, pp. 339-348 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baretal86,
  author = {Barnes, A. and Hill, G. J. E. and Wilson, G. R.},
  title = {Correcting for incomplete sighting in aerial surveys of kangaroos},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {339--348},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9860339}
}
Barnes, R.F.W. How reliable are dung counts for estimating elephant numbers? 2001 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 39, pp. 1-9 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bar01,
  author = {Barnes, R. F. W.},
  title = {How reliable are dung counts for estimating elephant numbers?},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00266.x}
}
Barnes, R.F.W. and Barnes, K.L. Estimating decay rates of elephant dung-piles in forest 1992 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 30, pp. 316-321 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BarBar92,
  author = {Barnes, R. F. W. and Barnes, K. L.},
  title = {Estimating decay rates of elephant dung-piles in forest},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {316--321},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00508.x}
}
Barnes, R.F.W., Blom, A., Alers, M.P.T. and Barnes, K.L. An estimate of the numbers of forest elephants in Gabon 1995 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 11, pp. 27-37 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baretal95,
  author = {Barnes, R. F. W. and Blom, A. and Alers, M. P. T. and Barnes, K. L.},
  title = {An estimate of the numbers of forest elephants in Gabon},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {27--37},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400008361}
}
Barnes, R.F.W. and Dunn, A. Estimating forest elephant density in Sapo National Park (liberia) with a rainfall model 2002 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 40, pp. 159-163 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BarDun02,
  author = {Barnes, R. F. W. and Dunn, A.},
  title = {Estimating forest elephant density in Sapo National Park (liberia) with a rainfall model},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {159--163},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00362.x}
}
Barraclough, R.K. Distance sampling: a discussion document produced for the department of conservation 2000 (175)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Barraclough2000,
  author = {Barraclough, R. K.},
  title = {Distance sampling: a discussion document produced for the department of conservation},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2000},
  number = {175}
}
Barrio, I., Acevedo, P. and Tortosa, F. Assessment of methods for estimating wild rabbit population abundance in agricultural landscapes 2010 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 56(3), pp. 335-340 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10344-009-0327-7,
  author = {Barrio, Isabel and Acevedo, Pelayo and Tortosa, Francisco},
  title = {Assessment of methods for estimating wild rabbit population abundance in agricultural landscapes},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {335--340},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-009-0327-7}
}
Barry, S.C. and Welsh, A.H. Distance sampling methodology 2001 Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology
Vol. 63(1), pp. 31-53 
article DOI  
Abstract: We consider the method of distance sampling described by Buckland, Anderson, Burnham and Laake in 1993. We explore the properties of the methodology in simple cases chosen to allow direct and accessible comparisons of distance sampling in the design-and model-based frameworks. In particular, we obtain expressions for the bias and variance of the distance sampling estimator of object density and for the expected value of the recommended analytic variance estimator within each framework. These results enable us to clarify aspects of the performance of the methodology which may be of interest to users and potential users of distance sampling.
BibTeX:
@article{Barry2001,
  author = {Barry, S. C. and Welsh, A. H.},
  title = {Distance sampling methodology},
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--53},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9868.00274}
}
Bart, J., Droege, S., Geissler, P., Peterjohn, B. and Ralph, C.J. Density estimation in wildlife surveys 2004 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 32, pp. 1242-1247 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Baretal04,
  author = {Bart, J. and Droege, S. and Geissler, P. and Peterjohn, B. and Ralph, C. J.},
  title = {Density estimation in wildlife surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {1242--1247},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032%5B1242:DEIWS%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Bart, J. and Herrick, J. Diurnal timing of bird surveys 1984 The Auk
Vol. 101, pp. 384-387 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BarHer84,
  author = {Bart, J. and Herrick, J.},
  title = {Diurnal timing of bird surveys},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {384--387},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/101.2.405}
}
Bart, J. and Schoultz, J.D. Reliability of singing bird surveys: changes in observer efficiency with avian density 1984 The Auk
Vol. 101, pp. 307-318 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BarSch84,
  author = {Bart, J. and Schoultz, J. D.},
  title = {Reliability of singing bird surveys: changes in observer efficiency with avian density},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {307--318},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/101.2.307}
}
Batcheler, C.L. Development of a distance method for deer census from pellet groups 1975 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 39, pp. 641-652 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bat75,
  author = {Batcheler, C. L.},
  title = {Development of a distance method for deer census from pellet groups},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {641--652},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800222}
}
Beare, D.J., Reid, D.G. and Petitgas, P. Spatio-temporal patterns in herring (Clupea harengus L.) school abundance and size in the northwest North Sea: modelling space-time dependencies to allow examination of the impact of local school abundance on school size 2002 ICES Journal of Marine Science
Vol. 59(3), pp. 469-479 
article DOI  
Abstract: As part of the EU-funded project "CLUSTER" a database was constructed of herring schools identified during a series of acoustic surveys in the northwest North Sea. Among other descriptors, the database included each schools' height, length, and acoustic backscattering energy (Sa). The number of schools per nautical mile. EDSU (Elementary Distance Sampling Unit) was also recorded. The relationships between local school count and school backscattering energy to time-of-day and location were first modelled using multiple regression techniques. The results indicate a considerable degree of non-linear dependency on both time-of-day and location. Herring-school counts per EDSU tended to be high during the middle part of the day and lower at dawn and dusk and were higher along the continental shelf edge about 130 m west of Orkney and Shetland. The regression models, by definition, also allow variability due to each explanatory variable to be assayed and divided. This feature meant that their output could be used to explore further into the relationships among the schools. In this paper the residual variability from the regression models is used to describe density-dependent relationships among herring schools, i.e. we asked "To what extent does local herring school abundance influence the size (backscattering energy) of a given school?" It is concluded that herring school size is regulated mainly by location and time-of-day and that "measured" school size is not influenced by the local "school count per EDSU". The results and their implications are discussed. textcopyright 2002 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Beare2002,
  author = {Beare, D. J. and Reid, D. G. and Petitgas, P.},
  title = {Spatio-temporal patterns in herring (Clupea harengus L.) school abundance and size in the northwest North Sea: modelling space-time dependencies to allow examination of the impact of local school abundance on school size},
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {59},
  number = {3},
  pages = {469--479},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1201}
}
Beasom S. L., J.C.H. and Cain, J.R. The effect of strip width on helicopter censusing of deer 1981 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 34, pp. 36-37 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Beaetal81,
  author = {Beasom, S. L., J. C. Hood and Cain, J. R.},
  title = {The effect of strip width on helicopter censusing of deer},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {36--37},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3898449}
}
Beavers, S.C. and Ramsey, F.L. Detectability analysis in transect surveys 1998 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 62, pp. 948-957 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BeaRam98,
  author = {Beavers, S. C. and Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Detectability analysis in transect surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {948--957},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802547}
}
Becker, B.H., Beissinger, S.R. and Carter, H.R. At-sea density monitoring of marbled murrelets in central California: methodological considerations 1997 Condor, The
Vol. 99(3), pp. 743-755 
article DOI  
Abstract: We conducted at-sea line transect surveys for Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) to determine density off the coast of central California and to explore the utility of various survey protocols. Surveys were designed to compare line versus strip transect methods, and reveal the effects of distance from shore, viewing conditions and seasonal trends on density estimates. On consecutive days, we conducted 12 paired (24 total) at-sea line and strip transect surveys that were 20 km long at 400 m and 800 m from shore. We also performed nine surveys that were 10 km long and at distances of 400 m. 900 m, 1.400 m, 2,400 m, 3,400 m and 4.400 m from shore. Density estimates calculated using line transects were significantly greater than estimates based on strip transects of 100 m and 200 m widths. Marbled Murrelet density ranged from 2.4-39.4 birds km-2 at 400 m from shore, and from 0.0-16.5 birds km-2 at 800 m from shore. Density was higher on the 400 m than on the 800 m survey on 22 of 24 survey days. Densities measured on consecutive days were highly correlated on the 400 m transect but not on the 800 m transect. Line transect densities on the 400 m transect were higher when conducted under better viewing conditions. Line transects had higher statistical power to detect trends than strip transects. Statistical power analyses indicated only a 24% chance of detecting a population declining by 5% per year over 5 years when surveying line transects 20 km in length five times a year. Power to detect a 5% annual change increased to 57% when surveying line transects five times per year over 10 years. Survey design should strive to minimize variability in bird density in order to maximize likelihood of detecting population trends. An increase in the number of surveys per breeding season, length of a transect, or duration of monitoring effort should increase power to detect trends in murrelet density. We suggest that at-sea surveys should focus on detecting trends in density rather than population size.
BibTeX:
@article{Becker1997,
  author = {Becker, B. H. and Beissinger, S. R. and Carter, H. R.},
  title = {At-sea density monitoring of marbled murrelets in central California: methodological considerations},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {99},
  number = {3},
  pages = {743--755},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1370485}
}
Becker, E.A., Forney, K.A., Redfern, J.V., Barlow, J., Jacox, M.G., Roberts, J.J. and Palacios, D.M. Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate 2018 Diversity and Distributions
Vol. 25(4), pp. 626-643 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Becker2018,
  author = {Becker, Elizabeth A. and Forney, Karin A. and Redfern, Jessica V. and Barlow, Jay and Jacox, Michael G. and Roberts, Jason J. and Palacios, Daniel M.},
  title = {Predicting cetacean abundance and distribution in a changing climate},
  journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {626--643},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12867}
}
Becker, E. and Christ, A. Rejection of Schmidt et al.'s Estimators for Bear Population Size 2019 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 9(10), pp. 6157-6164 
article DOI  
Abstract: Aerial distance sampling of bears to estimate population size has been used throughout many parts of Alaska. The distance sampling models are complex since they need to account for undetected bears and differences in detection probabilities. This will require covariates and mark-recapture data. The models proposed by Schmidt et al. do not use covariates or mark-recapture data and are inappropriate for these surveys.
BibTeX:
@article{Becker2019,
  author = {Becker, Earl and Christ, Aaron},
  title = {Rejection of Schmidt et al.'s Estimators for Bear Population Size},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  pages = {6157--6164},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5134}
}
Becker, E.F. and Crowley, D.W. Estimating Brown Bear Abundance and Harvest Rate on the Southern Alaska Peninsula 2021 PLOS ONE
Vol. 16(1), pp. e0245367 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abundance estimation of hunted brown bear populations should occur on the same geographic scale as harvest data analyses for estimation of harvest rate. Estimated harvest rates are an important statistic for managing hunted bear populations. In Alaska, harvest data is collected over large geographic units, called Game Management Units (GMUs) and sub-GMUs. These sub GMUs often exceed 10,000 km2. In the spring of 2002, we conducted an aerial survey of GMU 9D (12,600 km2) and GMU 10 (4,070 km2) using distance sampling with mark-resight data. We used a mark-resight distance sampling method with a two-piece normal detection function to estimate brown bear abundance as 1,682.9 (SE = 174.29) and 316.9 (SE = 48.25) for GMU 9D and GMU 10, respectively. We used reported hunter harvest to estimate harvest rates of 4.35% (SE = 0.45%) and 3.06% (SE = 0.47%) for GMU 9D and GMU 10, respectively. Management objective for these units support sustained, high quality hunting opportunity which harvest data indicate are met with an annual harvest rate of approximately 5– 6% or less.
BibTeX:
@article{Becker2021,
  author = {Becker, Earl F. and Crowley, David W.},
  title = {Estimating Brown Bear Abundance and Harvest Rate on the Southern Alaska Peninsula},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e0245367},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245367}
}
Becker, E.F. and Quang, P.X. A gamma-shaped detection function for line-transect surveys with mark-recapture and covariate data 2009 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 14, pp. 207-223 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Becker,
  author = {Becker, E. F. and Quang, P. X.},
  title = {A gamma-shaped detection function for line-transect surveys with mark-recapture and covariate data},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {207--223},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/jabes.2009.0013}
}
Bedriñana-Romano, L., Hucke-Gaete, R., Viddi, F.A., Morales, J., Williams, R., Ashe, E., Garcés-Vargas, J., Torres-Florez, J.P. and Ruiz, J. Integrating multiple data sources for assessing blue whale abundance and distribution in Chilean northern Patagonia 2018 Diversity and Distributions
Vol. 24(7), pp. 991-1004 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bedrinana-Romano2018,
  author = {Bedriñana-Romano, Luis and Hucke-Gaete, Rodrigo and Viddi, Francisco Alejandro and Morales, Juan and Williams, Rob and Ashe, Erin and Garcés-Vargas, José and Torres-Florez, Juan Pablo and Ruiz, Jorge},
  title = {Integrating multiple data sources for assessing blue whale abundance and distribution in Chilean northern Patagonia},
  journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {24},
  number = {7},
  pages = {991--1004},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12739}
}
Bedson, C.P.E., Thomas, L., Wheeler, P.M., Reid, N., Harris, W.E., Lloyd, H., Mallon, D. and Preziosi, R. Estimating Density of Mountain Hares Using Distance Sampling: A Comparison of Daylight Visual Surveys, Night-Time Thermal Imaging and Camera Traps 2021 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 2021(3), pp. wlb.00802 
article DOI  
Abstract: Surveying cryptic, nocturnal animals is logistically challenging. Consequently, density estimates may be imprecise and uncertain. Survey innovations mitigate ecological and observational difficulties contributing to estimation variance. Thus, comparisons of survey techniques are critical to evaluate estimates of abundance. We simultaneously compared three methods for observing mountain hare Lepus timidus using Distance sampling to estimate abundance. Daylight visual surveys achieved 41 detections, estimating density at 14.3 hares km– 2 (95%CI 6.3– 32.5) resulting in the lowest estimate and widest confidence interval. Night-time thermal imaging achieved 206 detections, estimating density at 12.1 hares km– 2 (95%CI 7.6– 19.4). Thermal imaging captured more observations at furthest distances, and detected larger group sizes. Camera traps achieved 3705 night-time detections, estimating density at 22.6 hares km– 2 (95%CI 17.1– 29.9). Between the methods, detections were spatially correlated, although the estimates of density varied. Our results suggest that daylight visual surveys tended to underestimate density, failing to reflect nocturnal activity. Thermal imaging captured nocturnal activity, providing a higher detection rate, but required fine weather. Camera traps captured nocturnal activity, and operated 24/7 throughout harsh weather, but needed careful consideration of empirical assumptions. We discuss the merits and limitations of each method with respect to the estimation of population density in the field.
BibTeX:
@article{Bedson2021,
  author = {Bedson, Carlos P. E. and Thomas, Lowri and Wheeler, Philip M. and Reid, Neil and Harris, W. Edwin and Lloyd, Huw and Mallon, David and Preziosi, Richard},
  title = {Estimating Density of Mountain Hares Using Distance Sampling: A Comparison of Daylight Visual Surveys, Night-Time Thermal Imaging and Camera Traps},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  publisher = {Nordic Board for Wildlife Research},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {2021},
  number = {3},
  pages = {wlb.00802},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00802}
}
Bell, H.L. and Ferrier, S. The reliability of estimates of density from transect counts 1985 Corella
Vol. 9, pp. 3-13 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BelFer85,
  author = {Bell, H. L. and Ferrier, S.},
  title = {The reliability of estimates of density from transect counts},
  journal = {Corella},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {3--13}
}
Bellan, S.E., Gimenez, O., Choquet, R. and Getz, W.M. A hierarchical distance sampling approach to estimating mortality rates from opportunistic carcass surveillance data 2013 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 4(4), pp. 361-369 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bellan2013,
  author = {Bellan, Steve E. and Gimenez, Olivier and Choquet, Rémi and Getz, Wayne M.},
  title = {A hierarchical distance sampling approach to estimating mortality rates from opportunistic carcass surveillance data},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {361--369},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12021}
}
Bellout, S., Baamrane, M.A.A., Aamiri, A. and Aourir, M. Changes in the Population Size of Yellow-legged Gull Larus Michahellis at Essaouira and Mogador Island, West-Central Morocco 2021 Marine Ornithology
Vol. 49, pp. 101-107 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bellout2021,
  author = {Bellout, Siham and Baamrane, Moulay Abdeljalil Ait and Aamiri, Ahmed and Aourir, Mohamed},
  title = {Changes in the Population Size of Yellow-legged Gull Larus Michahellis at Essaouira and Mogador Island, West-Central Morocco},
  journal = {Marine Ornithology},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {101--107}
}
Bengtson, J.L., Blix, A.S., Boyd, I.L., Cameron, M.F., Hanson, M.B. and Laake, J.L. Antarctic pack-ice seal research, February and March 1995 1995 Antarctic Journal
Vol. 30, pp. 191-193 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Benetal95,
  author = {Bengtson, J. L. and Blix, A. S. and Boyd, I. L. and Cameron, M. F. and Hanson, M. B. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Antarctic pack-ice seal research, February and March 1995},
  journal = {Antarctic Journal},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {191--193}
}
Bergstedt, R.A. and Anderson, D.R. Evaluation of line transect sampling based on remotely sensed data from underwater video 1990 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Vol. 119, pp. 86-91 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ber90,
  author = {Bergstedt, R. A. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Evaluation of line transect sampling based on remotely sensed data from underwater video},
  journal = {Transactions of the American Fisheries Society},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {86--91},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119%3C0086:EOLTSB%3E2.3.CO;2}
}
Berrow, S., O'brien, J., O'Connor, I. and Mcgrath, D. Abundance estimate and acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Blasket Islands candidate special area of conservation 2009 Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
Vol. 109, pp. 35-46 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Berrow2009,
  author = {Berrow, Simon and O'brien, Joanne and O'Connor, Ian and Mcgrath, David},
  title = {Abundance estimate and acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Blasket Islands candidate special area of conservation},
  journal = {Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy},
  publisher = {National Parks and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {35--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2009.109.1.35}
}
Berrow, S., O'brien, J., O'Connor, I. and Mcgrath, D. Abundance estimate and acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Blasket Islands candidate special area of conservation 2007 School: National Parks and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Berrow2007,
  author = {Berrow, Simon and O'brien, Joanne and O'Connor, Ian and Mcgrath, David},
  title = {Abundance estimate and acoustic monitoring of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Blasket Islands candidate special area of conservation},
  school = {National Parks and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2007}
}
Bessesen, B.L., Oedekoven, C.S., Galbreath, G.J. and González-Suárez, M. Population Abundance and Density Estimates for Costa Rica's Endemic Sea Snake, Hydrophis Platurus Xanthos 2022 Frontiers in Marine Science
Vol. 9 
article DOI  
Abstract: Population abundance and density estimates provide key information for conservation assessment and prioritization of efforts and management. However, data are still largely unavailable for many taxa, including sea snakes, which appear to be facing global declines. Here, we present the first quantitative abundance and density estimates for the geographically isolated sea snake Hydrophis platurus xanthos endemic to the inner basin of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Using systematic distance sampling methods, we obtained and analyzed 199 snake detections from 46 transect lines covering the entire known distribution (totaling nine days and 469 km of effort). Our modeling methods accounted for (i) the probability of detecting a snake given it was available to be detected (ii) the average availability of snakes at the water surface during a 24-hr cycle, and (iii) the by-hour variance in the taxon's activity pattern. The best estimate of population abundance was 29781 individuals (95% CI=20104– 44115) with an estimated density of 76 snakes/km2. Without historical abundance estimates or minimum viable population size, it is unknown whether this number represents a healthy population. However, with all individuals inhabiting a relatively small inlet increasingly exposed to anthropogenic impacts, the long-term persistence of H. p. xanthos may be threatened by ongoing impacts (boat propeller strikes, agricultural runoff, and climate change), as well as unforeseen events in the future.
BibTeX:
@article{Bessesen2022,
  author = {Bessesen, Brooke L. and Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Galbreath, Gary J. and González-Suárez, Manuela},
  title = {Population Abundance and Density Estimates for Costa Rica's Endemic Sea Snake, Hydrophis Platurus Xanthos},
  journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.924966}
}
Bessone, M., Kühl, H.S., Hohmann, G., Herbinger, I., N'Goran, K.P., Asanzi, P., Costa, P.B.D., Dérozier, V., Fotsing, E.D.B., Beka, B.I., Iyomi, M.D., Iyatshi, I.B., Kafando, P., Kambere, M.A., Moundzoho, D.B., Wanzalire, M.L.K. and Fruth, B. Drawn out of the shadows: Surveying secretive forest species with camera trap distance sampling 2020 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 57(5), pp. 963-974 
article DOI  
Abstract: With animal species disappearing at unprecedented rates, we need an efficient monitoring method providing reliable estimates of population density and abundance, critical for the assessment of population status and trend. We deployed 160 camera traps (CTs) systematically over 743 locations covering 17,127 km2 of evergreen lowland rainforest of Salonga National Park, block South, Democratic Republic of the Congo. We evaluated the applicability of CT distance sampling (CTDS) to species different in size and behaviour. To improve precision of estimates, we evaluated two methods estimating species' availability (`A') for detection by CTs. We recorded 16,700 video clips, revealing 43 different animal taxa. We estimated densities of 14 species differing in physical, behavioural and ecological traits, and extracted species-specific availability from available video footage using two methods (a) `ACa' (Cappelle et al. [2019] Am. J. Primatol., 81, e22962) and (b) `ARo' (Rowcliffe et al. [2014] Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 1170). With sample sizes being large enough, we found minor differences between ACa and ARo in estimated densities. In contrast, low detectability and reactivity to the camera were main sources of bias. CTDS proved efficient for estimating density of homogenously rather than patchily distributed species. Synthesis and applications. Our application of camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) to a diverse vertebrate community demonstrates the enormous potential of this methodology for surveys of terrestrial wildlife, allowing rapid assessments of species' status and trends that can translate into effective conservation strategies. By providing the first estimates of understudied species such as the Congo peafowl, the giant ground pangolin and the cusimanses, CTDS may be used as a tool to revise these species' conservation status in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Based on the constraints we encountered, we identify improvements to the current application, enhancing the general applicability of this method.
BibTeX:
@article{bessone_drawn_2020,
  author = {Bessone, Mattia and Kühl, Hjalmar S. and Hohmann, Gottfried and Herbinger, Ilka and N'Goran, Kouame Paul and Asanzi, Papy and Costa, Pedro B. Da and Dérozier, Violette and Fotsing, Ernest D. B. and Beka, Bernard Ikembelo and Iyomi, Mpongo D. and Iyatshi, Iyomi B. and Kafando, Pierre and Kambere, Mbangi A. and Moundzoho, Dissondet B. and Wanzalire, Musubaho L. K. and Fruth, Barbara},
  title = {Drawn out of the shadows: Surveying secretive forest species with camera trap distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {963--974},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13602}
}
Bessone, M., Kühl, H.S., Hohmann, G., Herbinger, I., N'Goran, K.P., Asanzi, P., Da Costa, P.B., Dérozier, V., Fotsing, D.B.E., Ikembelo, B.B., Iyomi, D.M., Iyatshi, B.I., Kafando, P., Kambere, A.M., Moundzoho, B.D., Musubaho, L.K. and Fruth, B. Assessing the Effects of Survey-Inherent Disturbance on Primate Detectability: Recommendations for Line Transect Distance Sampling 2022 Primates  article DOI  
Abstract: Habitat destruction and over-hunting are increasingly threatening the arboreal primates of Central Africa. To establish effective conservation strategies, accurate assessments of primate density, abundance, and spatial distribution are required. To date, the method of choice for primate density estimation is line transect distance sampling. However, primates fleeing human observers violate methodological assumptions, biasing the accuracy of resulting estimates. In this study, we used line transect distance sampling to study five primate species along 378 km of transects in Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. We tested the effect of different levels of survey-inherent disturbance (i.e., cutting) on the number of observed (i) primate groups, and (ii) individuals within groups, by counting groups at three different time lags after disturbance of the transect, (i) a minimum of 3 h, (ii) 24 h, (iii) a minimum of 3 days. We found that survey-inherent disturbance led to underestimated densities, affecting both the number of encountered groups and of observed individuals. However, the response varied between species due to species-specific ecological and behavioral features. Piliocolobus tholloni and Colobus angolenis resumed an unaltered behavior only 24 h after disturbance, while Lophocebus aterrimus, Cercopithecus ascanius, and Cercopithecus wolfi required a minimum of 10 days. To minimize bias in density estimates, future surveys using line transect distance sampling should be designed considering survey-inherent disturbance. We recommend evaluating the factors driving primate response, including habitat type, niche occupation, and hunting pressure, peculiar to the survey-specific area and primate community under study.
BibTeX:
@article{Bessone2022,
  author = {Bessone, Mattia and Kühl, Hjalmar S. and Hohmann, Gottfried and Herbinger, Ilka and N'Goran, K. Paul and Asanzi, Papy and Da Costa, Pedro B. and Dérozier, Violette and Fotsing, D. B. Ernest and Ikembelo, B. Beka and Iyomi, D. Mpongo and Iyatshi, B. Iyomi and Kafando, Pierre and Kambere, A. Mbangi and Moundzoho, B. Dissondet and Musubaho, L. Kako and Fruth, Barbara},
  title = {Assessing the Effects of Survey-Inherent Disturbance on Primate Detectability: Recommendations for Line Transect Distance Sampling},
  journal = {Primates},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-022-01039-4}
}
Best, L.B. Seasonal changes in detection of individual bird species 1981 Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, Studies in Avian Biology No. 6, pp. 252-261  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bes81,
  author = {Best, L. B.},
  title = {Seasonal changes in detection of individual bird species},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, Studies in Avian Biology No. 6},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {252--261}
}
Best, P.B. and Butterworth, D.S. Report of the Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise, 1978/79 1980 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 30, pp. 257-283 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BesBut80,
  author = {Best, P. B. and Butterworth, D. S.},
  title = {Report of the Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise, 1978/79},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {257--283}
}
Bibby, C., Jones, M. and Marsden, S. Expedition field techniques - bird surveys 1998   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Bibby1998,
  author = {Bibby, Colin and Jones, Martin and Marsden, Stuart},
  title = {Expedition field techniques - bird surveys},
  publisher = {Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society},
  year = {1998}
}
Bibby, C.J. and Buckland, S.T. Bias of bird census results due to detectability varying with habitat 1987 Acta Ecologica
Vol. 8, pp. 103-112 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bibbuc87,
  author = {Bibby, C. J. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Bias of bird census results due to detectability varying with habitat},
  journal = {Acta Ecologica},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {103--112}
}
Bibby, C.J., Phillips, B.N. and Seddon, A.J.E. Birds of restocked conifer plantations in Wales 1985 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 22, pp. 619-633 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bibetal85,
  author = {Bibby, C. J. and Phillips, B. N. and Seddon, A. J. E.},
  title = {Birds of restocked conifer plantations in Wales},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {619--633},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2403216}
}
Bicknell, J. and Peres, C.A. Vertebrate population responses to reduced-impact logging in a neotropical forest 2010 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 259(12), pp. 2267-2275 
article DOI  
Abstract: Vertebrate population densities were quantified in lowland central Guyana using line-transect censuses at three forest sites subjected to reduced-impact logging (RIL), and three adjacent unlogged sites. We censused a range of forest vertebrate species including large canopy-dwelling and terrestrial birds, three primates, one rodent and one tortoise. Two 4 km transects at each site were repeatedly surveyed during the wet season of 2008 to derive population density estimates on the basis of a cumulative survey effort of 416 km. RIL had ended within 16 months, and sites had been subjected to a mean extraction rate of 3.9 m3 ha-1, equivalent to only 1.1 trees ha-1. Three of the 15 vertebrate species examined here exhibited significantly different abundances at forest RIL sites, two of which were negative. Large frugivores such as primates were less abundant in sites subject to RIL, whereas smaller frugivores, granivores, folivores and insectivores were more common in logged sites. We are unable to reliably distinguish between responses of different taxonomic groups, since robust abundance metrics could only be estimated for four mammal species. Despite this, species traits including dietary guild, body mass, home range size and vertical stratification of forest use are used to explain varying responses. Our findings suggest that responsible reduced-impact logging practices in neotropical forests can be considered as a relatively benign form of forest management that can coexist with the requirements of both local economies and biodiversity conservation. However, our study sites experienced comparably low extraction rates, and detrimental effects such as hunting were low. Our results therefore provide an opportunity to scrutinise the effects of best practice logging systems, though do not necessarily represent typical circumstances across tropical forests.
BibTeX:
@article{Bicknell2010,
  author = {Jake Bicknell and Carlos A. Peres},
  title = {Vertebrate population responses to reduced-impact logging in a neotropical forest},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {259},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2267--2275},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.027}
}
Bilgmann, K., Parra, G.J., Holmes, L., Peters, K.J., Jonsen, I.D. and Möller, L.M. Abundance estimates and habitat preferences of bottlenose dolphins reveal the importance of two gulfs in South Australia 2019 Scientific Reports
Vol. 9(1), pp. 8044 
article DOI  
Abstract: Informed conservation management of marine mammals requires an understanding of population size and habitat preferences. In Australia, such data are needed for the assessment and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts, including fisheries interactions, coastal zone developments, oil and gas exploration and mining activities. Here, we present large-scale estimates of abundance, density and habitat preferences of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) over an area of 42,438km2 within two gulfs of South Australia. Using double-observer platform aerial surveys over four strata and mark-recapture distance sampling analyses, we estimated 3,493 (CV,=,0.21; 95%CI,=,2,327-5,244) dolphins in summer/autumn, and 3,213 (CV,=,0.20; 95%CI,=,2,151-4,801) in winter/spring of 2011. Bottlenose dolphin abundance and density was higher in gulf waters across both seasons (0.09-0.24 dolphins/km2) compared to adjacent shelf waters (0.004– 0.04 dolphins/km2). The high densities of bottlenose dolphins in the two gulfs highlight the importance of these gulfs as a habitat for the species. Habitat modelling associated bottlenose dolphins with shallow waters, flat seafloor topography, and higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in summer/autumn and lower SSTs in winter/spring. Spatial predictions showed high dolphin densities in northern and coastal gulf sections. Distributional data should inform management strategies, marine park planning and environmental assessments of potential anthropogenic threats to this protected species.
BibTeX:
@article{bilgmann_abundance_2019,
  author = {Bilgmann, Kerstin and Parra, Guido J. and Holmes, Lauren and Peters, Katharina J. and Jonsen, Ian D. and Möller, Luciana M.},
  title = {Abundance estimates and habitat preferences of bottlenose dolphins reveal the importance of two gulfs in South Australia},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8044},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44310-3}
}
Bilgmann, K., Parra, G.J. and Möller, L.M. Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans off the Western Eyre Peninsula in the Great Australian Bight 2018 Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Vol. 157-158, pp. 134-145 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bilgmann2017,
  author = {Bilgmann, Kerstin and Parra, Guido J. and Möller, Luciana M.},
  title = {Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans off the Western Eyre Peninsula in the Great Australian Bight},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {157-158},
  pages = {134--145},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.11.006}
}
Bispo, R. Estimating wildlife mortality at wind farms: accounting for carcass removal, imperfect detection and partial coverage 2012 School: Faculdade de Ciências. Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Bispo2012,
  author = {Bispo, R.},
  title = {Estimating wildlife mortality at wind farms: accounting for carcass removal, imperfect detection and partial coverage},
  school = {Faculdade de Ciências. Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional},
  year = {2012}
}
Biswas, S. and Sankar, K. Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India 2002 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 256, pp. 411-420 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Biswas2002,
  author = {Biswas, S. and Sankar, K.},
  title = {Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {256},
  pages = {411--420},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902000456}
}
Blake, J.G., Hanowski, J.M., Niemi, G.J. and Collins, P.T. Annual variation in bird populations of mixed-conifer northern hardwood forests 1994 Condor, The
Vol. 96, pp. 381-399 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Blaetal94,
  author = {Blake, J. G. and Hanowski, J. M. and Niemi, G. J. and Collins, P. T.},
  title = {Annual variation in bird populations of mixed-conifer northern hardwood forests},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {381--399},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1369322}
}
Blake, J.G., Hanowski, J.M., Niemi, G.J. and Collins, P.T. Hourly variation in transect counts of birds 1991 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 68, pp. 139-147 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Blaetal91,
  author = {Blake, J. G. and Hanowski, J. M. and Niemi, G. J. and Collins, P. T.},
  title = {Hourly variation in transect counts of birds},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {139--147}
}
Blaylock, R.A. Distribution and abundance of the Cownose Ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Lower Chesapeake Bay 1993 Estuaries
Vol. 16, pp. 255-263 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Blaylock1993,
  author = {Blaylock, Robert A.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of the Cownose Ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Lower Chesapeake Bay},
  journal = {Estuaries},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {255--263},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1352498}
}
Blom, A., Almaši, A., Heitkönig, I.M.A., Kpanou, J.-B. and Prins, H.H.T. A survey of the apes in the dzanga-ndoki national park, central african republic: a comparison between the census and survey methods of estimating the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nest group density 2001 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 39(1), pp. 98-105 
article DOI  
Abstract: A survey of apes was carried out between October 1996 and May 1997 in the Dzanga sector of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic (CAR), to estimate gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) densities. The density estimates were based on nest counts. The strip transect census and the line transect survey method (Standing Crop Nest Count) were used to estimate the gorilla nest group density. The strip transect has been most commonly used to date. It assumes that all nest groups within the width of the strip are detected, but as this assumption is easily violated in the dense tropical rain forest, the line transect survey was also used. In this method, only the nest groups on the transect line itself should be detected. This method proved to be an adequate and easy technique for estimating animal densities in dense vegetation. The gorilla density of 1.6 individuals km-2 (line transect survey method) found for the Dzanga sector is one of the highest densities ever reported in the literature for the Western lowland gorilla. The density estimate for chimpanzees was 0.16 individuals km-2 (census method). The results of this study confirm the importance of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park for primate conservation.
BibTeX:
@article{Blom2001,
  author = {Blom, A. and Almaši, A. and Heitkönig, I. M. A. and Kpanou, J.-B. and Prins, H. H. T.},
  title = {A survey of the apes in the dzanga-ndoki national park, central african republic: a comparison between the census and survey methods of estimating the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nest group density},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {98--105},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0141-6707.2000.00280.x}
}
Boano, G. and Toffoli, R. A line transect survey of wintering raptors in the western Po plain of northern Italy 2002 Journal Of Raptor Research
Vol. 36, pp. 128-135 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Boano2002,
  author = {Boano, G. and Toffoli, R.},
  title = {A line transect survey of wintering raptors in the western Po plain of northern Italy},
  journal = {Journal Of Raptor Research},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {128--135}
}
Bodkin, J.L. and Udevitz, M.S. An aerial survey method to estimate sea otter abundance 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 115-126  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{BodUde99,
  author = {Bodkin, J. L. and Udevitz, M. S.},
  title = {An aerial survey method to estimate sea otter abundance},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {115--126}
}
de Boer, M.N. Spring distribution and density of minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata along an offshore bank in the central North Sea. 2010 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 408, pp. 265-274 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Boer2010,
  author = {de Boer, M. N.},
  title = {Spring distribution and density of minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata along an offshore bank in the central North Sea.},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {408},
  pages = {265--274},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08598}
}
Bolduc, F., Roy, C. and Rousseu, F. R2MCDS: An R package for the analysis of multi-species datasets collected using distance sampling 2018 Ecological Informatics
Vol. 47, pp. 23-25 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bolduc2017,
  author = {Bolduc, François and Roy, Christian and Rousseu, François},
  title = {R2MCDS: An R package for the analysis of multi-species datasets collected using distance sampling},
  journal = {Ecological Informatics},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {23--25},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.10.003}
}
Bollinger, E.K., Gavin, T.A. and McIntyre, D.C. Comparison of transects and circular-plots for estimating bobolink densities 1988 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 52, pp. 777-786 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Boletal88,
  author = {Bollinger, E. K. and Gavin, T. A. and McIntyre, D. C.},
  title = {Comparison of transects and circular-plots for estimating bobolink densities},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {777--786},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800946}
}
Bonnell, M.L. and Ford, R.G. California sea lion distribution: a statistical analysis of aerial transect data 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 13-20 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BonFor87,
  author = {Bonnell, M. L. and Ford, R. G.},
  title = {California sea lion distribution: a statistical analysis of aerial transect data},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {13--20},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801621}
}
Booth, C. Variation in habitat preference and distribution of harbour porpoises west of Scotland 2010 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Booth2010,
  author = {Booth, C.},
  title = {Variation in habitat preference and distribution of harbour porpoises west of Scotland},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2010}
}
Booth, C.G., Embling, C., Gordon, J., Calderan, S.V. and Hammond, P.S. Habitat preferences and distribution of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena west of Scotland 2013 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 478, pp. 273-285 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Booth2013,
  author = {Booth, C. G. and Embling, C. and Gordon, J. and Calderan, S. V. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Habitat preferences and distribution of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena west of Scotland},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {478},
  pages = {273--285},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10239}
}
Borchers, D.L. Composite mark-recapture line transect surveys 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 115-126  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bor99,
  author = {Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Composite mark-recapture line transect surveys},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {115--126}
}
Borchers, D.L. Line transect estimation with uncertain detection on the trackline 1996 School: University of Cape Town  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Borchers96,
  author = {Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Line transect estimation with uncertain detection on the trackline},
  school = {University of Cape Town},
  year = {1996}
}
Borchers, D.L. Methods of estimating mean school size from IWC sightings survey data 1994 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 44, pp. 429-437 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bor94,
  author = {Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Methods of estimating mean school size from IWC sightings survey data},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {429--437}
}
Borchers, D.L., Buckland, S.T., Goedhart, P.W., Clarke, E.D. and Hedley, S.L. Horvitz-Thompson estimators for double-platform line transect surveys 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 1221-1237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BOR98,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Buckland, S. T. and Goedhart, P. W. and Clarke, E. D. and Hedley, S. L.},
  title = {Horvitz-Thompson estimators for double-platform line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {1221--1237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533652}
}
Borchers, D.L., Buckland, S.T. and Zucchini, W. Estimating animal abundance 2002   book  
BibTeX:
@book{BOR02,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Buckland, S. T. and Zucchini, W.},
  title = {Estimating animal abundance},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2002}
}
Borchers, D.L. and Burnham, K.P. General formulation for distance sampling 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 6-30  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Burnham2004a,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {General formulation for distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {6--30}
}
Borchers, D.L. and Burt, M.L. Generalized regression methods for estimating school size from line transect data 2002 (Paper SC/54/IA23)School: Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{BorBur02,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Burt, M. L.},
  title = {Generalized regression methods for estimating school size from line transect data},
  school = {Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {2002},
  number = {Paper SC/54/IA23}
}
Borchers, D.L., Laake, J.L., Southwell, C. and Paxton, C.G.M. Accommodating unmodeled heterogeneity in double-observer distance sampling surveys 2006 Biometrics
Vol. 62, pp. 372-378 
article DOI  
Abstract: Mark-recapture models applied to double-observer distance sampling data neglect the information on relative detectability of objects contained in the distribution of observed distances. A difference between the observed distribution and that predicted by the mark-recapture model is symptomatic of a failure of the assumption of zero correlation between detection probabilities implicit in the mark-recapture model. We develop a mark-recapture-based model that uses the observed distribution to relax this assumption to zero correlation at only one distance. We demonstrate its usefulness in coping with unmodeled heterogeneity using data from an aerial survey of crabeater seals in the Antarctic.
BibTeX:
@article{Borchers2006,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Laake, J. L. and Southwell, C. and Paxton, C. G. M.},
  title = {Accommodating unmodeled heterogeneity in double-observer distance sampling surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {372--378},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00493.x}
}
Borchers, D.L. and Marques, T.A. From distance sampling to spatial capture– recapture 2017 Advances in Statistical Analysis
Vol. 101, pp. 475-494 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borchers2017,
  author = {Borchers, David L. and Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {From distance sampling to spatial capture– recapture},
  journal = {Advances in Statistical Analysis},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {475--494},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10182-016-0287-7}
}
Borchers, D.L., Marques, T.A., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Jupp, P.E. Estimating distance sampling detection functions when distances are measured with errors 2010 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 15, pp. 346-361 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borchers2010,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Marques, T. A. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Jupp, P. E.},
  title = {Estimating distance sampling detection functions when distances are measured with errors},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {346--361},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-010-0021-y}
}
Borchers, D.L., Pike, D., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Vikingsson, G.A. Minke whale abundance estimation from the NASS 1987 and 2001 aerial cue– counting surveys taking appropriate account of distance estimation errors 2009 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 7, pp. 95-110 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BorSub1,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Pike, D. and Gunnlaugsson, T. and Vikingsson, G. A.},
  title = {Minke whale abundance estimation from the NASS 1987 and 2001 aerial cue– counting surveys taking appropriate account of distance estimation errors},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {95--110},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2708}
}
Borchers, D.L., Stevenson, B.C., Kidney, D., Thomas, L. and Marques, T.A. A unifying model for capture-recapture and distance sampling 2015 Journal of the American Statistical Association
Vol. 201, pp. 195-204 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borchers2014,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Stevenson, B. C. and Kidney, D. and Thomas, L. and Marques, T. A.},
  title = {A unifying model for capture-recapture and distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {201},
  pages = {195--204},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2014.893884}
}
Borchers, D.L., Zucchini, W. and Fewster, R. Mark-recapture models for line transect surveys 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 1207-1220 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BOR98b,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Zucchini, W. and Fewster, R.},
  title = {Mark-recapture models for line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {1207--1220},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533651}
}
Borchers, D.L., Zucchini, W., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Cañadas, A. and Langrock, R. Using hidden Markov models to deal with availability bias on line transect surveys 2013 Biometrics
Vol. 69, pp. 703-713 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borchers2013,
  author = {Borchers, D. L. and Zucchini, W. and Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Cañadas, A. and Langrock, R.},
  title = {Using hidden Markov models to deal with availability bias on line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {703--713},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12049}
}
Borgoni, R. and Quatto, P. Uniformly most powerful unbiased test for shoulder condition in point transect sampling 2012 Statistical Papers
Vol. 53(4), pp. 1035-1044 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borgoni2012,
  author = {Borgoni, Riccardo and Quatto, Piero},
  title = {Uniformly most powerful unbiased test for shoulder condition in point transect sampling},
  journal = {Statistical Papers},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1035--1044},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00362-011-0406-1}
}
Borkin, K.M., Summers, R.W. and Thomas, L. Surveying abundance and stand type associations of Formica aquilonia and F. lugubris (hymenoptera: Formicidae) nest mounds over an extensive area: trialing a novel method 2012 European Journal of Entomology
Vol. 109, pp. 47-53 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Borkin2012,
  author = {Borkin, Kerry M. and Summers, Ron W. and Thomas, Len},
  title = {Surveying abundance and stand type associations of Formica aquilonia and F. lugubris (hymenoptera: Formicidae) nest mounds over an extensive area: trialing a novel method},
  journal = {European Journal of Entomology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {47--53},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2012.007}
}
Borralho, R., Rego, F. and Pinto, P.V. Is driven transect sampling suitable for estimating red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa densities? 1996 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 2, pp. 259-268 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BOR96,
  author = {Borralho, R. and Rego, F. and Pinto, P. V.},
  title = {Is driven transect sampling suitable for estimating red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa densities?},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {259--268},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.1996.029}
}
Bortolotto, G.A., Danilewicz, D., Andriolo, A., Secchi, E.R. and Zerbini, A.N. Whale, whale, everywhere: Increasing abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in their wintering grounds 2016 PLoS ONE
Vol. 11, pp. e0164596 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bortolotto2016a,
  author = {Bortolotto, G. A. and Danilewicz, D. and Andriolo, A. and Secchi, E. R. and Zerbini, A. N.},
  title = {Whale, whale, everywhere: Increasing abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in their wintering grounds},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {e0164596},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164596}
}
Bortolotto, G.A., Danilewicz, D., Andriolo, A. and Zerbini, A.N. Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) group sizes in line transect ship surveys: an evaluation of observer errors 2016 Zoologia (Curitiba)
Vol. 33, pp. e20150133 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bortolotto2016,
  author = {Bortolotto, G. A. and Danilewicz, D. and Andriolo, A. and Zerbini, A. N.},
  title = {Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) group sizes in line transect ship surveys: an evaluation of observer errors},
  journal = {Zoologia (Curitiba)},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {e20150133},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150133}
}
Bortolotto, G.A., Danilewicz, D., Hammond, P.S., Thomas, L. and Zerbini, A.N. Whale distribution in a breeding area: spatial models of habitat use and abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales 2017 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 585, pp. 213-227 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bortolotto2017,
  author = {Bortolotto, G. A. and Danilewicz, D. and Hammond, P. S. and Thomas, L. and Zerbini, A. N.},
  title = {Whale distribution in a breeding area: spatial models of habitat use and abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {585},
  pages = {213--227},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12393}
}
Bottenberg, H., Litsinger, J.A. and Kenmore, P.E. A line transect survey method for rice tungro virus 1992 Proceedings, Third International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Volume v  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Botetal92,
  author = {Bottenberg, H. and Litsinger, J. A. and Kenmore, P. E.},
  title = {A line transect survey method for rice tungro virus},
  booktitle = {Proceedings, Third International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Volume v},
  year = {1992}
}
Bovendorp, R.S. and Galetti, M. Density and population size of mammals introduced on a land-bridge island in southeastern Brazil 2007 Biological Invasions
Vol. 9(3), pp. 353-357 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10530-006-9031-7,
  author = {Bovendorp, Ricardo Siqueira and Galetti, Mauro},
  title = {Density and population size of mammals introduced on a land-bridge island in southeastern Brazil},
  journal = {Biological Invasions},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {353--357},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9031-7}
}
Bowden, D.C., White, G.C., Franklin, A.B. and Ganey, J.L. Estimating population size with correlated sampling unit estimates 2003 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 67(1), pp. 1-10 
article DOI  
Abstract: Finite population sampling theory is useful in estimating total population size (abundance) from abundance estimates of each sampled unit (quadrat). We develop estimators that allow correlated quadrat abundance estimates, even for quadrats in different sampling strata. Correlated quadrat abundance estimates based on mark-recapture or distance sampling methods occur when data are pooled across quadrats to estimate, for example, capture probability parameters or sighting functions. When only minimal information is available from each quadrat, pooling of data across quadrats may be necessary to efficiently estimate capture probabilities or sighting functions. We further include information from a quadrat-based auxiliary variable to more precisely estimate total population size via a ratio estimator. We also provide variance estimators for the difference between or the ratio of 2 abundance estimates, taken at different times. We present an example based on estimating the number of Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the Upper Gila Mountains Recovery Unit, Arizona and New Mexico, USA. Owl abundance for each quadrat was estimated with a Huggins 4-pass mark-resight population estimator, but with initial capture and resighting probabilities modeled in common across all sample quadrats. Pooling mark-resight data across quadrats was necessary because few owls were marked on individual quadrats to estimate quadrat-specific capture probabilities. Model-based estimates of owl abundance for each quadrat necessitated variance estimation procedures that take into account correlated quadrat estimates. An auxiliary variable relating to topographic roughness of sampled quadrats provided a useful covariate for a ratio estimator.
BibTeX:
@article{Bowden2003,
  author = {Bowden, D. C. and White, G. C. and Franklin, A. B. and Ganey, J. L.},
  title = {Estimating population size with correlated sampling unit estimates},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {67},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--10},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3803055}
}
Boyd, C., Barlow, J., Becker, E.A., Forney, K.A., Gerrodette, T., Moore, J.E. and Punt, A.E. Estimation of population size and trends for highly mobile species with dynamic spatial distributions 2017 Diversity and Distributions
Vol. 24(1), pp. 1-12 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Boyd2017,
  author = {Boyd, Charlotte and Barlow, Jay and Becker, Elizabeth A. and Forney, Karin A. and Gerrodette, Tim and Moore, Jeffrey E. and Punt, André E.},
  title = {Estimation of population size and trends for highly mobile species with dynamic spatial distributions},
  journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {24},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--12},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12663}
}
Bozec, Y.-M., Kulbicki, M., Laloe, F., Mou-Tham, G. and Gascuel, D. Factors affecting the detection distances of reef fish: implications for visual counts 2011 Marine Biology
Vol. 158(5), pp. 969-981 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s00227-011-1623-9,
  author = {Bozec, Yves-Marie and Kulbicki, Michel and Laloe, Francis and Mou-Tham, Gérard and Gascuel, Didier},
  title = {Factors affecting the detection distances of reef fish: implications for visual counts},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {158},
  number = {5},
  pages = {969--981},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1623-9}
}
Bradfer-Lawrence, T., Gardner, N. and Dent, D.H. Canopy bird assemblages are less influenced by habitat age and isolation than understory bird assemblages in Neotropical secondary forest 2018 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 8(11), pp. 5586-5597 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bradfer-Lawrence2018,
  author = {Tom Bradfer-Lawrence and Nick Gardner and Daisy H. Dent},
  title = {Canopy bird assemblages are less influenced by habitat age and isolation than understory bird assemblages in Neotropical secondary forest},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {8},
  number = {11},
  pages = {5586--5597},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4086}
}
Bradford, A.L., Forney, K.A., Oleson, E.M. and Barlow, J. Abundance estimates of cetaceans from a line-transect survey within the U.S. Hawaiian Islands exclusive economic zone 2017 Fishery Bulletin.
Vol. 115, pp. 129-142 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bradford2017,
  author = {Bradford, A. L. and Forney, K. A. and Oleson, E. M. and Barlow, J.},
  title = {Abundance estimates of cetaceans from a line-transect survey within the U.S. Hawaiian Islands exclusive economic zone},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {115},
  pages = {129--142},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.115.2.1}
}
Bradford, A.L., Forney, K.A., Oleson, E.M. and Barlow, J. Accounting for subgroup structure in line-transect abundance estimates of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawaiian waters 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9, pp. e90464 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ For biological populations that form aggregations (or clusters) of individuals, cluster size is an important parameter in line-transect abundance estimation and should be accurately measured. Cluster size in cetaceans has traditionally been represented as the total number of individuals in a group, but group size may be underestimated if group members are spatially diffuse. Groups of false killer whales (¡ italic¿ Pseudorca crassidens/italic¿ ) can comprise numerous subgroups that are dispersed over tens of kilometers, leading to a spatial mismatch between a detected group and the theoretical framework of line-transect analysis. Three stocks of false killer whales are found within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone of the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian EEZ): an insular main Hawaiian Islands stock, a pelagic stock, and a Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) stock. A ship-based line-transect survey of the Hawaiian EEZ was conducted in the summer and fall of 2010, resulting in six systematic-effort visual sightings of pelagic (¡ italic¿ n/italic¿â€Š= 5) and NWHI (¡ italic¿ n/italic¿â€Š= 1) false killer whale groups. The maximum number and spatial extent of subgroups per sighting was 18 subgroups and 35 km, respectively. These sightings were combined with data from similar previous surveys and analyzed within the conventional line-transect estimation framework. The detection function, mean cluster size, and encounter rate were estimated separately to appropriately incorporate data collected using different methods. Unlike previous line-transect analyses of cetaceans, subgroups were treated as the analytical cluster instead of groups because subgroups better conform to the specifications of line-transect theory. Bootstrap values (¡ italic¿ n/italic¿â€Š= 5,000) of the line-transect parameters were randomly combined to estimate the variance of stock-specific abundance estimates. Hawai’ i pelagic and NWHI false killer whales were estimated to number 1,552 (CV = 0.66; 95% CI = 479†``5,030) and 552 (CV = 1.09; 95% CI = 97†``3,123) individuals, respectively. Subgroup structure is an important factor to consider in line-transect analyses of false killer whales and other species with complex grouping patterns./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Bradford2014,
  author = {Bradford, Amanda L. and Forney, Karin A. and Oleson, Erin M. and Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Accounting for subgroup structure in line-transect abundance estimates of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawaiian waters},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e90464},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090464}
}
Bradford, A.L., Forney, K.A., Oleson, E.M. and Barlow, J. Line-transect abundance estimates of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the pelagic region of the Hawaiian exclusive economic zone and in the insular waters of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands 2012 (Administrative Report H-12-02)School: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Bradford2012,
  author = {Bradford, Amanda L. and Forney, Karin A. and Oleson, Erin M. and Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Line-transect abundance estimates of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in the pelagic region of the Hawaiian exclusive economic zone and in the insular waters of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands},
  school = {Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center},
  year = {2012},
  number = {Administrative Report H-12-02}
}
Branch, T.A. Humpback whale abundance south of 60s from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys Submitted to the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (Special Issue)  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Branch,
  author = {Branch, T. A.},
  title = {Humpback whale abundance south of 60s from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys},
  journal = {Submitted to the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (Special Issue)}
}
Brandt, C.A. and Rickard, W.H. Effects of survey frequency on bird density estimates in the shrub-steppe environment 1992 Northwest Science
Vol. 66, pp. 172-182 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BraRic92,
  author = {Brandt, C. A. and Rickard, W. H.},
  title = {Effects of survey frequency on bird density estimates in the shrub-steppe environment},
  journal = {Northwest Science},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {172--182}
}
Braulik, G.T., Bhatti, Z.I., Ehsan, T., Hussain, B., Khan, A.R., Khan, A., Khan, U., Kundi, K.U., Rajput, R., Reichert, A.P., Northridge, S.P., Bhagat, H.B. and Garstang, R. Robust abundance estimate for endangered river dolphin subspecies in South Asia 2012 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 17(3), pp. 201-215 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Braulik2012,
  author = {Braulik, Gillian T. and Bhatti, Zahid I. and Ehsan, Tahir and Hussain, Babar and Khan, Abdul R. and Khan, Ashfaq and Khan, Uzma and Kundi, Khalil U. and Rajput, Rafiq and Reichert, Albert P. and Northridge, Simon P. and Bhagat, Hussain B. and Garstang, Richard},
  title = {Robust abundance estimate for endangered river dolphin subspecies in South Asia},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {201--215},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00425}
}
Braulik, G.T., Kasuga, M., Wittich, A., Kiszka, J.J., MacCaulay, J., Gillespie, D., Gordon, J., Said, S.S. and Hammond, P.S. Cetacean rapid assessment: an approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas 2017 Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Vol. 28(1), pp. 216-230 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Braulik2017,
  author = {Braulik, Gill T. and Kasuga, Magreth and Wittich, Anja and Kiszka, Jeremy J. and MacCaulay, Jamie and Gillespie, Doug and Gordon, Jonathan and Said, Said Shaib and Hammond, Philip S.},
  title = {Cetacean rapid assessment: an approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas},
  journal = {Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {216--230},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2833}
}
Bravington, M.V., Miller, D.L. and Hedley, S.L. Variance Propagation for Density Surface Models 2021 Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics  article DOI  
Abstract: Spatially explicit estimates of population density, together with appropriate estimates of uncertainty, are required in many management contexts. Density surface models (DSMs) are a two-stage approach for estimating spatially varying density from distance sampling data. First, detection probabilities— perhaps depending on covariates— are estimated based on details of individual encounters; next, local densities are estimated using a GAM, by fitting local encounter rates to location and/or spatially varying covariates while allowing for the estimated detectabilities. One criticism of DSMs has been that uncertainty from the two stages is not usually propagated correctly into the final variance estimates. We show how to reformulate a DSM so that the uncertainty in detection probability from the distance sampling stage (regardless of its complexity) is captured as an extra random effect in the GAM stage. In effect, we refit an approximation to the detection function model at the same time as fitting the spatial model. This allows straightforward computation of the overall variance via exactly the same software already needed to fit the GAM. A further extension allows for spatial variation in group size, which can be an important covariate for detectability as well as directly affecting abundance. We illustrate these models using point transect survey data of Island Scrub-Jays on Santa Cruz Island, CA, and harbour porpoise from the SCANS-II line transect survey of European waters. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.
BibTeX:
@article{Bravington2021,
  author = {Bravington, Mark V. and Miller, David L. and Hedley, Sharon L.},
  title = {Variance Propagation for Density Surface Models},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-021-00438-2}
}
Breiwick, J.M., Rugh, D.J., Withrow, D.E., Dahlheim, M.E. and Buckland, S.T. Preliminary population estimate of gray whales during the 1987/88 southward migration 1988 (Paper SC/40/PS12)School: Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Breetal88,
  author = {Breiwick, J. M. and Rugh, D. J. and Withrow, D. E. and Dahlheim, M. E. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Preliminary population estimate of gray whales during the 1987/88 southward migration},
  school = {Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1988},
  number = {Paper SC/40/PS12}
}
Brennan, L.A. and Block, W.M. Line transect estimates of mountain quail density 1986 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 50, pp. 373-377 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BreBlo86,
  author = {Brennan, L. A. and Block, W. M.},
  title = {Line transect estimates of mountain quail density},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {373--377},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801089}
}
Breuer, T., Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, M. and Strindberg, S. Small-Scale Dung Survey Reveals High Forest Elephant Density and Preference for Mixed Species Forest in an Intact Protected Area 2021 Biodiversity and Conservation  article DOI  
Abstract: Understanding the ecological factors influencing African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) abundance and distribution is crucial for their conservation management in Central Africa. Dung surveys have been conducted at the landscape scale and confirmed the overwhelming impact of anthropogenic activities on forest elephants. We present results from a small-scale survey in a pristine protected area without anthropogenic activities to elucidate the ecological factors influencing forest elephant density. We conducted a line transect dung survey in a small study area (110 km2) around Mbeli Bai, a natural forest clearing in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo, and compare results with a landscape survey conducted during the same period. We used habitat specific dung decay data collected on site to estimate elephant density using distance sampling. We fitted Generalized Additive Models to elephant dung encounter rate using explanatory variables collected during the transect survey and from geospatial data. The small-scale survey revealed a precise estimate of forest elephant density that was twice as high as the result from a landscape survey with higher density in mixed species forest for the small-scale survey. We could not find an impact of the proximity of forest clearings and proximity to rivers at the small scale. Fine-scale habitat features, e.g. degree of canopy and understorey closure, had little explanatory power for elephant dung encounter rate. Small-scale dung surveys are a useful method to reveal spatio-temporal variation in forest elephant density and distribution which can inform conservation practitioners in a timely manner. Combining monitoring methods at various spatial scales improves our knowledge and conservation efforts of forest elephants. Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park is a stronghold for forest elephants and of global importance for their conservation.
BibTeX:
@article{Breuer2021,
  author = {Breuer, Thomas and Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Mireille and Strindberg, Samantha},
  title = {Small-Scale Dung Survey Reveals High Forest Elephant Density and Preference for Mixed Species Forest in an Intact Protected Area},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02214-7}
}
Brewster, J.P. and Simons, T.R. Testing the importance of auditory detections in avian point counts 2009 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 80, pp. 178-182 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Brewster2009,
  author = {Brewster, Jerome P. and Simons, Theodore R.},
  title = {Testing the importance of auditory detections in avian point counts},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {178--182},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00220.x}
}
Briggs, K.T., Tyler, W.B. and Lewis, D.B. Aerial surveys for seabirds: methodological experiments 1985 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 49, pp. 412-417 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Brietal85,
  author = {Briggs, K. T. and Tyler, W. B. and Lewis, D. B.},
  title = {Aerial surveys for seabirds: methodological experiments},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {412--417},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801543}
}
Brockelman, W.Y. The use of the line transect sampling method for forest primates 1980 Tropical Ecology and Development, pp. 367-371  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bro80,
  author = {Brockelman, W. Y.},
  title = {The use of the line transect sampling method for forest primates},
  booktitle = {Tropical Ecology and Development},
  publisher = {The International Society of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1980},
  pages = {367--371}
}
Broekema, I. and Overdyck, O. Distance sampling to estimate densities of four native forest bird species during multispecies surveys 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Broekema2012,
  author = {Broekema, Iris and Overdyck, Oliver},
  title = {Distance sampling to estimate densities of four native forest bird species during multispecies surveys},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/24060894}
}
Bröker, K.C.A., Hansen, R.G., Leonard, K.E., Koski, W.R. and Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. A comparison of image and observer based aerial surveys of narwhal 2019 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 35(4), pp. 1253-1279 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Broeker2019,
  author = {Bröker, Koen C. A. and Hansen, Rikke G. and Leonard, Kathleen E. and Koski, William R. and Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter},
  title = {A comparison of image and observer based aerial surveys of narwhal},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {35},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1253--1279},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12586}
}
Broome, L.S., Bishop, K.D. and Anderson, D.R. Population density and habitat use by Megapodius freyinet eremita in West New Britain 1984 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 11, pp. 161-171 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Broetal84,
  author = {Broome, L. S. and Bishop, K. D. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Population density and habitat use by Megapodius freyinet eremita in West New Britain},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {161--171},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9840161}
}
Brown, B.M. and Cowling, A. Clustering and abundance estimation for Neyman-Scott models and line transect surveys 1998 Biometrika
Vol. 85, pp. 427-438 
article DOI  
Abstract: This paper considers the estimation of clustering parameters and mean species intensity based on likelihood theory for the simplified Neyman-Scott Poisson model, with observations taken from line transect surveys with a Gaussian detection function. The estimators and accompanying standard error expressions are tractable and easy to calculate, and, coming from likelihood methods, often will have high efficiency. Such properties compare favourably with those of existing K-function methods which however are semiparametric in nature and less reliant on specific parametric assumptions. The likelihood analysis reveals auxiliary information which could be used to check the form of the detection function.
BibTeX:
@article{BroCow98,
  author = {Brown, B. M. and Cowling, A.},
  title = {Clustering and abundance estimation for Neyman-Scott models and line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {427--438},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/85.2.427}
}
Brown, J.A. and Boyce, M.S. Line transect sampling of Karner blue butterflies (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) 1998 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 5, pp. 81-91 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transect sampling is an effective survey method for estimating butterfly densities because it provides unbiased estimates of site-density (provided key assumptions are met), and estimates are comparable among sites. For monitoring Karner blue butterflies in Wisconsin, USA, comparable estimates are required because each year a different selection of sites will be monitored. Annual state-wide indices of species abundance can be derived from the site-surveys and compared to previous year's indices to monitor trends. We advocate that line transect sampling is preferable to Pollard-Yates transects as a survey technique for monitoring Karner blue butterflies. The Pollard-Yates surveys do not adjust for differences in site detectability. As a consequence, estimates of among-site from Pollard-Yates surveys can be biased. textcopyright 1998 Chapman & Hall.
BibTeX:
@article{Broboy98,
  author = {Brown, J. A. and Boyce, M. S.},
  title = {Line transect sampling of Karner blue butterflies (Lycaeides melissa samuelis)},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {81--91},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009620105039}
}
Brown, S., Clarke, M. and Clarke, R. Fire is a key element in the landscape-scale habitat requirements and global population status of a threatened bird: the mallee emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee) 2009 Biological Conservation
Vol. 142(2), pp. 432-445 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Mallee Emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee) is a threatened, narrow-range passerine endemic to south-eastern Australia. To inform future conservation measures for this poorly known species, we used ecological niche factor analysis, habitat suitability modelling and distance sampling to determine landscape-scale habitat requirements and estimate the population size. Using GIS software, we integrated digital layers of ecogeographic variables with; (1) presence-only observations to derive and validate a habitat suitability model using ecological niche factor analysis, and (2) distance sampling to determine population distribution and densities across vegetation types. We detected populations in only five of seven reserves which they had occupied in 2000. We estimate the global population size to be 16,821 individuals (range 8431-39, 104), 68% greater than the previously estimated 10,000 individuals, with a single large reserve containing the majority ( 92%) of the global population. The Mallee Emu-wren is a habitat specialist, primarily occurring in mallee-Triodia vegetation that has not been burnt for at least 15 years. The highest densities were in vegetation associations containing at least a 15% cover of Triodia, however, time since the habitat was last burnt was the overriding factor in determining densities. Large-scale wildfires are a pervasive threat to the global status of the Mallee Emu-wren, and the risk to remaining populations is exacerbated by the adverse impact of prolonged drought and the potential for altered fire regimes caused by global warming. Evaluation of the global population status, and the continued wildfire threat warranted recent reclassification of the Mallee Emu-wren from Vulnerable to Endangered according to IUCN Red List categories and criteria.
BibTeX:
@article{Brown2009,
  author = {Brown, Sarah and Clarke, Michael and Clarke, Rohan},
  title = {Fire is a key element in the landscape-scale habitat requirements and global population status of a threatened bird: the mallee emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee)},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {142},
  number = {2},
  pages = {432--445},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.005}
}
Brunk, H.D. Univariate density estimation by orthogonal series 1978 Biometrika
Vol. 65, pp. 521-528 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bru78,
  author = {Brunk, H. D.},
  title = {Univariate density estimation by orthogonal series},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {521--528},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/65.3.521}
}
Buchanan, G.M., Pearce-Higgins, J.W. and Grant, M.C. Observer variation in estimates of meadow pipit Anthus pratensis and skylark Alauda arvensis abundance on moorland 2006 Bird Study
Vol. 53(1), pp. 92-95 
article DOI  
Abstract: Capsule Counts least susceptible to observer effects were those within 25 m of a transect and the total number along a transect, with observer effects greater for distance sampling. textcopyright 2006 British Trust for Ornithology.
BibTeX:
@article{Buchanan2006,
  author = {Buchanan, G. M. and Pearce-Higgins, J. W. and Grant, M. C.},
  title = {Observer variation in estimates of meadow pipit Anthus pratensis and skylark Alauda arvensis abundance on moorland},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {92--95},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063650609461421}
}
Buckland, S.T. Point transect surveys for songbirds: robust methodologies 2006 The Auk
Vol. 123(2), pp. 345-357 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2006,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Point transect surveys for songbirds: robust methodologies},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {123},
  number = {2},
  pages = {345--357},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.345}
}
Buckland, S.T. Maximum likelihood fitting of Hermite and simple polynomial densities 1992 Applied Statistics
Vol. 41, pp. 241-266 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc92b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Maximum likelihood fitting of Hermite and simple polynomial densities},
  journal = {Applied Statistics},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {241--266},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2347650}
}
Buckland, S.T. Fitting density functions with polynomials 1992 Applied Statistics
Vol. 41, pp. 63-76 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BUC92a,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Fitting density functions with polynomials},
  journal = {Applied Statistics},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {63--76},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2347618}
}
Buckland, S.T. Effects of heterogeneity on estimation of probability of detection on the trackline 1992 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 42, pp. 569-573 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc92c,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Effects of heterogeneity on estimation of probability of detection on the trackline},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {569--573}
}
Buckland, S.T. On the variable circular plot method of estimating animal density 1987 Biometrics
Vol. 43, pp. 363-384 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc87a,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {On the variable circular plot method of estimating animal density},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {363--384},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531819}
}
Buckland, S.T. Estimation of minke whale numbers from the 1984/85 IWC/IDCR Antarctic sightings data 1987 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 37, pp. 263-288 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc87c,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Estimation of minke whale numbers from the 1984/85 IWC/IDCR Antarctic sightings data},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {263--288}
}
Buckland, S.T. An assessment of the performance of line transect models for fitting IWC/IDCR cruise data, 1978/79 to 1984/85 1987 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 37, pp. 277-279 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc87b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {An assessment of the performance of line transect models for fitting IWC/IDCR cruise data, 1978/79 to 1984/85},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {277--279}
}
Buckland, S.T. Perpendicular distance models for line transect sampling 1985 Biometrics
Vol. 41, pp. 177-195 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc85,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Perpendicular distance models for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {177--195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530653}
}
Buckland, S.T. Monte Carlo confidence intervals 1984 Biometrics
Vol. 40, pp. 811-817 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc84,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Monte Carlo confidence intervals},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {811--817},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530926}
}
Buckland, S.T. A note on the Fourier series model for analysing line transect data 1982 Biometrics
Vol. 38, pp. 469-477 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buc82,
  author = {Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {A note on the Fourier series model for analysing line transect data},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {469--477},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530461}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Anderson, D.R. Introduction to advanced distance sampling 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 1-6  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Buckland2004,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Introduction to advanced distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {1--6}
}
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. Distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations 1993   book  
BibTeX:
@book{BUC93,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations},
  publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
  year = {1993}
}
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Thomas, L. Advanced distance sampling 2004   book  
BibTeX:
@book{BUC04,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Advanced distance sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004}
}
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Thomas, L. Introduction to distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations 2001   book  
BibTeX:
@book{BUC01,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Introduction to distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2001}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Anganuzzi, A.A. Estimated trends in abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific 1988 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 38, pp. 411-437 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BucAng88b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anganuzzi, A. A.},
  title = {Estimated trends in abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {411--437}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Anganuzzi, A.A. Comparison of smearing methods in the analysis of minke sightings data from IWC/IDCR Antarctic cruises 1988 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 38, pp. 257-263 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BucAng88a,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Anganuzzi, A. A.},
  title = {Comparison of smearing methods in the analysis of minke sightings data from IWC/IDCR Antarctic cruises},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {257--263}
}
Buckland, S.T., Bloch, D., Cattanach, K.L., Gunnlaugsson, T., Hoydal, K., Lens, S. and Sigurjónsson, J. Distribution and abundance of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic, estimated from NASS-87 and NASS-89 data 1993 Biology of Northern Hemisphere Pilot Whales, pp. 33-49  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bucetal93b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Bloch, D. and Cattanach, K. L. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Hoydal, K. and Lens, S. and Sigurjónsson, J.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic, estimated from NASS-87 and NASS-89 data},
  booktitle = {Biology of Northern Hemisphere Pilot Whales},
  publisher = {International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {33--49}
}
Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Johnston, A., Henrys, P.A. and Marques, T.A. Line transect methods for plant surveys 2007 Biometrics
Vol. 63, pp. 989-998 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal07,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Johnston, A. and Henrys, P. A. and Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Line transect methods for plant surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {989--998},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00798.x}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Breiwick, J.M. Estimated trends in abundance of eastern Pacific gray whales from shore counts, 1967/68 to 1995/96 2002 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 4, pp. 41-48 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{BucBre02,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Breiwick, J. M.},
  title = {Estimated trends in abundance of eastern Pacific gray whales from shore counts, 1967/68 to 1995/96},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {41--48}
}
Buckland, S.T., Breiwick, J.M., Cattanach, K.L. and Laake, J.L. Estimated population size of the California gray whale 1993 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 9, pp. 235-249 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal93c,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Breiwick, J. M. and Cattanach, K. L. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Estimated population size of the California gray whale},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {235--249},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00452.x}
}
Buckland, S.T., Burnham, K.P. and Augustin, N.H. Model selection: an integral part of inference 1997 Biometrics
Vol. 53, pp. 603-618 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal97,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Burnham, K. P. and Augustin, N. H.},
  title = {Model selection: an integral part of inference},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {603--618},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533961}
}
Buckland, S.T., Burt, M.L., Rexstad, E.A., Mellor, M., Williams, A.E. and Woodward, R. Aerial surveys of seabirds: the advent of digital methods 2012 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 49, pp. 960-967 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Burt, M. L. and Rexstad, E. A. and Mellor, M. and Williams, A. E. and Woodward, R.},
  title = {Aerial surveys of seabirds: the advent of digital methods},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {960--967},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02150.x}
}
Buckland, S.T., Cattanach, K.L. and Anganuzzi, A.A. Estimating trends in abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific ocean, using sightings data collected on commercial tuna vessels 1992 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 90, pp. 1-12 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal92e,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Cattanach, K. L. and Anganuzzi, A. A.},
  title = {Estimating trends in abundance of dolphins associated with tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific ocean, using sightings data collected on commercial tuna vessels},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {1--12}
}
Buckland, S.T., Cattanach, K.L. and Gunnlaugsson, T. Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic, estimated from Icelandic and Faroese NASS-87 and NASS-89 data 1992 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 42, pp. 645-651 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal92d,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Cattanach, K. L. and Gunnlaugsson, Th.},
  title = {Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic, estimated from Icelandic and Faroese NASS-87 and NASS-89 data},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {645--651}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Garthwaite, P.H. Estimating confidence intervals by the Robbins–Monro search process 1990 Applied Statistics
Vol. 39, pp. 413-424 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BucGar90,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Garthwaite, P. H.},
  title = {Estimating confidence intervals by the Robbins–Monro search process},
  journal = {Applied Statistics},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {413--424},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2347401}
}
Buckland, S.T., Goudie, I.B.J. and Borchers, D.L. Wildlife population assessment: past developments and future directions 2000 Biometrics
Vol. 56, pp. 1-12 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bucetal00,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Goudie, I. B. J. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Wildlife population assessment: past developments and future directions},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {1--12},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00001.x}
}
Buckland, S.T., Laake, J.L. and Borchers, D.L. Double-observer line transect methods: levels of independence 2010 Biometrics
Vol. 66, pp. 169-177 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2010,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Laake, Jeffrey L. and Borchers, David L.},
  title = {Double-observer line transect methods: levels of independence},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {169--177},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01239.x}
}
Buckland, S.T., Marsden, S.J. and Green, R.E. Estimating bird abundance: making methods work 2008 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 18, pp. S91-S108 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2008,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Marsden, Stuart J. and Green, Rhys E.},
  title = {Estimating bird abundance: making methods work},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {S91--S108},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270908000294}
}
Buckland, S.T., Oedekoven, C.S. and Borchers, D.L. Model-based distance sampling 2015 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 21(1), pp. 58-75 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2015a,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Oedekoven, C. S. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Model-based distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--75},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-015-0220-7}
}
Buckland, S.T., Plumptre, A.J., Thomas, L. and Rexstad, E.A. Line transect sampling of primates: can animal-to-observer distance methods work? 2010 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 31(3), pp. 485-499 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10764-010-9408-4,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Plumptre, Andrew J. and Thomas, Len and Rexstad, Eric A.},
  title = {Line transect sampling of primates: can animal-to-observer distance methods work?},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {485--499},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9408-4}
}
Buckland, S.T., Plumptre, A.J., Thomas, L. and Rexstad, E.A. Design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates 2010 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 31(5), pp. 833-847 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10764-010-9431-5,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Plumptre, Andrew J. and Thomas, Len and Rexstad, Eric A.},
  title = {Design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {833--847},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9431-5}
}
Buckland, S.T., Rexstad, E.A., Marques, T.A. and Oedekoven, C.S. Distance sampling: methods and applications 2015   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Buckland2015b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Rexstad, E. A. and Marques, T. A. and Oedekoven, C. S.},
  title = {Distance sampling: methods and applications},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2015}
}
Buckland, S.T., Rexstad, E., Thomas, L. and Borchers, D.L. Distance sampling surveys of population size: enabling better decision-making by wildlife managers 2016 UK Success Stories in Industrial Mathematics, pp. 45-51  incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Buckland2016,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Rexstad, Eric and Thomas, Len and Borchers, David L.},
  title = {Distance sampling surveys of population size: enabling better decision-making by wildlife managers},
  booktitle = {UK Success Stories in Industrial Mathematics},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {45--51},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25454-8_6}
}
Buckland, S.T., Russell, R.E., Dickson, B.G., Saab, V.A., Gorman, D.N. and Block, W.M. Analysing designed experiments in distance sampling 2009 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 14, pp. 432-442 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2009a,
  author = {Buckland, Stephen T. and Russell, Robin E. and Dickson, Brett G. and Saab, Victoria A. and Gorman, Donal N. and Block, William M.},
  title = {Analysing designed experiments in distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {432--442},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/jabes.2009.08030}
}
Buckland, S.T., Summers, R.W., Borchers, D.L. and Thomas, L. Point transect sampling with traps or lures 2006 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 43(2), pp. 377-384 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. The ability to monitor abundance of animal populations is becoming increasingly important, in light of growing concerns over the loss of biodiversity through anthropogenic changes. A widely used tool for such monitoring is distance sampling, in which distances of detected animals from a line or point are modelled, to estimate detectability and hence abundance. Nevertheless, many species still prove problematic to survey. We have developed two extensions to point transect sampling that potentially allow abundance to be estimated for a number of species from diverse taxa for which good survey methods have not previously been available. 2. For each method, the primary survey comprises a random sample of points, or more usually a systematic grid of points, through the region of interest. Animals are lured to a point, or trapped at a point, and the number of animals observed at each point is recorded. A separate study is conducted on a subset of animals, to record whether they respond to the lure or enter the trap, for a range of known distances from the point. These data are used to estimate the probability that an animal will respond to the lure or enter the trap, as a function of its initial distance from the point. This allows the counts to be converted to an estimate of abundance in the survey region. 3. We illustrated the methods using a lure survey of crossbills Loxia spp. in coniferous woodland in Scotland. 4. Synthesis and applications. Two extensions of point transect sampling that use the same statistical methodology, lure point transects and trapping point transects, have been developed. Lure point transects extend the applicability of distance sampling to species that can be lured to a point, while trapping point transects potentially allow abundance estimation of species that can be trapped, with fewer resources needed than trapping webs and conventional mark-recapture methods. textcopyright 2006 British Ecological Society.
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2006b,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Summers, R. W. and Borchers, D. L. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Point transect sampling with traps or lures},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {43},
  number = {2},
  pages = {377--384},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01135.x}
}
Buckland, S.T., Thomas, L., Marques, F.F.C., Strindberg, S., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Borchers, D.L. and Burt, M.L. Distance sampling: recent advances and future directions 2002 Quantitative Methods for Current Environmental Issues, pp. 79-97  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bucetal02,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Thomas, L. and Marques, F. F. C. and Strindberg, S. and Hedley, S. L. and Pollard, J. H. and Borchers, D. L. and Burt, M. L.},
  title = {Distance sampling: recent advances and future directions},
  booktitle = {Quantitative Methods for Current Environmental Issues},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {79--97}
}
Buckland, S.T. and Turnock, B.J. A robust line transect method 1992 Biometrics
Vol. 48, pp. 901-909 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BucTur92,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Turnock, B. J.},
  title = {A robust line transect method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {901--909},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532356}
}
Buford, E.W. and Capen, D.E. Abundance and productivity of forest songbirds in a managed, unfragmented landscape in vermont 1999 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 63(1), pp. 180-188 
article DOI  
Abstract: Effective conservation of forest songbirds requires knowledge of responses to landscape pattern. We studied a breeding songbird community in a landscape characterized by scattered openings in a forest matrix in Vermont, 1993-94. We measured species composition, abundance, and fledgling brood density in the forested areas of 10500-ha sites; we compared a group of 5 disturbed-canopy sites (?10% canopy disturbance) with a control group of 5 undisturbed-canopy sites. We conducted 456 point counts to determine species composition and abundance, and we conducted 60 line transect surveys to estimate fledgling brood density as a measure of productivity. Adult densities were not different between groups (P ¿ 0.05) for 18 species listed as priority for conservation, although power was low. Combined brood densities of all species, Neotropical migrants, and ground nesters were not different among groups (P ¿ 0.05). Brood densities of 3 Neotropical migrants also were not different (P ¿ 0.05). However, combined brood density of area-sensitive, forest interior species was greater on control sites (P ¡ 0.05). At the scale of this study, a minimal amount of canopy removal in the extensively forested landscape did not affect abundance and overall productivity of songbirds inhabiting the remaining forest, but canopy removal had begun to suppress productivity of some forest interior species.
BibTeX:
@article{Buford1999,
  author = {Buford, E. W. and Capen, D. E.},
  title = {Abundance and productivity of forest songbirds in a managed, unfragmented landscape in vermont},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {180--188},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802499}
}
Buford, E.W., Capen, D.E. and Williams, B.K. Distance sampling to estimate fledgling brood density of forest birds 1996 Canadian Field-Naturalist
Vol. 110(4), pp. 642-648 
article  
Abstract: Research on the status of avian communities often relies on estimates of abundance, but does not always consider demographic factors such as productivity. We introduce the application of a distance-sampling technique for estimating brood density of fledgling birds in forested habitats. During 1993 and 1994, we conducted 60 line-transect surveys on 10 sites in the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont. Sites were divided into two groups, which allowed us to test for differences in fledgling density between groups. We detected 508 broods representing 38 species. Using standard distance-sampling procedures, we estimated densities of 0.576 (C.V.= 11.89) and 0.513 (C.V.=12.54) broods per hectare. Density was not statistically different between groups. As with other survey methods, distance sampling favors easily detected species; however, line-transect density of fledglings is less obtrusive and less labor-intesive than mist-netting or nest searches, and can contribute important information to studies of avian communities.
BibTeX:
@article{Buford1996,
  author = {Buford, E. W. and Capen, D. E. and Williams, B. K.},
  title = {Distance sampling to estimate fledgling brood density of forest birds},
  journal = {Canadian Field-Naturalist},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {110},
  number = {4},
  pages = {642--648}
}
Burdick, D.L. On estimation of the number of porpoise schools 1979 (Publication 79-2)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Burd79,
  author = {Burdick, D. L.},
  title = {On estimation of the number of porpoise schools},
  year = {1979},
  number = {Publication 79-2}
}
Burnett, K., Camp, R.J. and Hart, P.J. Current distribution and abundance of Kohala forest birds in Hawai`i 2021 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. n/a(n/a) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Kohala volcano is home to the most spatially isolated population of Hawaiian forest birds on Hawai`i Island and contains one of the few native bird populations in the state that has not been monitored since the original Hawai`i Forest Bird Survey (HFBS) in 1979. We surveyed 143 stations across 13 transects in Pu`u `O `Umi Natural Area Reserve on Kohala from February through April 2017 and compared our results to data from the 1979 HFBS conducted at 80 stations across three transects in the same location as our study site. We detected 2806 individuals of 15 species and measured relative abundance, relative occurrence, and density for seven species. We observed changes in species densities ranging from -8.4% (Hawai`i `Elepaio, Chasiempis sandwichensis) to +714% (`I`iwi, Drepanis coccinea). Equivalence testing showed meaningful increases in population densities for all but one species, the Hawai`i `Elepaio. The increases in population densities on Kohala are in stark contrast to the widespread declines in population densities of native species elsewhere in Hawai`i. Relative occurrence was greater in 2017 than in 1979 for all species except Hawai`i `Elepaios and House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), and relative abundance increased for all species except Hawai`i `Elepaios, House Finches, and Melodious Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax canorus). We also documented the range expansion of Japanese Bush Warblers (Cettia diphone) in Kohala. Our results indicate that this spatially isolated avian community remains biologically diverse, and most population densities are increasing in the study area. Our results provide a framework for future surveys and a baseline for understanding possible changes in population and community dynamics as birds respond to climate change and avian disease on Kohala volcano.
BibTeX:
@article{Burnett2021,
  author = {Keith Burnett and Richard J. Camp and Patrick J. Hart},
  title = {Current distribution and abundance of Kohala forest birds in Hawai`i},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12386}
}
Burnham, P., K., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. Robust estimation from line transect data 1979 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 43, pp. 992-996 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buretal79,
  author = {Burnham and K., P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Robust estimation from line transect data},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {992--996},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808290}
}
Burnham, K.P. Summarizing remarks: environmental influences 1981 Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6, pp. 324-325  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Bur81,
  author = {Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {Summarizing remarks: environmental influences},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {324--325}
}
Burnham, K.P. A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling 1979 Biometrics
Vol. 35, pp. 587-595 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Bur79,
  author = {Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {A parametric generalization of the Hayne estimator for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {587--595},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530249}
}
Burnham, K.P. and Anderson, D.R. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection 2004 Sociological Methods & Research
Vol. 33, pp. 261-304 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Burnham2004,
  author = {Burnham, Kenneth P. and Anderson, David R.},
  title = {Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection},
  journal = {Sociological Methods & Research},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {261--304},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124104268644}
}
Burnham, K.P. and Anderson, D.R. The need for distance data in transect counts 1984 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 48, pp. 1248-1254 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BurAnd84,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {The need for distance data in transect counts},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1248--1254},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801785}
}
Burnham, K.P. and Anderson, D.R. Mathematical models for non-parametric inferences from line transect data 1976 Biometrics
Vol. 32, pp. 325-336 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BurAnd76,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Mathematical models for non-parametric inferences from line transect data},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {325--336},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2529501}
}
Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. Efficiency and bias in strip and line transect sampling 1985 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 49, pp. 1012-1018 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Buretal85,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Efficiency and bias in strip and line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {1012--1018},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801387}
}
Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. Line transect estimation of bird population density using a Fourier series 1981 Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6, pp. 466-482  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Buretal81,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Line transect estimation of bird population density using a Fourier series},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Studies in Avian Biology No. 6},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {466--482}
}
Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations 1980 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 72, pp. 1-202 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BUR80,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {1--202},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2259887}
}
Burnham, K.P., Buckland, S.T., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L., Marques, T.A., Bishop, J.R.B. and Thomas, L. Further topics in distance sampling 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 307-392  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{BUR04,
  author = {Burnham, K. P. and Buckland, S. T. and Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Marques, T. A. and Bishop, J. R. B. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Further topics in distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {307--392}
}
Burt, M.L., Borchers, D.L., Jenkins, K.J. and Marques, T.A. Using Mark– Recapture Distance Sampling Methods on Line Transect Surveys 2014 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 5(11), pp. 1180-1191 
article DOI  
Abstract: Mark– recapture distance sampling (MRDS) methods are widely used for density and abundance estimation when the conventional DS assumption of certain detection at distance zero fails, as they allow detection at distance zero to be estimated and incorporated into the overall probability of detection to better estimate density and abundance. However, incorporating MR data in DS models raises survey and analysis issues not present in conventional DS. Conversely, incorporating DS assumptions in MR models raises issues not present in conventional MR. As a result, being familiar with either conventional DS methods or conventional MR methods does not on its own put practitioners in good a position to apply MRDS methods appropriately. This study explains the sometimes subtly different varieties of MRDS survey methods and the associated concepts underlying MRDS models. This is done as far as possible without giving mathematical details – in the hope that this will make the key concepts underlying the methods accessible to a wider audience than if we were to present the concepts via equations. We illustrate use of the two main types of MRDS model by using data collected on two different types of survey: a survey of ungulate faecal pellets where two observers searched independently of each other; and a cetacean survey that used a search protocol that could accommodate responsive movement, with only one observer searching independently and the other being aware of all detections. Synthesis and applications. Mark– recapture DS is a widely used method for estimating animal density and abundance when detection of animals at distance zero is not certain. Two observer configurations and three statistical models are described, and it is important to choose the most appropriate model for the observer configuration and target species in question. By way of making the methods more accessible to practicing ecologists, we describe the key ideas underlying MRDS methods, the sometimes subtle differences between them, and we illustrate these by applying different kinds of MRDS method to surveys of two different target species using different survey configurations.
BibTeX:
@article{Burt2014,
  author = {Burt, Mary Louise and Borchers, David L. and Jenkins, Kurt J. and Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {Using Mark– Recapture Distance Sampling Methods on Line Transect Surveys},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {5},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1180--1191},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12294}
}
Butler, J., Mark J. Butler and Gaff, H. Snap, crackle, and pop: acoustic-based model estimation of snapping shrimp populations in healthy and degraded hard-bottom habitats 2017 Ecological Indicators
Vol. 77, pp. 377-385 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abstract Human use of the ocean and its ecosystems continues to degrade coastal habitats around the world. Assessing anthropogenic impacts on these environments can be costly and manpower-intensive; thus, the development of rapid, remote techniques to assess habitat quality is important. We employed autonomous hydrophone receivers to record the soundscapes of healthy, sponge-rich hard-bottom habitat in Florida Bay, Florida (USA) and hard-bottom areas impacted by sponge die-offs. We also recorded sounds emanating from individual sponges of three species that were isolated in underwater sound booths, and then enumerated the invertebrates (mostly snapping shrimp) dwelling within the canals of each sponge. From these recordings, a modified cylindrical sound propagation model was used to estimate distances to individual snapping shrimp snaps. Using the program Distance, we estimated snapping shrimp population density and abundance within both habitat types. More snapping shrimp snaps per unit time were recorded in healthy hard-bottom areas as compared to degraded hard-bottom areas. In addition, the average distance to a snap source was greater within degraded hard-bottom areas than within healthy hard-bottom areas. As a consequence, the estimated density and abundance of snapping shrimp were one to two orders of magnitude greater within healthy habitat than within degraded habitat. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using acoustic sampling and modeling to rapidly assess populations of soniferous benthic indicator species, whose vocalizations may yield indirect estimates of habitat quality.
BibTeX:
@article{Butler2017,
  author = {Butler, Jack and Mark J. Butler, and Gaff, Holly},
  title = {Snap, crackle, and pop: acoustic-based model estimation of snapping shrimp populations in healthy and degraded hard-bottom habitats},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {377--385},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.02.041}
}
Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Wallace, M.C., DeMaso, S.J. and McGee, B.K. Aerial surveys for estimating wild turkey abundance in the Texas rolling plains 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 71, pp. 1639-1645 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Butler2007,
  author = {Butler, M. J. and Ballard, W. B. and Wallace, M. C. and DeMaso, S. J. and McGee, B. K.},
  title = {Aerial surveys for estimating wild turkey abundance in the Texas rolling plains},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {1639--1645},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-254}
}
Butler, M.J., Wallace, M.C., Ballard, W.B., DeMaso, S.J. and Applegate, R.D. From the Field: The relationship of Rio Grande wild turkey distributions to roads 2005 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 33(2), pp. 745-748 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Butler2005,
  author = {Butler, M. J. and Wallace, M. C. and Ballard, W. B. and DeMaso, S. J. and Applegate, R. D.},
  title = {From the Field: The relationship of Rio Grande wild turkey distributions to roads},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {745--748},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33%5B745:FTFTRO%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Butterworth, D.S. A note on the analysis of the 1980/81 variable speed experiment 1986 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 36, pp. 485-489 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{But86,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S.},
  title = {A note on the analysis of the 1980/81 variable speed experiment},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {485--489}
}
Butterworth, D.S. On the functional form used for g(y) for minke whale sightings, and bias in its estimation due to measurement inaccuracies 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 883-888 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{But82b,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S.},
  title = {On the functional form used for g(y) for minke whale sightings, and bias in its estimation due to measurement inaccuracies},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {883--888}
}
Butterworth, D.S. A possible basis for choosing a functional form for the distribution of sightings with right angle distance: some preliminary ideas 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 555-558 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{But82,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S.},
  title = {A possible basis for choosing a functional form for the distribution of sightings with right angle distance: some preliminary ideas},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {555--558}
}
Butterworth, D.S. and Best, P.B. Report of the Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise, 1980/81 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 835-874 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{ButBes82,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S. and Best, P. B.},
  title = {Report of the Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise, 1980/81},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {835--874}
}
Butterworth, D.S., Best, P.B. and Basson, M. Results of analysis of sighting experiments carried out during the 1980/81 Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 819-834 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Butetal82c,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S. and Best, P. B. and Basson, M.},
  title = {Results of analysis of sighting experiments carried out during the 1980/81 Southern Hemisphere minke whale assessment cruise},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {819--834}
}
Butterworth, D.S., Best, P.B. and Hembree, D. Analysis of experiments carried out during the 1981/82 IWC/IDCR Antarctic minke whale assessment cruise in Area II 1984 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 34, pp. 365-392 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Butetal84,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S. and Best, P. B. and Hembree, D.},
  title = {Analysis of experiments carried out during the 1981/82 IWC/IDCR Antarctic minke whale assessment cruise in Area II},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {365--392}
}
Butterworth, D.S. and Borchers, D.L. Estimates of g(0) for minke schools from the results of the independent observer experiment on the 1985/86 and 1986/87 IWC/IDCR Antarctic assessment cruises 1988 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 38, pp. 301-313 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{ButBor88,
  author = {Butterworth, D. S. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Estimates of g(0) for minke schools from the results of the independent observer experiment on the 1985/86 and 1986/87 IWC/IDCR Antarctic assessment cruises},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {301--313}
}
Byth, K. On robust distance-based intensity estimators 1982 Biometrics
Vol. 38, pp. 127-135 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Byt82,
  author = {Byth, K.},
  title = {On robust distance-based intensity estimators},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {127--135},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530295}
}
Byth, K. and Ripley, B.D. On sampling spatial patterns by distance methods 1980 Biometrics
Vol. 36, pp. 279-284 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BytRip36,
  author = {Byth, K. and Ripley, B. D.},
  title = {On sampling spatial patterns by distance methods},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {279--284},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2529979}
}
Cahall, R.E. and Hayes, J.P. Influences of postfire salvage logging on forest birds in the eastern Cascades, Oregon, USA 2009 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 257(3), pp. 1119-1128 
article DOI  
Abstract: In coniferous forests of western North American, fire is an important disturbance that influences the structure and composition of floral and faunal communities. The impacts of postfire management, including salvage logging and replanting, on these forests are not well known. We compared densities and relative abundances of forest birds after fire in unsalvaged stands and stands subjected to one of two intensities of salvage logging (moderate, 30 snags retained per ha and heavy, 5-6 snags retained per ha) in mixed-conifer forests in central Oregon. We used analysis of variance with repeated measures to evaluate three hypotheses concerning the influence of different intensities of salvage on densities or relative abundances of sixteen species of birds, and two hypotheses concerning the influence of time since salvage logging on relative abundances or densities of birds. We also examined the relationship between vegetation and abundances of each bird species. We did not detect significant differences among treatments in densities or relative abundances for eight species and one genus of birds. We detected significant differences for seven species, though the patterns differed among species. Relative abundances or densities of the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), hairy woodpecker (P. villosus), brown creeper (Certhia americana), western wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus) and yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) were lower in the heavy and moderate salvage treatment compared to the unsalvaged treatment, while densities of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) and fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) were greater in the moderately and heavily salvaged stands than in the unsalvaged treatment. We detected significant differences between years for four species of birds. Our findings suggest that both cavity-nesting and cup-nesting species respond to salvage logging, and that some species respond uniquely to habitat features influenced by salvage logging. For species that responded negatively to salvage logging, the moderate salvage intensity did not appear to mitigate the negative influence of salvage logging. Areas of unlogged burned forest appear to provide important habitat for some species of birds following forest fires. Our findings parallel those of other recent studies of these species, suggesting robust patterns that transcend particular locations.
BibTeX:
@article{Cahall2009,
  author = {Cahall, Rebecca E. and Hayes, John P.},
  title = {Influences of postfire salvage logging on forest birds in the eastern Cascades, Oregon, USA},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {257},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1119--1128},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.019}
}
Cahill, A.J., Walker, J.S. and Marsden, S.J. Recovery within a population of the Critically Endangered citron-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata in Indonesia after 10 years of international trade control 2006 Oryx
Vol. 40, pp. 161-167 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cahill2006,
  author = {Cahill, A. J. and Walker, J. S. and Marsden, S. J.},
  title = {Recovery within a population of the Critically Endangered citron-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata in Indonesia after 10 years of international trade control},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {161--167},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000366}
}
Calambokidis, J. and Barlow, J. Abundance of blue and humpback whales in the eastern north Pacific estimated by capture-recapture and line-transect methods 2004 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 20(1), pp. 63-85 
article DOI  
Abstract: We estimated humpback and blue whale abundance from 1991 to 1997 off the west coast of the U.S. and Mexico comparing capture-recapture models based on photographically identified animals and line-transect methods from ship-based surveys. During photo-identification research we obtained 4,212 identifications of 824 humpback whales and 2,403 identifications of 908 blue whales primarily through non-systematic small-boat surveys along the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Line-transect surveys from NOAA ships in 1991, 1993, and 1996 covered approximately 39,000 km along the coast of Baja California, California, Oregon, and Washington out to 555 km from shore. The nearshore and clumped distribution of humpback whales allowed photographic identification from small boats to cost-effectively sample a substantial portion of the population, but made it difficult to obtain effective samples in the line-transect surveys covering broad areas. The humpback capture-recapture estimates indicated humpback whale abundance increased over the six years (from 569 to 837). The broader more offshore distribution of blue whales made it harder to obtain a representative sample of identification photographs, but was well suited to the line-transect estimates. The line-transect estimates, after correction for missed animals, indicated approximately 3,000 blue whales (CV = 0.14). Capture-recapture estimates of blue whales were lower than this: approximately 2,000 when using photographs obtained from the line-transect surveys as one of the samples. Comparison of the results from the two methods provides validation, as well as insight into potential biases associated with each method.
BibTeX:
@article{Calambokidis2004,
  author = {Calambokidis, J. and Barlow, J.},
  title = {Abundance of blue and humpback whales in the eastern north Pacific estimated by capture-recapture and line-transect methods},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {63--85},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01141.x}
}
Calambokidis, J., Steiger, G.H., Ellifrit, D.K., Troutman, B.L. and Bowlby, C.E. Distribution and abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and other marine mammals off the northern Washington coast 2004 Fisheries Bulletin
Vol. 102, pp. 563-580 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Calambokidis2004a,
  author = {Calambokidis, John and Steiger, Gretchen H. and Ellifrit, David K. and Troutman, Barry L. and Bowlby, C. Edward},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and other marine mammals off the northern Washington coast},
  journal = {Fisheries Bulletin},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {102},
  pages = {563--580}
}
Camacho, C., Feinberg, J. and Green, T. Use of the program distance to assess population size of the eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory 2005   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Camacho,
  author = {Camacho and C. and Feinberg, J. and Green, T.},
  title = {Use of the program distance to assess population size of the eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory},
  year = {2005}
}
Camp, R. Measurement errors in Hawaiian forest bird surveys and their effect on density estimation 2007 (Technical Report HCSU-005)School: Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit. University of Hawai'i at Hilo  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Camp2007,
  author = {Camp, Rick},
  title = {Measurement errors in Hawaiian forest bird surveys and their effect on density estimation},
  school = {Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit. University of Hawai'i at Hilo},
  year = {2007},
  number = {Technical Report HCSU-005}
}
Camp, R.J., Brinck, K.W., Gorresen, P.M. and Paxton, E.H. Evaluating abundance and trends in a Hawaiian avian community using state-space analysis 2016 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 26, pp. 225-242 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Camp2016,
  author = {Camp, Richard J. and Brinck, Kevin W. and Gorresen, P. Marcos and Paxton, Eben H.},
  title = {Evaluating abundance and trends in a Hawaiian avian community using state-space analysis},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {225--242},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270915000088}
}
Camp, R.J., Marshall, T.K., Amidon, A.P., Williams, F. and Pratt, L.L. Recent status and trends of the land bird avifauna on Saipan, Mariana Islands, with emphasis on the endangered nightingale reed-warbler Acrocephalus luscinia 2009 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 19(4), pp. 323-337 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Camp2009323,
  author = {Camp, R. J. and Marshall, T. K. and Amidon, A. P. and Williams, F. and Pratt, L. L.},
  title = {Recent status and trends of the land bird avifauna on Saipan, Mariana Islands, with emphasis on the endangered nightingale reed-warbler Acrocephalus luscinia},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {323--337},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909008417}
}
Campbell, G.S., Thomas, L., Whitaker, K., Douglas, A.B., Calambokidis, J. and Hildebrand, J.A. Inter-annual and seasonal trends in cetacean distribution, density and abundance off southern California 2015 Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Vol. 112(0), pp. 143-157 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Campbell2014,
  author = {Campbell, Gregory S. and Thomas, Len and Whitaker, Katherine and Douglas, Annie B. and Calambokidis, John and Hildebrand, John A.},
  title = {Inter-annual and seasonal trends in cetacean distribution, density and abundance off southern California},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {112},
  number = {0},
  pages = {143--157},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.10.008}
}
Campos-Cerqueira, M., Arendt, W.J., Wunderle, J.M. and Aide, T.M. Have bird distributions shifted along an elevational gradient on a tropical mountain? 2017 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(23), pp. 9914-9924 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Campos-Cerqueira2017,
  author = {Campos-Cerqueira, Marconi and Arendt, Wayne J. and Wunderle, Joseph M. and Aide, T. Mitchell},
  title = {Have bird distributions shifted along an elevational gradient on a tropical mountain?},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  number = {23},
  pages = {9914--9924},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3520}
}
Cañadas, A., Desportes, G. and Borchers, D. The estimation of the detection function and g(0) for shortbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), using double platform data collected during the NASS-95 Faroese survey 2004 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 6, pp. 191-198 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{CANADAS2004,
  author = {Cañadas, A. and Desportes, G. and Borchers, D.},
  title = {The estimation of the detection function and g(0) for shortbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), using double platform data collected during the NASS-95 Faroese survey},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {191--198}
}
Cañadas, A. and Hammond, P.S. Abundance and habitat preferences of the short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in the southwestern mediterranean: implications for conservation 2008 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 4(3), pp. 309-331 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Canadas2008,
  author = {Cañadas, A. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Abundance and habitat preferences of the short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in the southwestern mediterranean: implications for conservation},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {309--331},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00073}
}
Cañadas, A. and Hammond, P.S. Model-based abundance estimates for bottlenose dolphins off southern Spain: implications for conservation and management 2006 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 8, pp. 13-27 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Canadas2006,
  author = {Cañadas, A. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Model-based abundance estimates for bottlenose dolphins off southern Spain: implications for conservation and management},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {13--27}
}
Cappelle, N., Després-Einspenner, M.-L., Howe, E.J., Boesch, C. and Kühl, H.S. Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees 2019 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 81(3), pp. e22962 
article DOI  
Abstract: The extension of distance sampling methods to accommodate observations from camera traps has recently enhanced the potential to remotely monitor multiple species without the need of additional data collection (sign production and decay rates) or individual identification. However, the method requires that the proportion of time is quantifiable when animals can be detected by the cameras. This can be problematic, for instance, when animals spend time above the ground, which is the case for most primates. In this study, we aimed to validate camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) for the semiarboreal western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire by estimating abundance of a population of known size and comparing estimates to those from other commonly applied methods. We estimated chimpanzee abundance using CTDS and accounted for limited availability for detection (semiarboreal). We evaluated bias and precision of estimates, as well as costs and efforts required to obtain them, and compared them to those from spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) and line transect nest surveys. Abundance estimates obtained by CTDS and SECR produced a similar negligible bias, but CTDS yielded a larger coefficient of variation (CV = 39.70% for CTDS vs. 1%/19% for SECR). Line transects generated the most biased abundance estimates but yielded a better coefficient of variation (27.40– 27.85%) than CTDS. Camera trap surveys were twice more costly than line transects because of the initial cost of cameras, while line transects surveys required more than twice as much time in the field. This study demonstrates the potential to obtain unbiased estimates of the abundance of semiarboreal species like chimpanzees by CTDS. HIGHLIGHTS Camera trap distance sampling produced accurate density estimates for semiarboreal chimpanzees. Availability for detection must be accounted for and can be derived from the activity pattern.
BibTeX:
@article{cappelle_validating_2019,
  author = {Cappelle, Noémie and Després-Einspenner, Marie-Lyne and Howe, Eric J. and Boesch, Christophe and Kühl, Hjalmar S.},
  title = {Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {81},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e22962},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22962}
}
Carlucci, R., Cipriano, G., Paoli, C., Ricci, P., Fanizza, C., Capezzuto, F. and Vassallo, P. Random forest population modelling of striped and common-bottlenose dolphins in the gulf of taranto (Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea) 2018 Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Vol. 204, pp. 177-192 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Carlucci2018,
  author = {Carlucci, Roberto and Cipriano, Giulia and Paoli, Chiara and Ricci, Pasquale and Fanizza, Carmelo and Capezzuto, Francesca and Vassallo, Paolo},
  title = {Random forest population modelling of striped and common-bottlenose dolphins in the gulf of taranto (Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea)},
  journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {204},
  pages = {177--192},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.02.034}
}
Carlucci, R., Ricci, P., Cipriano, G. and Fanizza, C. Abundance, activity and critical habitat of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in the Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea) 2017 Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Carlucci2017,
  author = {Carlucci, Roberto and Ricci, Pasquale and Cipriano, Giulia and Fanizza, Carmelo},
  title = {Abundance, activity and critical habitat of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in the Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea)},
  journal = {Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2867}
}
Carrascal, L.M., Seoane, J. and Palomino, D. Density bias estimations using strip transects in dry open–country environments in the Canary Islands 2008 Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 31, pp. 45-50 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Carrascal2008,
  author = {Carrascal, L. M. and Seoane, J. and Palomino, D.},
  title = {Density bias estimations using strip transects in dry open–country environments in the Canary Islands},
  journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {45--50}
}
Carretta, J.V., Chivers, S.J. and Perryman, W.L. Abundance of the long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis) in California and western Baja California waters estimated from a 2009 ship-based line-transect survey 2011 Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences
Vol. 110, pp. 152-164 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Carretta2011,
  author = {Carretta, J. V. and Chivers, S. J. and Perryman, W. L.},
  title = {Abundance of the long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis) in California and western Baja California waters estimated from a 2009 ship-based line-transect survey},
  journal = {Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {152--164},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-110.3.152}
}
Carretta, J.V., Forney, K.A. and Laake, J.L. Abundance of California coastal bottlenose dolphins estimated from tandem aerial surveys 1998 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 14, pp. 655-675 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Caretal98,
  author = {Carretta, J. V. and Forney, K. A. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Abundance of California coastal bottlenose dolphins estimated from tandem aerial surveys},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {655--675},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00755.x}
}
Carretta, J.V., Taylor, B.L. and Chivers, S.J. Abundance and depth distribution of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in northern California determined from a 1995 ship survey 2001 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 99(1), pp. 29-39 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Carretta2001,
  author = {Carretta, J. V. and Taylor, B. L. and Chivers, S. J.},
  title = {Abundance and depth distribution of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in northern California determined from a 1995 ship survey},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {99},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--39}
}
Carroll, J.M. and Krementz, D.G. Density and abundance of Wilson's snipe Gallinago delicata in winter in the lower Mississippi flyway, USA 2014 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 20(2), pp. 108-114 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Carroll2014,
  author = {Carroll, James M. and Krementz, David G.},
  title = {Density and abundance of Wilson's snipe Gallinago delicata in winter in the lower Mississippi flyway, USA},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  publisher = {Nordic Board for Wildlife Research},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {108--114},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.13075}
}
Carvalho, J.S., Marques, T.A. and Vicente, L. Population status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau 2013 Plos ONE
Vol. 8, pp. e71527 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Carvalho2013,
  author = {Carvalho, Joana Silva and Marques, Tiago A. and Vicente, Luis},
  title = {Population status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau},
  journal = {Plos ONE},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e71527},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071527}
}
Casagrande, D.G. and Beissinger, S.R. Evaluation of four methods for estimating parrot population size 1997 Condor, The
Vol. 99, pp. 445-457 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CasBei97,
  author = {Casagrande, D. G. and Beissinger, S. R.},
  title = {Evaluation of four methods for estimating parrot population size},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {445--457},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1369951}
}
Cassey, P. Estimating animal abundance by distance sampling techniques 1999 School: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Cassey1999a,
  author = {Cassey, Phillip},
  title = {Estimating animal abundance by distance sampling techniques},
  school = {School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland},
  year = {1999}
}
Cassey, P., Craig, J.L., McArdle, B.H. and Barraclough, R.K. Distance sampling techniques compared for a New Zealand endemic passerine (Philesturnus carunculatus rufusater) 2007 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 31, pp. 223-231 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Cassey2007,
  author = {Cassey, Phillip and Craig, John L. and McArdle, Brian H. and Barraclough, Rosemary K.},
  title = {Distance sampling techniques compared for a New Zealand endemic passerine (Philesturnus carunculatus rufusater)},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {223--231},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2837}
}
Cassey, P. and McArdle, B.H. An assessment of distance sampling techniques for estimating animal abundance 1999 Environmetrics
Vol. 10(3), pp. 261-278 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transects have been widely applied for the estimation of animal abundance because they are regarded as simple, economical, and relatively precise. The recent development of automated techniques for the estimation of animal density from distance sampling data allows greater potential for field biologists and wildlife managers to become involved in the analytical summary of their research. An assessment was made of the ability of program DISTANCE to produce unbiased estimates of density in spite of potential sources of error from the estimation of transect and population density. Populations were simulated to investigate the robustness of program DISTANCE to changes in the density, distribution, and detection of animals across sampling areas and transects. It is concluded that if distance sampling data is collected reliably from a random sample of possible primary sampling units (PSUs) it can be expected that estimates of density will be presented accurately and with correct estimates of variance. If the proportion of the study area surveyed by transects is large however, then the presence of large between PSU variation will cause the variance estimates from program DISTANCE to be a sizeable overestimate.
BibTeX:
@article{Cassey1999,
  author = {Cassey, P. and McArdle, B. H.},
  title = {An assessment of distance sampling techniques for estimating animal abundance},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {261--278},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199905/06)10:3%3C261::AID-ENV351%3E3.0.CO;2-O}
}
Cassey, P. and Usher, G.T. Estimating abundance of tuatara 1999 Biological Conservation
Vol. 88, pp. 361-366 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CasUsh99,
  author = {Cassey, P. and Usher, G. T.},
  title = {Estimating abundance of tuatara},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {361--366},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00114-1}
}
Catry, F.X., Rego, F.C., Santos, T., Almeida, J. and Relvas, P. Forest fires prevention in Portugal - using GIS to help improving early fire detection effectiveness 2007 Proceedings of the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Catry2007,
  author = {Catry, F. X. and Rego, F. C. and Santos, T. and Almeida, J. and Relvas, P.},
  title = {Forest fires prevention in Portugal - using GIS to help improving early fire detection effectiveness},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference},
  year = {2007}
}
Catt, D.C., Baines, D., Picozzi, N., Moss, R. and Summers, R.W. Abundance and distribution of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in Scotland 1992-1994 1998 Biological Conservation
Vol. 85, pp. 257-267 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Catetal98,
  author = {Catt, D. C. and Baines, D. and Picozzi, N. and Moss, R. and Summers, R. W.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in Scotland 1992-1994},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {257--267},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00171-7}
}
Caughley, G. Bias in aerial survey 1974 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 38, pp. 921-933 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cau74,
  author = {Caughley, G.},
  title = {Bias in aerial survey},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {921--933},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800067}
}
Caughley, G. Improving the estimates from inaccurate censuses 1972 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 36, pp. 135-140 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cau72,
  author = {Caughley, G.},
  title = {Improving the estimates from inaccurate censuses},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1972},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {135--140},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3799197}
}
Caughley, G., Sinclair, R. and Scott-Kemmis, D. Experiments in aerial survey 1976 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 40, pp. 290-300 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cauetal76,
  author = {Caughley, G. and Sinclair, R. and Scott-Kemmis, D.},
  title = {Experiments in aerial survey},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {290--300},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800428}
}
Ceia, R.S., Ramos, J.A., Heleno, R.H., Hilton, G.M. and Marques, T.A. Status assessment of the critically endangered Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina 2011 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 21, pp. 477-489 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ceia2011,
  author = {Ceia, Ricardo S. and Ramos, Jaime A. and Heleno, Ruben H. and Hilton, Geoff M. and Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {Status assessment of the critically endangered Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {477--489},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270911000025}
}
Chafota, J. Effect of measurement errors in estimating density from line transect sampling 1988 School: Colorado State University  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Cha88,
  author = {Chafota, J.},
  title = {Effect of measurement errors in estimating density from line transect sampling},
  school = {Colorado State University},
  year = {1988}
}
Chandler, R.B., Royle, J.A. and King, D.I. Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations. 2011 Ecology
Vol. 92, pp. 1429-1435 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ChandlerRB2011,
  author = {Chandler, R. B. and Royle, J. A. and King, D. I.},
  title = {Inference about density and temporary emigration in unmarked populations.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {92},
  pages = {1429--1435},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2433.1}
}
Chantrey, J., Dale, T.D., Read, J.M., White, S., Whitfield, F., Jones, D., McInnes, C.J. and Begon, M. European red squirrel population dynamics driven by squirrelpox at a gray squirrel invasion interface 2014 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 4(19), pp. 3788-3799 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Chantrey2014,
  author = {Chantrey, Julian and Dale, Timothy D. and Read, Jonathan M. and White, Steve and Whitfield, Fiona and Jones, David and McInnes, Colin J. and Begon, Michael},
  title = {European red squirrel population dynamics driven by squirrelpox at a gray squirrel invasion interface},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {4},
  number = {19},
  pages = {3788--3799},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1216}
}
Chapman, C.A. and Lambert, J.E. Habitat alteration and the conservation of African primates: case study of Kibale National Park, Uganda 2000 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 50, pp. 169-185 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ChaLam00,
  author = {Chapman, C. A. and Lambert, J. E.},
  title = {Habitat alteration and the conservation of African primates: case study of Kibale National Park, Uganda},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {169--185},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200003)50:3%3C169::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-P}
}
Chatterjee, S. and Basu, P. Food preferences determine habitat selection at multiple scales: implication for bird conservation in tropical forests 2018 Animal Conservation
Vol. 21(4), pp. 332-342 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Chatterjee2018,
  author = {Chatterjee, S. and Basu, P.},
  title = {Food preferences determine habitat selection at multiple scales: implication for bird conservation in tropical forests},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {332--342},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12397}
}
Chauvenet, A.L.M., Gill, R.M.A., Smith, G.C., Ward, A.I. and Massei, G. Quantifying the bias in density estimated from distance sampling and camera trapping of unmarked individuals 2017 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 350, pp. 79-86 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Chauvenet2017,
  author = {Chauvenet, Alienor L. M. and Gill, Robin M. A. and Smith, Graham C. and Ward, Alastair I. and Massei, Giovanna},
  title = {Quantifying the bias in density estimated from distance sampling and camera trapping of unmarked individuals},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {350},
  pages = {79--86},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.007}
}
Chav́ez-Leoń, G. and Velaźquez, A. Abundance and distribution of the long-tailed wood-partridge (Dendrortyx macroura) in a temperate coniferous forest 2004 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 75(4), pp. 345-352 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Long-tailed Wood-Partridge (Dendrortyx macroura) is a species endemic to Mexico, inhabiting dense coniferous forests of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre del Sur, of which little is known about its ecology and conservation status. The abundance and density of the Long-tailed Wood-Partridge was estimated by point counts with playback distance sampling from March-October of 1998-2000 in a temperate coniferous forest managed for timber production by a Mexican indigenous community. The average detection rate was 0.31 individuals per point, resulting in a mean estimate for population density of 20.9 birds/km2 and a mean population estimate of 2679 individuals, estimated using the half-normal key function with cosine adjustments. Density estimates of the Long-tailed Wood-Partridge were 8 individuals/km2 in dry, open, scrubby habitats with deep ash and sand volcanic deposits subject to intense human use and in closed canopy, humid forests with moderate human disturbance. Density estimates were 14.6 and 21.5 individuals/km2 in humid, closed canopy, multi-stratified forests. The latter areas are recommended as the core area for protection of the Long-tailed Wood-Partridge.
BibTeX:
@article{Chavez-Leon2004,
  author = {Chav́ez-Leoń, G. and Velaźquez, A.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of the long-tailed wood-partridge (Dendrortyx macroura) in a temperate coniferous forest},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {75},
  number = {4},
  pages = {345--352},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-75.4.345}
}
Chelgren, N.D., Samora, B., Adams, M.J. and Mccreary, B. Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed western toads (Anaxyrus boreas) 2011 Herpetological Conservation and Biology
Vol. 6, pp. 175-190 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Chelgren2011a,
  author = {Chelgren, Nathan D. and Samora, Barbara and Adams, Michael J. and Mccreary, Brome},
  title = {Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed western toads (Anaxyrus boreas)},
  journal = {Herpetological Conservation and Biology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {175--190}
}
Chen, B., Zheng, D., Zhai, F., X. Xu, P.S., Wang, Q. and Yang, G. Abundance, distribution and conservation of chinese white dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen, China 2008 Mammalian Biology
Vol. 73, pp. 156-164 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Chen2008,
  author = {Chen, Bingyao and Zheng, Dongmei and Zhai, Feifei and X. Xu, P. Sun and Wang, Q. and Yang, G.},
  title = {Abundance, distribution and conservation of chinese white dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen, China},
  journal = {Mammalian Biology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {156--164},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2006.12.002}
}
Chen, S.X. Animal abundance estimation in independent observer line transect surveys 2000 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 7, pp. 285-299 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Che00,
  author = {Chen, S. X.},
  title = {Animal abundance estimation in independent observer line transect surveys},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {285--299},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009623301208}
}
Chen, S.X. Estimation in independent observer line transect surveys for clustered populations 1999 Biometrics
Vol. 55, pp. 754-759 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Che99,
  author = {Chen, S. X.},
  title = {Estimation in independent observer line transect surveys for clustered populations},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {754--759},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00754.x}
}
Chen, S.X. Measurement errors in line transect surveys 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 899-908 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CHE98,
  author = {Chen, S. X.},
  title = {Measurement errors in line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {899--908},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533844}
}
Chen, S.X. Studying school size effects in line transect sampling using the kernel method 1996 Biometrics
Vol. 52, pp. 1283-1294 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Che96b,
  author = {Chen, S. X.},
  title = {Studying school size effects in line transect sampling using the kernel method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {1283--1294},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532844}
}
Chen, S.X. A kernel estimate for the density of a biological population by using line transect sampling 1996 Applied Statstics
Vol. 45, pp. 135-150 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CHE96,
  author = {Chen, S. X.},
  title = {A kernel estimate for the density of a biological population by using line transect sampling},
  journal = {Applied Statstics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {135--150},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2986150}
}
Chen, S.X. and Cowling, A. Measurement errors in line transect surveys where detectability varies with distance and size 2001 Biometrics
Vol. 57, pp. 732-742 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CHE01,
  author = {Chen, S. X. and Cowling, A.},
  title = {Measurement errors in line transect surveys where detectability varies with distance and size},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {732--742},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00732.x}
}
Chen, S.X. and Lloyd, C.J. A nonparametric approach to the analysis of two-stage mark-recapture experiments 2000 Biometrika
Vol. 87, pp. 633-649 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CheLlo00,
  author = {Chen, S. X. and Lloyd, C. J.},
  title = {A nonparametric approach to the analysis of two-stage mark-recapture experiments},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {633--649},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/87.3.633}
}
Chen, S.X., Yip, P.S.F. and Zhou, Y. Sequential estimation in line transect surveys 2002 Biometrics
Vol. 58(2), pp. 263-269 
article DOI  
Abstract: This article considers using sequential procedures to determine the amount of survey effort required in a line transect survey in order to achieve a certain precision level in estimating the abundance of a biological population. Sequential procedures are constructed for both parametric and nonparametric animal abundance estimators. The criterion used to derive the stopping rules is the width of confidence intervals for the animal abundance. For each estimator considered, we develop stopping rules based on the asymptotic distributions and the bootstrap. A sequential analysis on an aerial survey of the southern bluefin tuna indicates substantial saving of survey effort can be made by employment of the proposed sequential procedures. This savings of survey effort is also observed in a simulation study designed to evaluate the empirical performance of the proposed sequential procedures.
BibTeX:
@article{ChenBiometrics2002,
  author = {Chen, Song Xi and Yip, Paul S. F. and Zhou, Yong},
  title = {Sequential estimation in line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {263--269},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00263.x}
}
Cherenkov, S.E. Accuracy of one-visit censuses of forest passerine birds during a breeding season 1998 Zoologichesky Zhurnal
Vol. 77, pp. 474-485 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cher98,
  author = {Cherenkov, S. E.},
  title = {Accuracy of one-visit censuses of forest passerine birds during a breeding season},
  journal = {Zoologichesky Zhurnal},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {474--485}
}
Chiarello, A.G. Effects of fragmentation of the Atlantic forest on mammal communities in south-eastern Brazil 1999 Biological Conservation
Vol. 89, pp. 71-82 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Chi99,
  author = {Chiarello, A. G.},
  title = {Effects of fragmentation of the Atlantic forest on mammal communities in south-eastern Brazil},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {71--82},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00130-X}
}
Chiarello, A.G. and Arruda, L.N. Unpaved roads are not adequate surrogates of true transects for sampling Agoutis 2017 Mammalia
Vol. 81(5), pp. 489-501 
article DOI  
Abstract:

Abstract

The distance sampling is one of the most widely used techniques for estimating abundance and density, particularly for mammals. Managers/researchers sometimes sample unpaved roads assuming that these do not violate important assumptions. However, relatively few studies have attempted to address this, simultaneously comparing behavior between roads and transects, a key issue as behavior can potentially affect detection. Here, we used distance sampling to compare abundance and behavior of agoutis between transects and unpaved roads. We sampled an isolated agouti population during two contrasting seasons. Road densities (347– 432 agoutis/km2 for dry and wet seasons, respectively) were statistically similar to those from transects (373– 322 agoutis/km2, respectively). However, road data had a different variance contribution, lower detection probability and poorer model fitting. We also found that agoutis move/interact and forage/feed differently on roads in comparison with transects and were more vigilant in transects than in roads during the first season we sampled (wet). Together, these findings indicated that (1) we detect agoutis differently on these two transect types and (2) road sampling more seriously violates the assumption of randomness of transects in relation to animals. We conclude that while avoiding roads is unfeasible given time and logistical limitations, researchers should be aware of the potential bias, making this clear when discussing and comparing their results.

BibTeX:
@article{chiarello_unpaved_2017,
  author = {Chiarello, Adriano G. and Arruda, Licia N.},
  title = {Unpaved roads are not adequate surrogates of true transects for sampling Agoutis},
  journal = {Mammalia},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {81},
  number = {5},
  pages = {489--501},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2015-0134}
}
Chiatante, G. and Meriggi, A. Habitat Selection and Density of Common Pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) in Northern Italy: Effects of Land Use Cover and Landscape Configuration 2022 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 68(3), pp. 26 
article DOI  
Abstract: Knowing the ecology of game species is important to define sustainable hunting pressure and to plan management actions aimed to maintain viable populations. Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is one of the main gamebird species in Europe and North America, despite its native range extending from the Caucasus to Eastern China. This research aimed to define the environmental variables shaping the spatial distribution of male pheasants and to estimate their breeding density in an agroecosystem of northern Italy. During the breeding season, 2015, we carried out 372 point counts with unlimited distances, randomly placed following a stratified sampling survey design. The habitat requirements of the pheasant were evaluated following a presence vs. availability approach, using environmental variables related to land use cover and landscape configuration. We built generalized linear models with a binary distribution, selecting variables following an information-theoretic approach. Densities were estimated through both conventional and multiple-covariate distance sampling. We estimated a density of 1.45 males/km2, with 4.26 males/km2 in suitable areas and 0.91 males/km2 in unsuitable ones. We found pheasants in areas with meadows and tree plantations, which were used to find food and refuges from predators and bad weather conditions. Similarly, woodlands have a positive effect on species occurrence, whereas arable lands were avoided, specifically maize and paddy fields. We found little evidence that landscape configuration affects pheasant occurrence. We found pheasants to be negatively affected by the length of edges between woodlands and arable lands, whereas edges between woodlands and grasslands seem to be beneficial for the species. These findings could help landscape and wildlife managers to plan habitat improvement actions useful to maintain self-sustaining populations of this species, by increasing cover of woodlands, meadows, and tree plantations.
BibTeX:
@article{Chiatante2022,
  author = {Chiatante, Gianpasquale and Meriggi, Alberto},
  title = {Habitat Selection and Density of Common Pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) in Northern Italy: Effects of Land Use Cover and Landscape Configuration},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {68},
  number = {3},
  pages = {26},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-022-01575-w}
}
Childs, J.E., Robinson, L.E., Sadek, R., Madden, A., Miranda, M.E. and Miranda, N.L. Density estimates of rural dog populations and an assessment of marking methods during a rabies vaccination campaign in the Philippines 1998 Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Vol. 33(1-4), pp. 207-218 
article DOI  
Abstract: We estimated the population density of dogs by distance sampling and assessed the potential utility of two marking methods for capture-mark-recapture applications following a mass canine rabies-vaccination campaign in Sorsogon Province, the Republic of the Philippines. Thirty villages selected to assess vaccine coverage and for dog surveys were visited 1 to 11 days after the vaccinating team. Measurements of the distance of dogs or groups of dogs from transect lines were obtained in 1088 instances (N = 1278 dogs; mean group size = 1.2). Various functions modelling the probability of detection were fitted to a truncated distribution of distances of dogs from transect lines. A hazard rate model provided the best fit and an overall estimate of dog-population density of 468/km2 (95% confidence interval, 359 to 611). At vaccination, most dogs were marked with either a paint stick or a black plastic collar. Overall, 34.8% of 2167 and 28.5% of 2115 dogs could be accurately identified as wearing a collar or showing a paint mark; 49.1% of the dogs had either mark. Increasing time interval between vaccination-team visit and dog survey and increasing distance from transect line were inversely associated with the probability of observing a paint mark. Probability of observing a collar was positively associated with increasing estimated density of the dog population in a given village and with animals not associated with a house. The data indicate that distance sampling is a relatively simple and adaptable method for estimating dog-population density and is not prone to problems associated with meeting some model assumptions inherent to mark-recapture estimators. textcopyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX:
@article{Childs1998,
  author = {Childs, J. E. and Robinson, L. E. and Sadek, R. and Madden, A. and Miranda, M. E. and Miranda, N. L.},
  title = {Density estimates of rural dog populations and an assessment of marking methods during a rabies vaccination campaign in the Philippines},
  journal = {Preventive Veterinary Medicine},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {207--218},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(97)00039-1}
}
Clancy, T.F., Pople, A.R. and Gibson, L.A. Comparison of helicopter line transects with walked line transects for estimating densities of kangaroos 1997 Wildlife Research
Vol. 24, pp. 397-409 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Claetal97,
  author = {Clancy, T. F. and Pople, A. R. and Gibson, L. A.},
  title = {Comparison of helicopter line transects with walked line transects for estimating densities of kangaroos},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {397--409},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR96103}
}
Clark, P.J. and Evans, F.C. Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations 1954 Ecology
Vol. 35, pp. 23-30 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ClaEva54,
  author = {Clark, P. J. and Evans, F. C.},
  title = {Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1954},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {23--30},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1931034}
}
Clarke, R.H., Boulton, R.L. and Clarke, M.F. Estimating population size of the black-eared miner, with an assessment of landscape-scale habitat requirements 2005 Pacific Conservation Biology
Vol. 11(3), pp. 174-188 
article DOI  
Abstract: The decline of the Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis has been caused primarily by habitat degradation and vegetation clearance. To better direct conservation actions for this species there was a need to assess habitat requirements on a regional-scale and to estimate the population size using quantitative methods. We used vegetation mapping and the current distribution of the Black-eared Miner to determine regional-scale habitat requirements. These findings were combined with the results of distance sampling to provide population estimates. The species is restricted to large tracts of intact mallee in the Murray Mallee of southeastern Australia that have not been burnt for at least 45 years. The density of Black-eared Miners is highest in areas that are dominated by mallee-Triodia associations and have not been intensively grazed. The Bookmark Biosphere Reserve supports an estimated 501 (270-927, 95% Cl) colonies, containing 3 758 (2 026-6 954) phenotypically pure Black-eared Miners, 2 255 (1 215-4170) hybrids and small numbers of Yellow-throated Miners Manorina flavigula. However, the effective population size is considerably smaller (390 Black-eared Miners (210-726) and 234 hybrids (126-433)), due to a skewed adult sex ratio (1 female: 1.81 males) and complex social organization. A smaller population also persists in the Murray Sunset National Park containing 53 (32-85) Black-eared Miner/hybrid colonies. Both populations face a high risk of extinction from large-scale wildfire. The endangered status of the species under IUCN criteria remains warranted.
BibTeX:
@article{Clarke2005,
  author = {Clarke, R. H. and Boulton, R. L. and Clarke, M. F.},
  title = {Estimating population size of the black-eared miner, with an assessment of landscape-scale habitat requirements},
  journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {174--188},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/PC050174}
}
Clement, D., Slooten, D., Dawson, S. and DuFresne, S. Line-transect survey of Hector's dolphin abundance between Farewell Spit and Motunau 2001 (22)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Clement2001,
  author = {Clement, D. and Slooten, D. and Dawson, S. and DuFresne, S.},
  title = {Line-transect survey of Hector's dolphin abundance between Farewell Spit and Motunau},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  number = {22}
}
Clement, M.J., Converse, S.J. and Royle, J.A. Accounting for imperfect detection of groups and individuals when estimating abundance 2017 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(18), pp. 7304-7310 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Clement2017,
  author = {Clement, Matthew J. and Converse, Sarah J. and Royle, J. Andrew},
  title = {Accounting for imperfect detection of groups and individuals when estimating abundance},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  number = {18},
  pages = {7304--7310},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3284}
}
Coelho, L. Estimativa de densidade de aves utilizando amostragem por distâncias em uma área verde urbana 2009 School: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociencias  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Coelho2009,
  author = {Coelho, Liliane},
  title = {Estimativa de densidade de aves utilizando amostragem por distâncias em uma área verde urbana},
  school = {Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociencias},
  year = {2009}
}
Colket, B. and Church, K.E. A comparison of traditional counts and distance sampling methods for estimating the abundance of ute ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes diluvialis) 2005 School: Idaho Conservation Data Center Idaho Department of Fish and Game. US Fish and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Colket2005,
  author = {Colket, Beth and Church, Kevin E.},
  title = {A comparison of traditional counts and distance sampling methods for estimating the abundance of ute ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes diluvialis)},
  school = {Idaho Conservation Data Center Idaho Department of Fish and Game. US Fish and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2005}
}
Collier, B.A., Farrell, S.L., Long, A.M., Campomizzi, A.J., Hays, K.B., Laake, J.L., Morrison, M.L. and Wilkins, R.N. Modeling spatially explicit densities of endangered avian species in a heterogeneous landscape 2013 The Auk
Vol. 130, pp. 666-676 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Collier2013,
  author = {Collier, Bret A. and Farrell, Shannon L. and Long, Ashley M. and Campomizzi, Andrew J. and Hays, K. Brian and Laake, Jeffrey L. and Morrison, Michael L. and Wilkins, R. Neal},
  title = {Modeling spatially explicit densities of endangered avian species in a heterogeneous landscape},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {130},
  pages = {666--676},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2013.13017}
}
Compton, R., Banks, A., Goodwin, L. and Hooker, S.K. Pilot cetacean survey of the sub-arctic north Atlantic utilizing a cruise-ship platform 2007 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Vol. 87, pp. 321-325 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Compton2007,
  author = {Compton, Ross and Banks, Aaron and Goodwin, Lissa and Hooker, Sascha K.},
  title = {Pilot cetacean survey of the sub-arctic north Atlantic utilizing a cruise-ship platform},
  journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {321--325},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407054781}
}
Conn, P.B. and Alisauskas, R.T. Simultaneous modelling of movement, measurement error, and observer dependence in mark-recapture distance sampling: an application to arctic bird surveys 2018 The Annals of Applied Statistics
Vol. 12(1), pp. 96-122 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Conn2018,
  author = {Conn, Paul B. and Alisauskas, Ray T.},
  title = {Simultaneous modelling of movement, measurement error, and observer dependence in mark-recapture distance sampling: an application to arctic bird surveys},
  journal = {The Annals of Applied Statistics},
  publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {96--122},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1214/17-AOAS1108}
}
Conn, P.B., Arthur, A.D., Bailey, L.L. and Singleton, G.R. Estimating the abundance of mouse populations of known size: promises and pitfalls of new methods 2006 Ecological Applications
Vol. 16(2), pp. 829-837 
article DOI  
Abstract: Knowledge of animal abundance is fundamental to many ecological studies. Frequently, researchers cannot determine true abundance, and so must estimate it using a method such as mark-recapture or distance sampling. Recent advances in abundance estimation allow one to model heterogeneity with individual covariates or mixture distributions and to derive multimodel abundance estimators that explicitly address uncertainty about which model parameterization best represents truth. Further, it is possible to borrow information on detection probability across several populations when data are sparse. While promising, these methods have not been evaluated using mark-recapture data from populations of known abundance, and thus far have largely been overlooked by ecologists. In this paper, we explored the utility of newly developed mark-recapture methods for estimating the abundance of 12 captive populations of wild house mice (Mus musculus). We found that mark-recapture methods employing individual covariates yielded satisfactory abundance estimates for most populations. In contrast, model sets with heterogeneity formulations consisting solely of mixture distributions did not perform well for several of the populations. We show through simulation that a higher number of trapping occasions would have been necessary to achieve good estimator performance in this case. Finally, we show that simultaneous analysis of data from low abundance populations can yield viable abundance estimates. textcopyright 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Conn2006,
  author = {Conn, P. B. and Arthur, A. D. and Bailey, L. L. and Singleton, G. R.},
  title = {Estimating the abundance of mouse populations of known size: promises and pitfalls of new methods},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {829--837},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016%5B0829:ETAOMP%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Conn, P.B., Johnson, D.S., London, J.M. and Boveng, P.L. Accounting for missing data when assessing availability in animal population surveys: an application to ice-associated seals in the Bering Sea 2012 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 3(6), pp. 1039-1046 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MEE3:MEE3238,
  author = {Conn, Paul B. and Johnson, Devin S. and London, Josh M. and Boveng, Peter L.},
  title = {Accounting for missing data when assessing availability in animal population surveys: an application to ice-associated seals in the Bering Sea},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1039--1046},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00238.x}
}
Conn, P.B., Laake, J.L. and Johnson, D.S. A hierarchical modeling framework for multiple observer transect surveys 2012 PLoS ONE
Vol. 7, pp. e42294 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Conn2012,
  author = {Conn, P. B. and Laake, J. L. and Johnson, D. S.},
  title = {A hierarchical modeling framework for multiple observer transect surveys},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {e42294},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042294}
}
Conroy, M.J., Nichols, J.D. and Asanza, E.R. Métodos cuantitativos contemporáneos para entender y manejar poblaciones y comunidades animales [Contemporary quantitative methods to understand and manage animal populations and communities] 1997 Interciencia
Vol. 22, pp. 247-258 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Conetal97,
  author = {Conroy, M. J. and Nichols, J. D. and Asanza, E. R.},
  title = {Métodos cuantitativos contemporáneos para entender y manejar poblaciones y comunidades animales [Contemporary quantitative methods to understand and manage animal populations and communities]},
  journal = {Interciencia},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {247--258}
}
Cook, J.R. and Stefanski, L.A. Simulation-extrapolation estimation in parametric measurement error models 1994 Journal of the American Statistical Association
Vol. 89, pp. 1314-1328 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{COO94,
  author = {Cook, J. R. and Stefanski, L. A.},
  title = {Simulation-extrapolation estimation in parametric measurement error models},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {89},
  pages = {1314--1328},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1994.10476871}
}
Cook, R.D. and Jacobsen, J.O. A design for estimating visibility bias in aerial surveys 1979 Biometrics
Vol. 35, pp. 735-742 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CooJac79,
  author = {Cook, R. D. and Jacobsen, J. O.},
  title = {A design for estimating visibility bias in aerial surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {735--742},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530104}
}
Cooke, J.G. A modification of the radial distance method for dual-platform line transect analysis, to improve robustness 2001 (Paper SC/53/IA31)School: Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Coo01,
  author = {Cooke, J. G.},
  title = {A modification of the radial distance method for dual-platform line transect analysis, to improve robustness},
  school = {Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {2001},
  number = {Paper SC/53/IA31}
}
Cooke, J.G. An implementation of a surfacing-based approach to abundance estimation of minke whales from shipborne surveys 1997 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 47, pp. 513-528 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Coo97,
  author = {Cooke, J. G.},
  title = {An implementation of a surfacing-based approach to abundance estimation of minke whales from shipborne surveys},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {513--528}
}
Cooke, J.G. Estimation of the population of minke whales in Antarctic Area IVW in 1984/85 1987 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 37, pp. 273-276 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Coo87,
  author = {Cooke, J. G.},
  title = {Estimation of the population of minke whales in Antarctic Area IVW in 1984/85},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {273--276}
}
Cooke, J.G. Notes on the estimation of whale density from line transects 1985 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 35, pp. 319-323 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Coo85,
  author = {Cooke, J. G.},
  title = {Notes on the estimation of whale density from line transects},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {319--323}
}
Cooke, J.G. and Leaper, R. General modelling framework for the estimation of whale abundance from line transect surveys 1998 (Paper SC/50/RMP21)School: Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{CooLea98,
  author = {Cooke, J. G. and Leaper, R.},
  title = {General modelling framework for the estimation of whale abundance from line transect surveys},
  school = {Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1998},
  number = {Paper SC/50/RMP21}
}
Corlatti, L., Nelli, L., Bertolini, M., Zibordi, F. and Pedrotti, L. A comparison of four different methods to estimate population size of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) 2017 Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 28 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Corlatti2017,
  author = {Corlatti, Luca and Nelli, Luca and Bertolini, Matteo and Zibordi, Filippo and Pedrotti, Luca},
  title = {A comparison of four different methods to estimate population size of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota)},
  journal = {Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy},
  publisher = {Associazione Teriologica Italiana},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {28},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-28.1-11698}
}
Corn, J.L. and Conroy, M.J. Estimation of density of mongooses with capture-recapture and distance sampling 1998 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 79(3), pp. 1009-1015 
article DOI  
Abstract: We captured mongooses (Herpestes javanicus) in live traps arranged in trapping webs in Antigua, West Indies, and used capture-recapture and distance sampling to estimate density. Distance estimation and program DISTANCE were used to provide estimates of density from the trapping-web data. Mean density based on trapping webs was 9.5 mongooses/ha (range, 5.9-10.2/ha); estimates had coefficients of variation ranging from 29.82-31.58% (X = 30.46%). Mark-recapture models were used to estimate abundance, which was converted to density using estimates of effective trap area. Tests of model assumptions provided by CAPTURE indicated pronounced heterogeneity in capture probabilities and some indication of behavioral response and variation over time. Mean estimated density was 1.80 mongooses/ha (range, 1.37-2.15/ha) with estimated coefficients of variation of 4.68-11.92% (X = 7.46%). Estimates of density based on mark-recapture data depended heavily on assumptions about animal home ranges; variances of densities also may be underestimated, leading to unrealistically narrow confidence intervals. Estimates based on trap webs require fewer assumptions, and estimated variances may be a more realistic representation of sampling variation. Because trap webs are established easily and provide adequate data for estimation in a few sample occasions, the method should be efficient and reliable for estimating densities of mongooses.
BibTeX:
@article{Corn1998,
  author = {Corn, J. L. and Conroy, M. J.},
  title = {Estimation of density of mongooses with capture-recapture and distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {79},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1009--1015},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1383109}
}
Cosens, S.E. and Innes, S. Distribution and numbers of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in northwestern hudson bay in august 1995 2000 Arctic
Vol. 53(1), pp. 36-41 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cosens2000,
  author = {Cosens, S. E. and Innes, S.},
  title = {Distribution and numbers of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in northwestern hudson bay in august 1995},
  journal = {Arctic},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36--41},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic832}
}
Cottam, G. and Curtis, J.T. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling 1956 Ecology
Vol. 37, pp. 451-460 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CotCur56,
  author = {Cottam, G. and Curtis, J. T.},
  title = {The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1956},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {451--460},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1930167}
}
Cotté, C., Guinet, C., Taupier-Letage, I., Mate, B. and Petiau, E. Scale-dependent habitat use by a large free-ranging predator, the mediterranean fin whale 2009 Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
Vol. 56(5), pp. 801-811 
article DOI  
Abstract: Since the heterogeneity of oceanographic conditions drives abundance, distribution, and availability of prey, it is essential to understand how foraging predators interact with their dynamic environment at various spatial and temporal scales. We examined the spatio-temporal relationships between oceanographic features and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), the largest free-ranging predator in the Western Mediterranean Sea (WM), through two independent approaches. First, spatial modeling was used to estimate whale density, using waiting distance (the distance between detections) for fin whales along ferry routes across the WM, in relation to remotely sensed oceanographic parameters. At a large scale (basin and year), fin whales exhibited fidelity to the northern WM with a summer-aggregated and winter-dispersed pattern. At mesoscale (20-100Â km), whales were found in colder, saltier (from an on-board system) and dynamic areas defined by steep altimetric and temperature gradients. Second, using an independent fin whale satellite tracking dataset, we showed that tracked whales were effectively preferentially located in favorable habitats, i.e. in areas of high predicted densities as identified by our previous model using oceanographic data contemporaneous to the tracking period. We suggest that the large-scale fidelity corresponds to temporally and spatially predictable habitat of whale favorite prey, the northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica), while mesoscale relationships are likely to identify areas of high prey concentration and availability.
BibTeX:
@article{Cotte2009,
  author = {Cotté, Cédric and Guinet, Christophe and Taupier-Letage, Isabelle and Mate, Bruce and Petiau, Estelle},
  title = {Scale-dependent habitat use by a large free-ranging predator, the mediterranean fin whale},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {56},
  number = {5},
  pages = {801--811},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.008}
}
Coulson, G. Use of heterogeneous habitat by the western gray kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus 1993 Wildlife Research
Vol. 20, pp. 137-149 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Cou93,
  author = {Coulson, G.},
  title = {Use of heterogeneous habitat by the western gray kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {137--149}
}
Coulson, G.M. and Raines, J.A. Methods for small-scale surveys of grey kangaroo populations 1985 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 12, pp. 119-125 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CouRai85,
  author = {Coulson, G. M. and Raines, J. A.},
  title = {Methods for small-scale surveys of grey kangaroo populations},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {119--125},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9850119}
}
Cowling, A. Spatial methods for line transect surveys 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 828-839 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cow98,
  author = {Cowling, A.},
  title = {Spatial methods for line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {828--839},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533837}
}
Cox, M.J., Borchers, D.L., Demer, D.A., Cutter, G.R. and Brierley, A.S. Estimating the density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from multi-beam echo-sounder observations using distance sampling methods 2011 Applied Statistics
Vol. 60, pp. 301-316 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cox2011,
  author = {Cox, Martin J. and Borchers, David L. and Demer, David A. and Cutter, George R. and Brierley, Andrew S.},
  title = {Estimating the density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from multi-beam echo-sounder observations using distance sampling methods},
  journal = {Applied Statistics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {301--316},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2010.00748.x}
}
Cox, T.F. The robust estimation of the density of a forest stand using a new conditioned distance method 1976 Biometrika
Vol. 63, pp. 493-500 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cox76,
  author = {Cox, T. F.},
  title = {The robust estimation of the density of a forest stand using a new conditioned distance method},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {493--500},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/63.3.493}
}
Crain, B.R. Window sensitivity functions for line transect sampling 1998 Environmental Management
Vol. 22, pp. 471-481 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cra98b,
  author = {Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Window sensitivity functions for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Environmental Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {471--481},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900120}
}
Crain, B.R. Some comments on line transect grouped data analysis 1998 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 109, pp. 243-249 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cra98,
  author = {Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Some comments on line transect grouped data analysis},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {243--249},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00037-4}
}
Crain, B.R. Estimation of distributions using orthogonal expansions 1974 The Annals of Statistics
Vol. 2, pp. 454-463 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cra74,
  author = {Crain, B. R.},
  title = {Estimation of distributions using orthogonal expansions},
  journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {454--463},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176342706}
}
Crain, B.R., Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. Nonparametric estimation of population density for line transect sampling using Fourier series 1979 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 21, pp. 731-748 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Craetal79,
  author = {Crain, B. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Nonparametric estimation of population density for line transect sampling using Fourier series},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {731--748},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710210804}
}
Crain, B.R., Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R. and Laake, J.L. A Fourier series estimator of population density for line transect sampling 1978   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Craetal78,
  author = {Crain, B. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {A Fourier series estimator of population density for line transect sampling},
  publisher = {Utah State University Press},
  year = {1978}
}
Crase, B., Duguid, A., Pengart, R.N., Jakamarra, P.W., Angal, L.P. and Kemarr, M.S.P.a.A.W. Distribution and conservation status of the giant sweet potato, a rare aboriginal food plant from central Australia 2010 Northern Territory Naturalist
Vol. 22, pp. 17-30 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Crase2010,
  author = {Crase, Beth and Duguid, Angus and Pengart, Raymond Nelson and Jakamarra, Paddy Willis and Angal, Laurie Price and Kemarr, Margaret Scobie Pengart adn Aggie Woods},
  title = {Distribution and conservation status of the giant sweet potato, a rare aboriginal food plant from central Australia},
  journal = {Northern Territory Naturalist},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {17--30}
}
Crespo, E.A., Pedraza, S.N., Grandi, M.F., Dans, S.L. and Garaffo, G.V. Abundance and distribution of endangered Franciscana dolphins in Argentine waters and conservation implications 2010 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 26, pp. 17-35 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Crespo2010,
  author = {Crespo, Enrique A. and Pedraza, Susana N. and Grandi, M. Florencia and Dans, Silvana L. and Garaffo, Griselda V.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of endangered Franciscana dolphins in Argentine waters and conservation implications},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {17--35},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00313.x}
}
Cuarón, A.D., Martínez-Morales, M.A., McFadden, K.W., Valenzuela, D. and Gompper, M.E. The status of dwarf carnivores on Cozumel Island, Mexico 2004 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 13(2), pp. 317-331 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Cuaron2004,
  author = {Cuarón, A. D. and Martínez-Morales, M. A. and McFadden, K. W. and Valenzuela, D. and Gompper, M. E.},
  title = {The status of dwarf carnivores on Cozumel Island, Mexico},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {317--331},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000006501.80472.cc}
}
Cuthbert R., J., de Brooke M., L. and Torr, N. Overcoming hermit-crab interference during rodent-baiting operations: a case study from Henderson Island, south Pacific 2012 Wildlife Research
Vol. 39, pp. 70-77 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CuthbertR.2012,
  author = {Cuthbert R., J. and de Brooke M., L. and Torr, N.},
  title = {Overcoming hermit-crab interference during rodent-baiting operations: a case study from Henderson Island, south Pacific},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {70--77},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR11033}
}
Dahlheim, M., York, A., Towell, R., Waite, J. and Breiwick, J. Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance in Alaska: Bristol Bay to Southeast Alaska, 1991-1993 2000 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 16, pp. 28-45 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dahetal00,
  author = {Dahlheim, M. and York, A. and Towell, R. and Waite, J. and Breiwick, J.},
  title = {Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance in Alaska: Bristol Bay to Southeast Alaska, 1991-1993},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {28--45},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00902.x}
}
Dahlheim, M.E., Zerbini, A.N., Waite, J. and Kennedy, A.S. Temporal changes in abundance of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) inhabiting the inland waters of southeast alaska 2015 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 113, pp. 242-255 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dahlheim2015,
  author = {Dahlheim, Marilyn E. and Zerbini, Alexandre N. and Waite, Janice and Kennedy, Amy S.},
  title = {Temporal changes in abundance of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) inhabiting the inland waters of southeast alaska},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {113},
  pages = {242--255},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.113.3.2}
}
Dallimer, M. and King, T. Habitat preferences of the forest birds on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea 2007 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 46, pp. 258-266 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dallimer2007,
  author = {Dallimer, Martin and King, Tony},
  title = {Habitat preferences of the forest birds on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {258--266},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00891.x}
}
Dallimer, M., King, T. and Atkinson, R.J. Pervasive threats within a protected area: conserving the endemic birds of São Tomé, west Africa 2009 Animal Conservation
Vol. 12, pp. 209-219 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dallimer2009,
  author = {Dallimer, M. and King, T. and Atkinson, R. J.},
  title = {Pervasive threats within a protected area: conserving the endemic birds of São Tomé, west Africa},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {209--219},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00240.x}
}
Dallimer, M., Melo, M., Collar, N.J. and Jones, P.J. The príncipe thrush Turdus xanthorhynchus: a newly split, "critically endangered", forest flagship species 2010 Bird Conservation International
Vol. First View, pp. 1-7 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CambridgeJournals:7852429,
  author = {Dallimer, Martin and Melo, Martim and Collar, Nigel J. and Jones, Peter J.},
  title = {The príncipe thrush Turdus xanthorhynchus: a newly split, "critically endangered", forest flagship species},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {First View},
  pages = {1--7},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270910000390}
}
Daniel, A., Holechek, J., Valdez, R., Tembo, A., Saiwana, L., Fusco, M. and Cardenas, M. Jackrabbit densities on fair and good condition Chihuahuan desert range 1993 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 46, pp. 524-528 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Danetal93,
  author = {Daniel, A. and Holechek, J. and Valdez, R. and Tembo, A. and Saiwana, L. and Fusco, M. and Cardenas, M.},
  title = {Jackrabbit densities on fair and good condition Chihuahuan desert range},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {524--528},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4002865}
}
Dawson, D.G. Counting birds for a relative measure (index) of density 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 12-16  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Daw81,
  author = {Dawson, D. G.},
  title = {Counting birds for a relative measure (index) of density},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {12--16}
}
Dawson, S., DuFresne, S., Slooten, E. and Wade, P. Line-transect survey of Hector's dolphin abundance between Motunau and Timaru 2000 (3072)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Dawson2000,
  author = {Dawson, S. and DuFresne, S. and Slooten, E. and Wade, P.},
  title = {Line-transect survey of Hector's dolphin abundance between Motunau and Timaru},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2000},
  number = {3072}
}
Dawson, S., Slooten, E., DuFresne, S., Wade, P. and Clement, D. Small-boat surveys for coastal dolphins: line-transect surveys for Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) 2004 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 102(3), pp. 441-451 
article  
Abstract: Management of coastal species of small cetaceans is often impeded by a lack of robust estimates of their abundance. In the Austral summers of 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-2000 we conducted line-transect surveys of Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) abundance off the north, east, and south coasts of the South Island of New Zealand. Survey methods were modified for the use of a 15-m sailing catamaran, which was equipped with a collapsible sighting platform giving observers an eye-height of 6 m. Eighty-six percent of 2061 km of survey effort was allocated to inshore waters (4 nautical miles [nmi] or 7.4 km from shore), and the remainder to offshore waters (4-10 nmi or 7.4-18.5 km from shore). Transects were placed at 45textdegree to the shore and spaced apart by 1, 2, 4, or 8 nmi according to pre-existing data on dolphin density. Survey effort within strata was uniform. Detection functions for sheltered waters and open coasts were fitted separately for each survey. The effect of attraction of dolphins to the survey vessel and the fraction of dolphins missed on the trackline were assessed with simultaneous boat and helicopter surveys in January 1999. Hector's dolphin abundance in the coastal zone to 4 nmi offshore was calculated at 1880 individuals (CV=15.7%, log-normal 95% CI=1384-2554). These surveys are the first line-transect surveys for cetaceans in New Zealand's coastal waters.
BibTeX:
@article{Dawetal04,
  author = {Dawson, S. and Slooten, E. and DuFresne, S. and Wade, P. and Clement, D.},
  title = {Small-boat surveys for coastal dolphins: line-transect surveys for Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {102},
  number = {3},
  pages = {441--451}
}
Dawson, S., Wade, P., Slooten, E. and Barlow, J. Design and field methods for sighting surveys of cetaceans in coastal and riverine habitats 2008 Mammal Review
Vol. 38, pp. 19-49 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{DawsonJanuary2008,
  author = {Dawson, Steve and Wade, Paul and Slooten, Elisabeth and Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Design and field methods for sighting surveys of cetaceans in coastal and riverine habitats},
  journal = {Mammal Review},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {19--49},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00119.x}
}
Dayananda, S.K., Mammides, C., Lee, M.-B., Liu, J.-J., Pasion, B.O., Sreekar, R., Yasuda, M., Quan, R.-C., Slik, J.W.F., Tomlinson, K.W. and Goodale, E. Topography and soil type are critical to understanding how bird and herpetofaunal communities persist in forest fragments of tropical China 2017 Biological Conservation
Vol. 215, pp. 107-115 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abstract Habitat fragmentation in heterogeneous landscapes is a non-random process, with farmers selecting lands with flat topography and fertile soils. To understand the persistence of biodiversity in forest fragments in such landscapes, it is necessary to distinguish between factors associated with fragmentation (e.g., area and distance to edge) and characteristics of where fragments are located (e.g., topography and soil conditions). Location factors have been previously demonstrated to be important in explaining the persistence of trees in fragments in the environmentally diverse region of Xishuangbanna, China (Liu and Slik, Biological Conservation, 2014). However, it is unknown how location factors influence more mobile, short-lived organisms. We sampled 42 of the previous study's plots for birds and herpetofauna across two years. A multi-model inference approach indicated that topography was the most important predictor of amphibian diversity, with valleys having more than three times the species in other locations. Topography interacted with fragment size for bird species, and particularly forest interior (FI) species: diversity in valley plots climbed strongly with fragment area, but the relationship between area and diversity was less strong in other locations. Soil type (limestone or not) most strongly influenced the score of plots on the first axis of a NMDS\ ordination of FI\ birds. These results suggest that managers should consider the location of fragments in the landscape in prioritizing forest fragments for protection. For Xishuangbanna, all valley fragments are important to protect amphibians; amalgamating them into large fragments > 1000 ha will make them most useful for bird conservation.
BibTeX:
@article{Dayananda2017,
  author = {Dayananda, Salindra K. and Mammides, Christos and Lee, Myung-Bok and Liu, Jia-Jia and Pasion, Bonifacio O. and Sreekar, Rachakonda and Yasuda, Mika and Quan, Rui-Chang and Slik, J. W. Ferry and Tomlinson, Kyle W. and Goodale, Eben},
  title = {Topography and soil type are critical to understanding how bird and herpetofaunal communities persist in forest fragments of tropical China},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {215},
  pages = {107--115},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.034}
}
De Boer, M.N., Leaper, R., Keith, S. and Simmonds, M.P. Winter abundance estimates for the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the western approaches of the English Channel and the effect of responsive movement 2008 Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology
Vol. 1, pp. 14-20 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DeBoer2008,
  author = {De Boer, M. N. and Leaper, R. and Keith, S. and Simmonds, M. P.},
  title = {Winter abundance estimates for the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the western approaches of the English Channel and the effect of responsive movement},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {14--20}
}
Defos du Rau, P., Bourgeois, K., Thévenet, M., Ruffino, L., Dromzée, S., Ouni, R., Abiadh, A., Estève, R., Durand, J.-P., Anselme, L., Faggio, G., Yahya, J.M., Rguibi, H., Renda, M., Miladi, B., Hamrouni, H., Alilech, S., Nefla, A., Jaouadi, W., Agrebi, S. and Renou, S. Reassessment of the size of the Scopoli's shearwater population at its main breeding site resulted in a tenfold increase: implications for the species conservation 2015 Journal of Ornithology
Vol. 156(4), pp. 877-892 
article DOI  
Abstract: Scopoli's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) is a Procellariiform endemic to the Mediterranean Basin which is considered to be vulnerable in Europe due to recent local declines and its susceptibility to both marine and terrestrial threats. In the 1970s– 1980s, its population size was estimated at 57,000– 76,000 breeding pairs throughout the Mediterranean Basin, with the largest colony, estimated at 15,000– 25,000 pairs, found on Zembra Island, Tunisia. The objectives of our study were to re-estimate the size of the breeding population on Zembra Island, to reassess the global population size of the species, and to analyse the implications of these findings on status and conservation of this species in the Mediterranean. Using distance sampling, we estimated the Zembra breeding population to be 141,780 pairs (95Â % confidence interval 113,720– 176,750 pairs). A review of the most recent data on populations of this species throughout the Mediterranean Basin led us to estimate its new global population size at 141,000– 223,000 breeding pairs. Using the demographic invariant and potential biological removal approaches, we estimated the maximum number of adults which could be killed annually by all non-natural causes without causing a population decline to be 8800 (range 7700– 9700) individuals, of which could be 3700 breeders. Although these results are less alarming in the context of species conservation than previously thought, uncertainties associated with global population size, trends and major threats still raise questions on the future of this species. More generally, we show how a monitoring strategy for a bird supposed to be relatively well known overall can be potentially misleading due to biases in survey design. The reduction of such biases would therefore appear to be an unavoidable prerequisite in cryptic species monitoring before any reliable inference on the conservation status of the species can be drawn.
BibTeX:
@article{DefosduRau2015,
  author = {Defos du Rau, Pierre and Bourgeois, Karen and Thévenet, Mathieu and Ruffino, Lise and Dromzée, Sylvain and Ouni, Ridha and Abiadh, Awatef and Estève, Roger and Durand, Jean-Patrick and Anselme, Lorraine and Faggio, Gilles and Yahya, Jaber Mohamed and Rguibi, Hamid and Renda, Michel and Miladi, Bayrem and Hamrouni, Hennabaal and Alilech, Slim and Nefla, Aymen and Jaouadi, Wahbi and Agrebi, Sofiene and Renou, Sébastien},
  title = {Reassessment of the size of the Scopoli's shearwater population at its main breeding site resulted in a tenfold increase: implications for the species conservation},
  journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {156},
  number = {4},
  pages = {877--892},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1187-4}
}
DeJong, M.J. and Emlen, J.T. The shape of the auditory detection function and its implication for songbird censusing 1985 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 56, pp. 213-223 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DejEml85,
  author = {DeJong, M. J. and Emlen, J. T.},
  title = {The shape of the auditory detection function and its implication for songbird censusing},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {213--223}
}
DeMaster, D.P., Lowry, L.F. and Frost, K.J. The effect of sea state on estimates of abundance for beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Norton Sound, Alaska 2001 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 99, pp. 197-201 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DeMaster2001,
  author = {DeMaster, Douglas P. and Lowry, Lloyd F. and Frost, Kathryn J.},
  title = {The effect of sea state on estimates of abundance for beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Norton Sound, Alaska},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {197--201}
}
Dénes, F.V., Silveira, L.F. and Beissinger, S.R. Estimating abundance of unmarked animal populations: accounting for imperfect detection and other sources of zero inflation 2015 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 6(5), pp. 543-556 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Denes2015,
  author = {Dénes, Francisco V. and Silveira, Luis Fabio and Beissinger, Steven R.},
  title = {Estimating abundance of unmarked animal populations: accounting for imperfect detection and other sources of zero inflation},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {543--556},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12333}
}
Denis, T., Richard-Hansen, C., Brunaux, O., Etienne, M.-P., Guitet, S. and Hérault, B. Biological traits, rather than environment, shape detection curves of large vertebrates in neotropical rainforests 2017 Ecological Applications
Vol. 27(5), pp. 1564-1577 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Denis,
  author = {Denis, Thomas and Richard-Hansen, Cécile and Brunaux, Olivier and Etienne, Marie-Pierre and Guitet, Stéphane and Hérault, Bruno},
  title = {Biological traits, rather than environment, shape detection curves of large vertebrates in neotropical rainforests},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {27},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1564--1577},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1549}
}
DeSante, D.F. A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing method in a Sierran subalpine forest habitat 1986 Condor, The
Vol. 88, pp. 129-142 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Des86,
  author = {DeSante, D. F.},
  title = {A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing method in a Sierran subalpine forest habitat},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {129--142},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1368908}
}
DeSante, D.F. A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing technique in a California coastal scrub breeding bird community 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 177-185  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Des81,
  author = {DeSante, D. F.},
  title = {A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing technique in a California coastal scrub breeding bird community},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {177--185}
}
Desbiez, A. and Tomas, W.M. Aplicabilidade do método de amostragem de distâncias em levantamentos de médios e grandes vertebrados no pantana 2003 School: Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento / Embrapa Pantanal, volume 53  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Desbiez2003,
  author = {Desbiez, Arnaud and Tomas, Walfrido Moraes},
  title = {Aplicabilidade do método de amostragem de distâncias em levantamentos de médios e grandes vertebrados no pantana},
  school = {Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento / Embrapa Pantanal, volume 53},
  year = {2003}
}
DeVries, P.G. A generalization of the Hayne-type estimator as an application of line intercept sampling 1979 Biometrics
Vol. 35, pp. 743-748 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dev79,
  author = {DeVries, P. G.},
  title = {A generalization of the Hayne-type estimator as an application of line intercept sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {743--748},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530105}
}
Devy, M.S., Ganesh, T. and Davidar, P. Patterns of butterfly distribution in the Andaman islands: implications for conservation 1998 Acta Oecologica
Vol. 19, pp. 527-534 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Devetal98,
  author = {Devy, M. S. and Ganesh, T. and Davidar, P.},
  title = {Patterns of butterfly distribution in the Andaman islands: implications for conservation},
  journal = {Acta Oecologica},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {527--534},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1146-609X(99)80007-1}
}
DeYoung, C.A., Guthery, F.S., Beasom, S.L., Coughlin, S.P. and Heffelfinger, J.R. Improving estimates of white-tailed deer abundance from helicopter surveys 1989 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 17, pp. 275-279 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Deyetal89,
  author = {DeYoung, C. A. and Guthery, F. S. and Beasom, S. L. and Coughlin, S. P. and Heffelfinger, J. R.},
  title = {Improving estimates of white-tailed deer abundance from helicopter surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {275--279},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782384}
}
Dias, F.S., Miller, D.L., Marques, T.A., Marcelino, J., Caldeira, M.C., Cerdeira, J.O. and Bugalho, M.N. Conservation zones promote oak regeneration and shrub diversity in certified mediterranean oak woodlands 2016 Biological Conservation
Vol. 195, pp. 226-234 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dias2016226,
  author = {Dias, Filipe S. and Miller, David L. and Marques, Tiago A. and Marcelino, Joana and Caldeira, Maria C. and Cerdeira, J. Orestes and Bugalho, Miguel N.},
  title = {Conservation zones promote oak regeneration and shrub diversity in certified mediterranean oak woodlands},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {195},
  pages = {226--234},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.009}
}
Dias, F.S., Wenceslau, J.F.C., Marques, T.A. and Miller, D.L. Density and distribution of western chimpanzees around a bauxite deposit in the Boé Sector, Guinea-Bissau 2019 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 81(9), pp. e23047 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Boé sector in southeast Guinea-Bissau harbors a population of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) that inhabits a mosaic of forest and savanna. The Boé sector contains a substantial bauxite deposit in a region called Ronde Hill, and there are plans for the construction of a mine, which may endanger the chimpanzee population. In 1-week survey in May 2013, we used the standing crop nest counts method to obtain the number of chimpanzee nests and from that estimate the density and abundance of chimpanzees. We carried out five 1-km line transects that covered the bauxite deposit and surrounding valleys. We used density surface modeling to analyze habitat preferences, then predicted chimpanzee nest density and distribution based on environmental variables. We found the projected location of the mine partially coincides with an area of high predicted abundances of chimpanzee nests and is surrounded by highly suitable areas for chimpanzees (northeast and southwest). We conclude the mine could have significant direct and indirect effects on this population of chimpanzees whose impacts must be carefully considered and properly mitigated if the mine is built.
BibTeX:
@article{dias_density_2019,
  author = {Dias, Filipe S. and Wenceslau, José F. C. and Marques, Tiago A. and Miller, David L.},
  title = {Density and distribution of western chimpanzees around a bauxite deposit in the Boé Sector, Guinea-Bissau},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {81},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e23047},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23047}
}
Dick, D.M. and Hines, E.M. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize 2010 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 27(3), pp. 606-621 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MMS:MMS435,
  author = {Dick, Dorothy M. and Hines, Ellen M.},
  title = {Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {606--621},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00435.x}
}
Dickinson, H.C. and Fa, J.E. Abundance, demographics and body condition of a translocated population of St Lucia whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus vanzoi) 2000 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 251(2), pp. 187-197 
article DOI  
Abstract: The whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus vanzoi is a large-bodied teiid found only on two islands (Maria Major and Maria Minor), off St Lucia, West Indies. In May 1995, 42 lizards from Maria Major were introduced to the smaller uninhabited Praslin Island on the same coastline. Three years post-release, we studied abundance, demography and morphometrics of the translocated lizard population, during a 6-month period covering wet and dry seasons. Age, sex, snout-vent length (SVL), body mass (BM), tail length, tail regeneration, and overall condition (moulting, reproductive condition, cuts, external parasites) of 107 animals caught during the study are analysed in the present paper. Comparisons are also made with the source population. A body condition index (CI (BM/SVL)), sex ratio (adult males: adult females), age ratio (adults: juveniles), and sexual size dimorphism ratio (SVL adult male: SVL adult females) were calculated for the study population. Distance sampling and mark-re-sight surveys were used to estimate population size and lizard density. A total of 155 ± 26 individuals were estimated. The lizard population was found to have a high growth rate (r = 0.97-3.95). There were significant seasonal changes in lizard abundance. Seasonal differences in lizard numbers, BM and CI suggest either severe resource limitation during the dry season, or selective aestivation. A high frequency of tail autotomy may point to intense intraspecific competition as the island is relatively free from main predators such as the black rat Rattus rattus. Sex ratio, sexual size dimorphism and sexual dichromatism all indicate a territorial species in a generally non-territorial family (Teiidae). Some adult males seem to maintain juvenile colours. It is suggested that the introduced population has successfully colonized its new environment and that no significant change in the animals condition or size has occurred during the 3 years since translocation.
BibTeX:
@article{Dickinson2000,
  author = {Dickinson, H. C. and Fa, J. E.},
  title = {Abundance, demographics and body condition of a translocated population of St Lucia whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus vanzoi)},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {251},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187--197},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00603.x}
}
Diefenbach, D.R., Brauning, D.W. and Mattice, J.A. Variability in grassland bird counts related to observer differences and species detection rates 2003 The Auk
Vol. 120(4), pp. 1168-1179 
article DOI  
Abstract: Differences among observers in ability to detect and identify birds has been long recognized as a potential source of error when surveying terrestrial birds. However, few published studies address that issue in their methods or study design. We used distance sampling with line transects to investigate differences in detection probabilities among observers and among three species of grassland songbirds: Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum), and Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Our review of 75 papers published in 1985-2001 found that the most commonly used methods were fixed-width transects (31%, 23 papers) and fixed-radius point counts (20%, 15 papers). The median half-width of fixed-width strip transects used by researchers was 50 m, but our results indicated detection probabilities were ¡ 1.0 at distances ¿ 25 m for most observers and species. Beyond 50 m from the transect line, we found that as many as 60% of birds were missed by observers and that the proportion missed differed among observers and species. Detection probabilities among observers ranged from 0.43 to 1.00 for Henslow's Sparrow, from 0.44 to 0.66 for Grasshopper Sparrow, and from 0.60 to 0.72 for Grasshopper Sparrow for birds detected within 58-100 m of the transect line. Using our estimates of detection probabilities for Henslow's Sparrows among six observers in a computer simulation of a monitoring program, we found that bird counts from fixed-width transects required an additional 2-3 years of monitoring to detect a given decline in abundance compared to density estimates that used a method to correct for missed birds. We recommend that researchers employ survey methods that correct for detection probabilities ¡ 1.0.
BibTeX:
@article{Diefenbach2003,
  author = {Diefenbach, D. R. and Brauning, D. W. and Mattice, J. A.},
  title = {Variability in grassland bird counts related to observer differences and species detection rates},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {120},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1168--1179},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120%5B1168:VIGBCR%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Diefenbach, D.R., Finley, J.C., Luloff, A.E., Stedman, R., Swope, C.B., Zinn, H.C. and San Julian, G.J. Bear and deer hunter density and distribution on public land in Pennsylvania 2005 Human Dimensions of Wildlife
Vol. 10, pp. 201-212 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dieetal05,
  author = {Diefenbach, D. R. and Finley, J. C. and Luloff, A. E. and Stedman, R. and Swope, C. B. and Zinn, H. C. and San Julian, G. J.},
  title = {Bear and deer hunter density and distribution on public land in Pennsylvania},
  journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {201--212},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200591003445}
}
Diefenbach, D.R., Marshall, M.R., Mattice, J.A. and Brauning, D.W. Incorporating availability for detection in estimates of bird abundance 2007 The Auk
Vol. 124(1), pp. 96-106 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dieetal07,
  author = {Diefenbach, D. R. and Marshall, M. R. and Mattice, J. A. and Brauning, D. W.},
  title = {Incorporating availability for detection in estimates of bird abundance},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {124},
  number = {1},
  pages = {96--106},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.1.96}
}
Diggle, P.J. A note on robust density estimation for spatial point patterns 1977 Biometrika
Vol. 64, pp. 91-95 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dig77,
  author = {Diggle, P. J.},
  title = {A note on robust density estimation for spatial point patterns},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {91--95},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/64.1.91}
}
Diggle, P.J. Robust density estimation using distance methods 1975 Biometrika
Vol. 62, pp. 39-48 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dig75,
  author = {Diggle, P. J.},
  title = {Robust density estimation using distance methods},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {39--48},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/62.1.39}
}
Dique, D., Preece, H. and de Villliers, D. Koalas in pine rivers shire: distribution, abundance and management 2003 School: Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Dique2003b,
  author = {Dique, D. and Preece, H. and de Villliers, D.},
  title = {Koalas in pine rivers shire: distribution, abundance and management},
  school = {Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2003}
}
Dique, D.S., De Villiers, D.L. and Preece, H.J. Evaluation of line-transect sampling for estimating koala abundance in the Pine Rivers shire, south-east Queensland 2003 Wildlife Research
Vol. 30(2), pp. 127-133 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling using line transects has not been previously used or tested for estimating koala abundance. In July 2001, a pilot survey was conducted to compare the use of line transects with strip transects for estimating koala abundance. Both methods provided a similar estimate of density. On the basis of the results of the pilot survey, the distribution and abundance of koalas in the Pine Rivers Shire, south-east Queensland, was determined using line-transect sampling. In total, 134 lines (length 64 km) were used to sample bushland areas. Eighty-two independent koalas were sighted. Analysis of the frequency distribution of sighting distances using the software program DISTANCE enabled a global detection function to be estimated for survey sites in bushland areas across the Shire. Abundance in urban parts of the Shire was estimated from densities obtained from total counts at eight urban sites that ranged from 26 to 51 ha in size. Koala abundance in the Pine Rivers Shire was estimated at 4584 (95% confidence interval, 4040-5247). Line-transect sampling is a useful method for estimating koala abundance provided experienced koala observers arc used when conducting surveys.
BibTeX:
@article{Dique2003,
  author = {Dique, D. S. and De Villiers, D. L. and Preece, H. J.},
  title = {Evaluation of line-transect sampling for estimating koala abundance in the Pine Rivers shire, south-east Queensland},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {127--133},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR02042}
}
DiTraglia, F.J. Models of random wildlife movement with an application to distance sampling 2007 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{DiTraglia2007,
  author = {DiTraglia, Francis J.},
  title = {Models of random wildlife movement with an application to distance sampling},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2007}
}
Dobkin, D.S. and Rich, A.C. Comparison of line transect, spot map, and point count surveys for birds in riparian habitats of the Great Basin 1998 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 69, pp. 430-443 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DobRic98,
  author = {Dobkin, D. S. and Rich, A. C.},
  title = {Comparison of line transect, spot map, and point count surveys for birds in riparian habitats of the Great Basin},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {430--443}
}
Dodd, C.K. Line transect estimation of Red Hills salamander burrow density using a Fourier series 1990 Copeia
Vol. 1990(2), pp. 555-557 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dod90,
  author = {Dodd, C. K.},
  title = {Line transect estimation of Red Hills salamander burrow density using a Fourier series},
  journal = {Copeia},
  publisher = {JSTOR},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {1990},
  number = {2},
  pages = {555--557},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1446359}
}
Dohl, T.P., Bonnell, M.L. and Ford, R.G. Distribution and abundance of common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, in the Southern California Bight: a quantitative assessment based upon aerial transect data 1986 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 84, pp. 333-343 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Dohetal,
  author = {Dohl, T. P. and Bonnell, M. L. and Ford, R. G.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, in the Southern California Bight: a quantitative assessment based upon aerial transect data},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {84},
  pages = {333--343}
}
Doi, T. Further development of whale sighting theory 1974 The Whale Problem: A Status Report, pp. 359-368  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Doi74,
  author = {Doi, T.},
  title = {Further development of whale sighting theory},
  booktitle = {The Whale Problem: A Status Report},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  year = {1974},
  pages = {359--368}
}
Doi, T. Further development of sighting theory on whales 1971 Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory
Vol. 68, pp. 1-22 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Doi71,
  author = {Doi, T.},
  title = {Further development of sighting theory on whales},
  journal = {Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {1--22}
}
Doi, T., Kasamatsu, F. and Nakano, T. Further simulation studies on sighting by introducing both concentration of sighting effort by angle and aggregations of minke whales in the Antarctic 1983 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 33, pp. 403-412 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Doietal83,
  author = {Doi, T. and Kasamatsu, F. and Nakano, T.},
  title = {Further simulation studies on sighting by introducing both concentration of sighting effort by angle and aggregations of minke whales in the Antarctic},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {403--412}
}
Doi, T., Kasamatsu, F. and Nakano, T. A simulation study on sighting survey of minke whales in the Antarctic 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 919-928 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Doietal82,
  author = {Doi, T. and Kasamatsu, F. and Nakano, T.},
  title = {A simulation study on sighting survey of minke whales in the Antarctic},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {919--928}
}
Dokter, A.M., Baptist, M.J., Ens, B.J., Krijgsveld, K.L. and van Loon, E.E. Bird radar validation in the field by time-referencing line-transect surveys 2013 PLoS ONE
Vol. 8, pp. e74129 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ Track-while-scan bird radars are widely used in ornithological studies, but often the precise detection capabilities of these systems are unknown. Quantification of radar performance is essential to avoid observational biases, which requires practical methods for validating a radar’ s detection capability in specific field settings. In this study a method to quantify the detection capability of a bird radar is presented, as well a demonstration of this method in a case study. By time-referencing line-transect surveys, visually identified birds were automatically linked to individual tracks using their transect crossing time. Detection probabilities were determined as the fraction of the total set of visual observations that could be linked to radar tracks. To avoid ambiguities in assigning radar tracks to visual observations, the observer’ s accuracy in determining a bird’ s transect crossing time was taken into account. The accuracy was determined by examining the effect of a time lag applied to the visual observations on the number of matches found with radar tracks. Effects of flight altitude, distance, surface substrate and species size on the detection probability by the radar were quantified in a marine intertidal study area. Detection probability varied strongly with all these factors, as well as species-specific flight behaviour. The effective detection range for single birds flying at low altitude for an X-band marine radar based system was estimated at â{\frac{1}{4}}1.5 km. Within this range the fraction of individual flying birds that were detected by the radar was 0.50±0.06 with a detection bias towards higher flight altitudes, larger birds and high tide situations. Besides radar validation, which we consider essential when quantification of bird numbers is important, our method of linking radar tracks to ground-truthed field observations can facilitate species-specific studies using surveillance radars. The methodology may prove equally useful for optimising tracking algorithms./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Dokter2013,
  author = {Dokter, Adriaan M. and Baptist, Martin J. and Ens, Bruno J. and Krijgsveld, Karen L. and van Loon, E. Emiel},
  title = {Bird radar validation in the field by time-referencing line-transect surveys},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e74129},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074129}
}
Donadio, E., Di Martino, S., Aubone, M. and Novaro, A.J. Feeding ecology of the Andean hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga) in areas under different land use in north-western Patagonia 2004 Journal of Arid Environments
Vol. 56(4), pp. 709-718 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Donadio2004,
  author = {Donadio, E. and Di Martino, S. and Aubone, M. and Novaro, A. J.},
  title = {Feeding ecology of the Andean hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga) in areas under different land use in north-western Patagonia},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {709--718},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00084-3}
}
Dörgeloh, W.G. Density estimates of francolin in a Sporobolus ioclados-Acacia tortilis Savanna using distance sampling 2005 South African Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 35(1), pp. 89-94 
article  
Abstract: The status and ecology of francolin in the savanna biome has not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the line transect method to estimate population densities of three francolin species, Swainson's spurfowl, crested and Natal francolin. Surveys were conducted in Sporobolus ioclados-Acacia tortilis Savanna in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve. Relative species composition showed 75.7% Swainson's spurfowl, 16.9% crested and 7.4% Natal francolin. Early morning counts within two hours of sunrise, when temperatures are low and with no wind or cloud cover, revealed the best results. Detectability was estimated as 85.6%. The Uniform Simple polynomial model was selected based on the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) values. Population density of all three species combined was estimated as 6.76 francolin/ha with an encounter rate of 32.24 francolin/km. A coefficient of variation of 23.57% and a poor model fit (AIC 1650.28; GOF 2 P = 0.024) indicated that the line transect method may not be a suitable method to count francolin in this plant community. However, this method may be improved to some extent by including additional lines to increase replication, stratifying the study area into low- and high-density units, and including the adjacent Nyl floodplain into the survey. This study suggests a need to improve the line transect method and to investigate other counting techniques to assist in monitoring these species.
BibTeX:
@article{Dorgeloh2005,
  author = {Dörgeloh, W. G.},
  title = {Density estimates of francolin in a Sporobolus ioclados-Acacia tortilis Savanna using distance sampling},
  journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--94}
}
Drummer, T.D. Planning abundance estimation surveys when detectability is <1.0 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 67-73  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Dru99,
  author = {Drummer, T. D.},
  title = {Planning abundance estimation surveys when detectability is <1.0},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {67--73}
}
Drummer, T.D. Size-bias in line transect sampling 1997 (Laramie, WY, USA)School: University of Wyoming  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Dru85,
  author = {Drummer, T. D.},
  title = {Size-bias in line transect sampling},
  school = {University of Wyoming},
  year = {1997},
  number = {Laramie, WY, USA}
}
Drummer, T.D. Sizetran: analysis of size-biased line transect data 1991 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 19, pp. 117-118 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Dru91,
  author = {Drummer, T. D.},
  title = {Sizetran: analysis of size-biased line transect data},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {117--118},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531944}
}
Drummer, T.D. Estimation of proportions and ratios from line transect data 1990 Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods
Vol. 19, pp. 3069-3091 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dru90,
  author = {Drummer, T. D.},
  title = {Estimation of proportions and ratios from line transect data},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {3069--3091},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610929008830365}
}
Drummer, T.D., Degange, A.R., Pank, L.L. and McDonald, L.L. Adjusting for group size influence in line transect sampling 1990 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 54, pp. 511-514 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Druetal90,
  author = {Drummer, T. D. and Degange, A. R. and Pank, L. L. and McDonald, L. L.},
  title = {Adjusting for group size influence in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {511--514},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809667}
}
Drummer, T.D. and McDonald, L.L. Size bias in line transect sampling 1987 Biometrics
Vol. 43, pp. 13-21 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{DruMcD87,
  author = {Drummer, T. D. and McDonald, L. L.},
  title = {Size bias in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {13--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531944}
}
Du Fresne, S., Fletcher, D. and Sawson, S. The effect of line-transect placement in a coastal distance sampling survey 2006 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 8, pp. 79-85 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Du2006,
  author = {Du Fresne, S. and Fletcher, D. and Sawson, S.},
  title = {The effect of line-transect placement in a coastal distance sampling survey},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {79--85}
}
Duffy, D.C. and Schneider, D.C. A comparison of two transect methods of counting birds at sea 1984 Cormorant
Vol. 12, pp. 95-98 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DufSch84,
  author = {Duffy, D. C. and Schneider, D. C.},
  title = {A comparison of two transect methods of counting birds at sea},
  journal = {Cormorant},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {95--98}
}
Dunagan, S.P., Karels, T.J., Moriarty, J.G., Brown, J.L. and Riley, S.P.D. Bobcat and rabbit habitat use in an urban landscape 2019 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 100(2), pp. 401-409 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Dunagan2019,
  author = {Dunagan, Sean P. and Karels, Tim J. and Moriarty, Joanne G. and Brown, Justin L. and Riley, Seth P. D.},
  title = {Bobcat and rabbit habitat use in an urban landscape},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  pages = {401--409},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz062}
}
Dunham, K.M. and du Toit, A.J. Using Citizen-Based Survey Data to Determine Densities of Large Mammals: A Case Study from Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe 2013 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 51(3), pp. 431-440 
article DOI  
Abstract: Since 1993, members of the national wildlife society have undertaken annual surveys of large mammals in the Zambezi alluvial woodlands of Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe. Data are collected along 36 systematically-arranged transects. We provide the first thorough assessment of the data from any survey within this long-term project. The transect data from 2011 were analysed with DISTANCE software to assess if the data were suitable for determining the densities of large mammals using distance sampling techniques. Successful application of distance sampling depended on observers using printed, large-scale, georeferenced satellite images onto which they mapped the location of animal groups detected. The assumptions of the distance sampling were well met and thus the 2011 survey provided reliable estimates of the densities of nine species of common large mammals on the Zambezi alluvium during the late dry season. Estimated density in this dry-season concentration area varied from 3.6 km-2 for kudu, to 204 km-2 for impala. The precision of the estimates ranged from a coefficient of variation of 7.9% for elephant, to 25.5% for buffalo. For elephant, warthog and baboon, the morning and afternoon densities differed significantly.
BibTeX:
@article{Dunham2013,
  author = {Dunham, Kevin M. and du Toit, Andrew J.},
  title = {Using Citizen-Based Survey Data to Determine Densities of Large Mammals: A Case Study from Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {51},
  number = {3},
  pages = {431--440},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12052}
}
Dunn, E.H., Bart, J., Collins, B.T., Craig, B., Dale, B., Downes, C.M., Francis, C.M., Woodley, S. and Zorn, P. Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas 2006 School: Canadian Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Dunn2006,
  author = {Dunn, Erica H. and Bart, Jon and Collins, Brian T. and Craig, Brian and Dale, Brenda and Downes, Connie M. and Francis, Charles M. and Woodley, Stephen and Zorn, Paul},
  title = {Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas},
  school = {Canadian Wildlife Service},
  year = {2006}
}
Durant, S.M., Craft, M.E., Hilborn, R., Bashir, S., Hando, J. and Thomas, L. Long-term trends in carnivore abundance using distance sampling in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 2011 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 48, pp. 1490-1500 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Durant2011,
  author = {Durant, Sarah M. and Craft, Meggan E. and Hilborn, Ray and Bashir, Sultana and Hando, Justin and Thomas, Len},
  title = {Long-term trends in carnivore abundance using distance sampling in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1490--1500},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02042.x}
}
Durso, A.M. and Seigel, R.A. A snake in the hand is worth 10,000 in the bush 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 503-506 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Durso2015,
  author = {Durso, Andrew M. and Seigel, Richard A.},
  title = {A snake in the hand is worth 10,000 in the bush},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {503--506},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/15-49-04.1}
}
Eberhardt, L.L. Line-transects based on right-angle distances 1979 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 43, pp. 768-774 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebe79,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L.},
  title = {Line-transects based on right-angle distances},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {768--774},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808760}
}
Eberhardt, L.L. Transect methods for population studies 1978 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 42, pp. 1-31 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebe78,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L.},
  title = {Transect methods for population studies},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {1--31},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800685}
}
Eberhardt, L.L. Appraising variability in population studies 1978 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 42, pp. 207-238 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebe78b,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L.},
  title = {Appraising variability in population studies},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {207--238},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800260}
}
Eberhardt, L.L. A preliminary appraisal of line transect 1968 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 32, pp. 82-88 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebe68,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L.},
  title = {A preliminary appraisal of line transect},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {82--88},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3798239}
}
Eberhardt, L.L. Some developments in `distance sampling' 1967 Biometrics
Vol. 23(2), pp. 207-216 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Eberhardt1967,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L.},
  title = {Some developments in `distance sampling'},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1967},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {207--216},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2528156}
}
Eberhardt, L.L., Chapman, D.G. and Gilbert, J.R. A review of marine mammal census methods 1979 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 63, pp. 1-46 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ebeetal79,
  author = {Eberhardt, L. L. and Chapman, D. G. and Gilbert, J. R.},
  title = {A review of marine mammal census methods},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {1--46}
}
Edwards, D.K., Dorsey, G.L. and Crawford, J.A. A comparison of three avian census methods 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 170-176  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Edwetal81,
  author = {Edwards, D. K. and Dorsey, G. L. and Crawford, J. A.},
  title = {A comparison of three avian census methods},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {170--176}
}
Efford, M. Book review: advanced distance sampling. estimating abundance of biological populations 2008 Environmental Conservation
Vol. 35, pp. 187-192 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Efford2008,
  author = {Efford, Murray},
  title = {Book review: advanced distance sampling. estimating abundance of biological populations},
  journal = {Environmental Conservation},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {187--192},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892908004761}
}
Efford, M.G. Density estimation in live-trapping studies 2004 Oikos
Vol. 106, pp. 598-610 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Efford2004a,
  author = {Efford, M. G.},
  title = {Density estimation in live-trapping studies},
  journal = {Oikos},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {598--610},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13043.x}
}
Efford, M.G. and Dawson, D.K. Effect of distance-related heterogeneity on population size estimates from point counts 2009 The Auk
Vol. 126, pp. 100-111 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Efford2009,
  author = {Efford, Murray G. and Dawson, Deanna K.},
  title = {Effect of distance-related heterogeneity on population size estimates from point counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {100--111},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.07197}
}
Efford, M.G., Dawson, D.K. and Robbins, C.S. DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays 2004 Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 27, pp. 217-228 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Efford2004,
  author = {Efford, M. G. and Dawson, D. K. and Robbins, C. S.},
  title = {DENSITY: software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays},
  journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {217--228}
}
Efford, M.G., Warburton, B., Coleman, M.C. and Barker, R.J. A field test of two methods for density estimation 2005 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 33, pp. 731-738 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Efford2005,
  author = {Efford, M. G. and Warburton, B. and Coleman, M. C. and Barker, R. J.},
  title = {A field test of two methods for density estimation},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {731--738},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33%5B731:AFTOTM%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Eguchi, T. and Gerrodette, T. A Bayesian approach to line-transect analysis for estimating abundance 2009 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 220(13-14), pp. 1620-1630 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line-transect analysis is a widely used method of estimating plant and animal density and abundance. A Bayesian approach to a basic line-transect analysis is developed for a half-normal detection function. We extend the model of Karunamuni and Quinn [Karunamuni, R.J., Quinn II, T.J., 1995. Bayesian estimation of animal abundance for line-transect sampling. Biometrics 51, 1325-1337] by including a binomial likelihood function for the number of objects detected. The method computes a joint posterior distribution on the effective strip width and the density of objects in the sampled area. Analytical and computational methods for binned and unbinned perpendicular distance data are provided. Existing information about effective strip width and density can be brought into the analysis via prior distributions. The Bayesian approach is compared to a standard line-transect analysis using both real and simulated data. Results of the Bayesian and non-Bayesian analyses are similar when there are no prior data on effective strip width or density, but the Bayesian approach performs better when such data are available from previous or related studies. Practical methods for including prior data on effective strip width and density are suggested. A numerical example shows how the Bayesian approach can provide valid estimates when the sample size is too small for the standard approach to work reliably. The proposed Bayesian approach can form the basis for developing more advanced analyses.
BibTeX:
@article{Eguchi2009,
  author = {Eguchi, Tomoharu and Gerrodette, Tim},
  title = {A Bayesian approach to line-transect analysis for estimating abundance},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {220},
  number = {13-14},
  pages = {1620--1630},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.04.011}
}
Eidous, O. A semiparametric model for line transect sampling 2006 Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods
Vol. 35, pp. 1211-1221 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Eidous2006,
  author = {Eidous, Omar},
  title = {A semiparametric model for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {1211--1221},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610920600628528}
}
Eidous, O.M. On improving kernel estimators using line transect sampling. 2005 Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods
Vol. 34, pp. 931-941 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Eidous2005b,
  author = {Eidous, O. M.},
  title = {On improving kernel estimators using line transect sampling.},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {931--941},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1081/STA-200054439}
}
Eidous, O.M. Histogram and polygon methods using line transect sampling 2005 Journal of Applied Statistical Science
Vol. 14, pp. 25-36 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Eidous2005a,
  author = {Eidous, Omar M.},
  title = {Histogram and polygon methods using line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Statistical Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {25--36}
}
Eidous, O.M. Bias correction for histogram estimator using line transect sampling 2005 Environmetrics
Vol. 16, pp. 61-69 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Eidous2005,
  author = {Eidous, Omar M.},
  title = {Bias correction for histogram estimator using line transect sampling},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {61--69},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/env.671}
}
Ekanayake, K.B., Weston, M.A., Dann, P. and Sutherland, D.R. Corvids congregate to breeding colonies of a burrow-nesting seabird 2016 Austral Ecology
Vol. 41, pp. 291-301 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ekanayake2016,
  author = {Ekanayake, Kasun B. and Weston, Michael A. and Dann, Peter and Sutherland, Duncan R.},
  title = {Corvids congregate to breeding colonies of a burrow-nesting seabird},
  journal = {Austral Ecology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {291--301},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12311}
}
Ekblom, R. Evaluation of the analysis of distance sampling data: a simulation study 2010 Ornis Svecica
Vol. 20, pp. 45-53 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{EKBLOM2010,
  author = {Ekblom, Robert},
  title = {Evaluation of the analysis of distance sampling data: a simulation study},
  journal = {Ornis Svecica},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {45--53}
}
Elenga, G., Bonenfant, C. and Péron, G. Distance sampling of duikers in the rainforest: Dealing with transect avoidance 2020 PLOS ONE
Vol. 15(10), pp. e0240049 
article DOI  
Abstract: Bushmeat is a major source of protein and income in tropical regions but is often over-harvested. A better monitoring of bushmeat stocks could help achieve sustainability. We used a combination of simulations and transect survey data collected from blue duikers (Philantomba monticola) in the Lomako wildlife reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to investigate the use of transect-based distance sampling to monitor bushmeat stocks. The comparison of dung piles and direct observations of duikers evidenced that animals avoided both the transects in the absence of observers, and the observers themselves. This type of behavioural response appeared common in a literature survey. It causes a negative bias in the estimates of population densities from the standard distance sampling methodology. This negative bias would lead to over-pessimistic predictions of population viability, especially if the behavioural response is more intense in the locations where the animals are hunted. In turn, this would lead to excessively conservative management recommendations. To correct for the effect of the behavioural response of the animals to either the transects or the observers, we recommend recording both the forward and perpendicular distances to the observers (2D distance sampling), not just the perpendicular distance. We also recommend multiple-observer protocols. As a cautionary note, we also demonstrate a scenario where the intensity of the behavioural response is too high to reliably estimate the abundance of the population. As a perspective, we outline the general principles of a local stakeholder-based program combining distance sampling with less intensive types of ecological indicators to monitor wildlife populations.
BibTeX:
@article{elenga_distance_2020,
  author = {Elenga, Gaïus and Bonenfant, Christophe and Péron, Guillaume},
  title = {Distance sampling of duikers in the rainforest: Dealing with transect avoidance},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {15},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e0240049},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240049}
}
Ellingson, A.R. and Lukacs, P.M. Improving methods for regional landbird monitoring: a reply to Hutto and Young 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31, pp. 896-902 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{EliLuk03,
  author = {Ellingson, A. R. and Lukacs, P. M.},
  title = {Improving methods for regional landbird monitoring: a reply to Hutto and Young},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {896--902},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784616}
}
Ellis, A.M. and Bernard, R.T.F. Estimating the density of kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in subtropical thicket using line transect surveys of dung and DISTANCE software 2005 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 43, pp. 362-3687 
article DOI  
Abstract: Many ecotourism reserves in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa have introduced large carnivores which prey on ungulates such as kudu. Kudu occupy thick vegetation and helicopter-based counts are not appropriate. In this study we tested line transect counts of faecal pellets in conjunction with DISTANCE analysis as a method for assessing the abundance of kudu. Transects were undertaken in three regions of two game reserves and the results compared with helicopter based game counts (for two regions) and a known kudu population in the third region (an enclosed breeding centre). Estimates of kudu abundance were two to three times greater than the helicopter counts, but within the known number of kudu in the breeding centre. The increased accuracy in the breeding centre was probably because the transects covered a greater percentage of the available habitat (0.07%) than in the reserves (approximately 0.007%). We suggest that DISTANCE software and line transects counts of pellet groups can be used for kudu and probably for other ungulates in thicket-type vegetations. Accuracy will depend on the percentage of the available habitat that is surveyed and on the accuracy of the defecation and decay rates.
BibTeX:
@article{Ellis&Bernard2005,
  author = {Ellis, Amanda M. and Bernard, Richard T. F.},
  title = {Estimating the density of kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in subtropical thicket using line transect surveys of dung and DISTANCE software},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {362--3687},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00591.x}
}
Elphick, C.S. How you count counts: the importance of methods research in applied ecology 2008 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 45, pp. 1313-1320 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Elphick2008,
  author = {Elphick, Chris S.},
  title = {How you count counts: the importance of methods research in applied ecology},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {1313--1320},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01545.x}
}
Emlen, J.T. Estimating breeding season bird densities from transect counts 1977 The Auk
Vol. 94, pp. 455-468 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Eml77,
  author = {Emlen, J. T.},
  title = {Estimating breeding season bird densities from transect counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1977},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {455--468}
}
Emlen, J.T. Population densities of birds derived from transect counts 1971 The Auk
Vol. 88, pp. 323-342 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Eml71,
  author = {Emlen, J. T.},
  title = {Population densities of birds derived from transect counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {323--342},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4083883}
}
Emlen, J.T. and DeJong, M.J. The application of song detection threshold distance to census operations 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 346-352  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{EmlDej81,
  author = {Emlen, J. T. and DeJong, M. J.},
  title = {The application of song detection threshold distance to census operations},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {346--352}
}
Engeman, R.M., Nielson, R.M. and Sugihara, R.T. Evaluation of optimized variable area transect sampling using totally enumerated field data sets 2005 Environmetrics
Vol. 16(7), pp. 767-772 
article DOI  
Abstract: Plotless density estimators (PDEs) can be efficient alternatives to quadrat sampling for estimating the density of stationary objects. Variable area transect (VAT) sampling had been identified, and optimized relative to effort, in previous Monte Carlo simulated population studies as a low-labor field method that demonstrated superior estimation properties among many PDEs considered. However, natural populations tend to be much more complex and less predictable in spatial distribution than computer generated populations. Therefore, we carried out a Monte Carlo simulation study that used 17 fully enumerated field populations rather than simulated populations. These natural populations represented a variety of population densities and spatial patterns. We focused on assessing the effect of the number of population members searched for along each transect (r), sample size, and transect width on estimation quality. Using relative root mean-squared error and relative bias as criteria, the optimal range for r was 5 to 7 population members encountered from each start point. Sample size was best if n ¿ 20, but returns in estimation quality diminished by n = 40. Transect width was previously uninvestigated and found to be the most important design factor affecting estimation quality. Field studies should strive for transects as wide as logistically reasonable.
BibTeX:
@article{Engeman2005,
  author = {Engeman, R. M. and Nielson, R. M. and Sugihara, R. T.},
  title = {Evaluation of optimized variable area transect sampling using totally enumerated field data sets},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {16},
  number = {7},
  pages = {767--772},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/env.736}
}
Ensign, W.E., Angermeier, P.L. and Dolloff, C.A. Use of line transect methods to estimate abundance of benthic stream fishes 1995 Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 52(1), pp. 213-222 
article DOI  
Abstract: Examination of the distribution of sighting distances for the Roanoke darter Percina roanoka, Roanoke logperch P. rex and black jumprock Moxostoma cervinum indicates that strip transect sighting models that assume probability of sighting remaining constant out to the limits of observer visibility are not appropriate for these benthic species. Distance sampling models that assume decreased sighting probability with increasing distance of the target from the observer provide a reasonable alternative to strip transect sighting models. -from Authors
BibTeX:
@article{Ensign1995,
  author = {Ensign, W. E. and Angermeier, P. L. and Dolloff, C. A.},
  title = {Use of line transect methods to estimate abundance of benthic stream fishes},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {213--222},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-021}
}
Epperly, S.P., Braun, J. and Chester, A.J. Aerial surveys for sea turtles in North Carolina inshore waters 1995 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 93, pp. 254-261 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Eppetal95,
  author = {Epperly, S. P. and Braun, J. and Chester, A. J.},
  title = {Aerial surveys for sea turtles in North Carolina inshore waters},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {254--261}
}
Erickson, A.W., Siniff, D.B. and Harwood, J. Estimation of population sizes 1993 Antarctic Seals: Research Methods and Techniques, pp. 29-45  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Erietal93,
  author = {Erickson, A. W. and Siniff, D. B. and Harwood, J.},
  title = {Estimation of population sizes},
  booktitle = {Antarctic Seals: Research Methods and Techniques},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {1993},
  pages = {29--45}
}
Ersts, P.J., Kiszka, J., Vély, M. and Rosenbaum, H.C. Density, group composition and encounter rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the eastern Comoros Archipelago (C2) 2011 J. Cetacean Res. Manage.
Vol. 3, pp. 175-182 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ersts_density_2011,
  author = {Ersts, Peter J. and Kiszka, Jeremy and Vély, Michel and Rosenbaum, Howard C.},
  title = {Density, group composition and encounter rates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the eastern Comoros Archipelago (C2)},
  journal = {J. Cetacean Res. Manage.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {175--182},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.vi3.330}
}
Erwin, R.M. Observer variability in estimating numbers: an experiment 1982 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 53, pp. 159-167 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Erw82,
  author = {Erwin, R. M.},
  title = {Observer variability in estimating numbers: an experiment},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {159--167}
}
Erxleben, D., Butler, M., Ballard, W., Wallace, M., Peterson, M., Silvy, N., Kuvlesky, W., Hewitt, D., DeMaso, S., Hardin, J. and Dominguez-Brazil, M. Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) association to roads: implications for distance sampling 2011 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 57(1), pp. 57-65 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10344-010-0399-4,
  author = {Erxleben, Devin and Butler, Matthew and Ballard, Warren and Wallace, Mark and Peterson, Markus and Silvy, Nova and Kuvlesky, William and Hewitt, David and DeMaso, Stephen and Hardin, Jason and Dominguez-Brazil, Megan},
  title = {Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) association to roads: implications for distance sampling},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--65},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0399-4}
}
Erxleben, D.R., Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Wallace, M.C., Hardin, J.B. and Demaso, S.J. Encounter rates from road-based surveys of Rio Grande wild turkeys in Texas 2010 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 74, pp. 1134-1140 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Erxleben2010,
  author = {Erxleben, D. R. and Butler, M. J. and Ballard, W. B. and Wallace, M. C. and Hardin, J. B. and Demaso, S. J.},
  title = {Encounter rates from road-based surveys of Rio Grande wild turkeys in Texas},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {1134--1140},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-288}
}
Esbach, M.S. and Patra, R.K. Distance sampling from curving transects in dense tropical forests 2022 Biotropica
Vol. 54(5), pp. 1182-1189 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transect distance sampling is a popular method for estimating the density of animals across the tropics. The method relies on accurate measurements of the distance between an animal and a transect to model detectability. In dense tropical forests, surveys can become time-consuming, expensive, and dangerous when randomly placed straight line transects cross landscape features such as rivers, swamps, and dense vegetation. As a result, transects often curve as an observer deviates from an ideal, straight line. Here, we examine the practical and statistical impact of these curves. We use distance sampling simulations to assess bias in density estimates based on scenarios corresponding with different methods reliant on distinct field measurements. Methods that measure the nearest distance between the animal and the curving transect produce the most reliable density estimates. Biased estimates were obtained when using methods that ignore curves, measure the distance to an ideal line (as opposed to the curve), or inaccurately calculate the area covered in the survey. Notably, these biased estimates were most severe when observation distances were short, highlighting the importance of accurate measurements in tropical forests characterized by low visibility. Given these results and the importance of reliable density estimates to conservation efforts across the tropics, we propose a method that addresses survey design, simplifies data collection, and alleviates some of the practical field challenges associated with straight line transects. We also developed an R package (CurveTransect) based on this method with functions that ensure accurate measurements and reliable density estimates in tropical forests.
BibTeX:
@article{Esbach2022,
  author = {Esbach, Michael S. and Patra, Rohit K.},
  title = {Distance sampling from curving transects in dense tropical forests},
  journal = {Biotropica},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {54},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1182--1189},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13141}
}
Estades, C.F. and Temple, S.A. Deciduous-forest bird communities in a fragmented landscape dominated by exotic pine plantations 1999 Ecological Applications
Vol. 9, pp. 573-585 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Esttem99,
  author = {Estades, C. F. and Temple, S. A.},
  title = {Deciduous-forest bird communities in a fragmented landscape dominated by exotic pine plantations},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {573--585},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009%5B0573:DFBCIA%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Estes, J.A. and Gilbert, J.R. Evaluation of an aerial survey of Pacific walruses 1978 Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Vol. 35, pp. 1130-1140 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{EstGil78,
  author = {Estes, J. A. and Gilbert, J. R.},
  title = {Evaluation of an aerial survey of Pacific walruses},
  journal = {Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {1130--1140},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f78-178}
}
Evans, B., Ashley, J. and Marsden, S.J. Abundance, habitat use and movements of blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana) and other parrots in and around an Atlantic forest reserve 2005 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 117, pp. 154-164 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Evans2005,
  author = {Evans, B. and Ashley, J. and Marsden, S. J.},
  title = {Abundance, habitat use and movements of blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana) and other parrots in and around an Atlantic forest reserve},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {154--164},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1676/04-026}
}
Evans, K.O., Burger, L.W., Oedekoven, C.S., Smith, M.D., Riffell, S.K., Martin, J.A. and Buckland, S.T. Multi-region response to conservation buffers targeted for northern bobwhite 2013 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 77, pp. 716-725 
article DOI  
Abstract: We coordinated a large-scale evaluation of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) population response to establishment of 9-m to 37-m linear patches (buffers) of native herbaceous vegetation along row-crop field margins as part of the Conservation Reserve Program practice Habitat Buffers for Upland Birds (CP33). We compared northern bobwhite covey densities on 1,088 paired row-crop fields with and without native herbaceous buffers in 13 states during autumn, 2006†``2008. We used a 2-stage random effects modeling approach that incorporates the effective area as an offset in generalized linear mixed models to assess regional relationships among autumn bobwhite covey densities and covariates of field type (i.e., fields with vs. without native herbaceous buffers), ecological region, year, survey week, and contracted vegetative cover (i.e., planting native grasses and forbs vs. establishing through natural regeneration). Covey density was correlated with year and interaction effects of field type and ecological region. The year effect suggested annual variation in covey densities, whereas the field type by ecological region interaction suggested covey response to buffers was dependent on spatial location, likely reflecting differences in buffer establishment, succession, and characteristics of the surrounding landscape among regions. Mean fitted covey density on fields across all survey sites was 0.047 (±0.008 bootstrap standard error [BSE]) and 0.031  coveys/ha (±0.003 BSE) on row-crop fields with and without herbaceous buffers, respectively. Covey density was greater on fields with buffers relative to matched, comparison fields without buffers in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (241%; P ¡â€‰ 0.001) and both the eastern (123%; P ¡â€‰ 0.001) and western (60%; P  =  0.01) portions of the Southeastern Coastal Plain region. Covey density was an order of magnitude greater in the central Texas region compared to other regions, but exhibited a small response to native herbaceous buffers, as did density of coveys in the Eastern Tallgrass Prairie and Central Hardwoods regions. Disproportionate response to buffers in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and Southeastern Coastal Plain suggests native herbaceous habitats might be limiting during autumn in these regions, whereas lack of response in the Eastern Tallgrass Prairie, Central Hardwoods, and central Texas regions suggests that herbaceous habitat either was not limiting or buffers failed to provide adequate requirements for bobwhites during autumn. Selection of other habitats to meet security and thermoregulatory needs might have resulted in lack of response in these regions. Native herbaceous cover provided by buffers can provide critical habitat in row-crop agricultural systems in some regions, and can contribute to regional population recovery objectives of the Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative (NBCI). However, range-wide NBCI recovery objectives will best be met through multiple conservation practices in row-crop agricultural systems. Âtextcopyright 2013 The Wildlife Society.
BibTeX:
@article{Evans2013,
  author = {Evans, Kristine O. and Burger, L. Wes and Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Smith, Mark D. and Riffell, Samuel K. and Martin, James A. and Buckland, Stephen T.},
  title = {Multi-region response to conservation buffers targeted for northern bobwhite},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {716--725},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.502}
}
Evans, T.J., Fischbach, A., Schliebe, S., Manly, B., Kalxdorff, S. and York, G. Polar bear aerial survey in the Eastern Chukchi Sea: a pilot study 2003 Arctic
Vol. 56, pp. 359-366 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Evans2003,
  author = {Evans, Thomas J. and Fischbach, Anthony and Schliebe, Scott and Manly, Bryan and Kalxdorff, Susanne and York, Geoff},
  title = {Polar bear aerial survey in the Eastern Chukchi Sea: a pilot study},
  journal = {Arctic},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {359--366},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic633}
}
Evans-Mack, D., Raphael, M.G. and Laake, J.L. Probability of detecting marbled murrelets at sea: effects of single versus paired observers 2002 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 66, pp. 865-873 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Evaetal02,
  author = {Evans-Mack, D. and Raphael, M. G. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Probability of detecting marbled murrelets at sea: effects of single versus paired observers},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {865--873},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3803151}
}
Fais, A., Lewis, T.P., Zitterbart, D.P., Álvarez, O., Tejedor, A. and Aguilar Soto, N. Abundance and distribution of sperm whales in the Canary Islands: can sperm whales in the archipelago sustain the current level of ship-strike mortalities? 2016 PLoS ONE
Vol. 11(3), pp. 1-16 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ Sperm whales are present in the Canary Islands year-round, suggesting that the archipelago is an important area for this species in the North Atlantic. However, the area experiences one of the highest reported rates of sperm whale ship-strike in the world. Here we investigate if the number of sperm whales found in the archipelago can sustain the current rate of ship-strike mortality. The results of this study may also have implications for offshore areas where concentrations of sperm whales may coincide with high densities of ship traffic, but where ship-strikes may be undocumented. The absolute abundance of sperm whales in an area of 52933 km¡ sup¿ 2/sup, covering the territorial waters of the Canary Islands, was estimated from 2668 km of acoustic line-transect survey using Distance sampling analysis. Data on sperm whale diving and acoustic behaviour, obtained from bio-logging, were used to calculate g(0) = 0.92, this is less than one because of occasional extended periods when whales do not echolocate. This resulted in an absolute abundance estimate of 224 sperm whales (95% log-normal CI 120?418) within the survey area. The recruitment capability of this number of whales, some 2.5 whales per year, is likely to be exceeded by the current ship-strike mortality rate. Furthermore, we found areas of higher whale density within the archipelago, many coincident with those previously described, suggesting that these are important habitats for females and immature animals inhabiting the archipelago. Some of these areas are crossed by active shipping lanes increasing the risk of ship-strikes. Given the philopatry in female sperm whales, replacement of impacted whales might be limited. Therefore, the application of mitigation measures to reduce the ship-strike mortality rate seems essential for the conservation of sperm whales in the Canary Islands./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Fais2016,
  author = {Fais, Andrea and Lewis, Tim P. and Zitterbart, Daniel P. and Álvarez, Omar and Tejedor, Ana and Aguilar Soto, Natacha},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of sperm whales in the Canary Islands: can sperm whales in the archipelago sustain the current level of ship-strike mortalities?},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1--16},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150660}
}
Fancy, S.G. A new approach for analyzing bird densities from variable circular-plot counts 1997 Pacific Science
Vol. 51, pp. 107-114 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Fan97,
  author = {Fancy, S. G.},
  title = {A new approach for analyzing bird densities from variable circular-plot counts},
  journal = {Pacific Science},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {107--114}
}
Fancy, S.G., Snetsinger, T.J. and Jacobi, J.D. Translocation of the palila, an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper 1997 Pacific Conservation Biology
Vol. 3, pp. 39-46 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fancy1997,
  author = {Fancy, Steven G. and Snetsinger, Thomas J. and Jacobi, James D.},
  title = {Translocation of the palila, an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper},
  journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {39--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/PC970039}
}
Farina, A. Distribution and dynamics of birds in a rural sub-Mediterranean landscape 1995 Landscape and Urban Planning
Vol. 31, pp. 269-280 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Far95,
  author = {Farina, A.},
  title = {Distribution and dynamics of birds in a rural sub-Mediterranean landscape},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {269--280},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)01052-A}
}
Farnsworth, G.L., Nichols, J.D., Sauer, J.R., Fancy, S.G., Kenneth, Pollock, H., Shriner, S.A. and Simons, T.R. Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: a little extra information can go a long way 2005 (PSW-GTR-191), pp. 736-743School: USDA Forest Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Faretalb02,
  author = {Farnsworth, George L. and Nichols, James D. and Sauer, John R. and Fancy, Steven G. and Kenneth and Pollock, H. and Shriner, Susan A. and Simons, Theodore R.},
  title = {Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: a little extra information can go a long way},
  school = {USDA Forest Service},
  year = {2005},
  number = {PSW-GTR-191},
  pages = {736--743}
}
Farnsworth, G.L., Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J.D., Simons, T.R., Hines, J.E. and Sauer, J.R. A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys 2002 The Auk
Vol. 119, pp. 414-425 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Faretal02,
  author = {Farnsworth, G. L. and Pollock, K. H. and Nichols, J. D. and Simons, T. R. and Hines, J. E. and Sauer, J. R.},
  title = {A removal model for estimating detection probabilities from point-count surveys},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {414--425},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.414}
}
Fashing, P.J. and Cords, M. Diurnal primate densities and biomass in the Kakamega Forest: an evaluation of census methods and a comparison with other forests 2000 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 50, pp. 139-152 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FasCor00,
  author = {Fashing, P. J. and Cords, M.},
  title = {Diurnal primate densities and biomass in the Kakamega Forest: an evaluation of census methods and a comparison with other forests},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {139--152},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200002)50:2%3C139::AID-AJP4%3E3.0.CO;2-N}
}
Faustino, C.E.S. Designing a shipboard line transect survey to estimate cetacean abundance off the Azores Archipelago, Portugal 2008 School: University of St. Andrews  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Faustino2008,
  author = {Faustino, Cláudia Estevinho Santos},
  title = {Designing a shipboard line transect survey to estimate cetacean abundance off the Azores Archipelago, Portugal},
  school = {University of St. Andrews},
  year = {2008}
}
Faustino, C.E.S., Silva, M.A., Marques, T.A. and Thomas, L. Designing a shipboard line transect survey to estimate cetacean abundance off the Azores Archipelago 2010 Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences
Vol. 27, pp. 49-58 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{FAUSTINO2010,
  author = {Faustino, C. E. S. and Silva, M. A. and Marques, T. A. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Designing a shipboard line transect survey to estimate cetacean abundance off the Azores Archipelago},
  journal = {Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {49--58}
}
Fay, J.M. An elephant (Loxodonta africana) survey using dung counts in the forests of the Central African republic 1991 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 7, pp. 25-36 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fay,
  author = {Fay, J. M.},
  title = {An elephant (Loxodonta africana) survey using dung counts in the forests of the Central African republic},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {25--36},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400005022}
}
Fay, J.M. and Agnagna, M. A population survey of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in northern Congo 1991 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 29, pp. 177-87 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FayAgn91,
  author = {Fay, J. M. and Agnagna, M.},
  title = {A population survey of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in northern Congo},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {177--87},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb01000.x}
}
Felce, T., Stone, E., Whiteford, J., James, E., Castrillon, J. and Evans, P.G.H. To what extent can distance sampling be combined with photo identification as a monitoring tool for Tursiops truncatus   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Felce,
  author = {Felce, Tom and Stone, Eleanor and Whiteford, Jim and James, Eve and Castrillon, Juliana and Evans, Peter G. H.},
  title = {To what extent can distance sampling be combined with photo identification as a monitoring tool for Tursiops truncatus}
}
Ferguson, J.M., McCartney, M.A., Blinick, N.S., Schroeder, L. and Fieberg, J. Using Distance Sampling to Estimate Densities of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) in Early-Stage Invasions 2019 Freshwater Science
Vol. 38(4), pp. 856-868 
article DOI  
Abstract: Estimating the density and distribution of invasive populations is critical for management and control efforts but can be a challenge in nascent infestations when population densities are low. Statistically-valid sampling designs that account for imperfect detection of individuals are needed to estimate densities across time and space. Survey methods that yield reliable estimates allow managers to determine how invader biomass affects ecosystem services and evaluate population trends and effectiveness of control measures. We investigated the use of distance sampling via self-contained underwater breathing apparatus divers to determine densities of invasive Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in 2 recently-invaded lakes in central Minnesota. This framework allows divers to cover the large areas necessary in low-density, recent infestations. We estimated that a diver could detect between 5 and 41% of the mussels present in the surveyed area, depending on the specific diver and on whether the lake bottom was vegetated. Presence of vegetation had a greater influence on detection probability than diver identity. We also found our sampling design did not meet a key assumption of conventional distance sampling: that detection along the transect line is perfect. Therefore, accurate density estimates required a double-observer approach. These results highlight the importance of accounting for detectability when comparing estimates over time or across lakes, particularly when different observers conduct surveys. However, further evaluation is needed to determine if changes in field sampling techniques can meet the assumptions behind conventional distance sampling for freshwater mussels. We also suggest that the efficiency of distance sampling should be compared to alternatives such as quadrat sampling across a range of mussel densities.
BibTeX:
@article{Ferguson2019,
  author = {Ferguson, Jake M. and McCartney, Michael A. and Blinick, Naomi S. and Schroeder, Leslie and Fieberg, John},
  title = {Using Distance Sampling to Estimate Densities of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) in Early-Stage Invasions},
  journal = {Freshwater Science},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {38},
  number = {4},
  pages = {856--868},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1086/706105}
}
Ferguson, J.W.H. and Bester, M.N. The treatment of spatial autocorrelation in biological surveys: the case of line transect surveys 2002 Antarctic Science
Vol. 14(2), pp. 115-122 
article DOI  
Abstract: Marked spatial autocorrelation was encountered in an extensive data set on Antarctic seal densities as well as Antarctic pack ice characteristics. Whilst me methodology of measuring spatial autocorrelation is well developed, there is no established infrastructure for statistical inference in terms of correlation analysis or ANOVA. We survey the literature that deals with these problems, as well as some of the approaches that have been proposed for taking autocorrelation into account in inferential statistics. We apply these approaches to a data set comprising Antarctic pack ice seal counts as well as a few environmental measures. In contrast to the predictions from the existing literature, nonlinear estimation suggested that Pearson's r substantially overestimates the tree correlation between seal densities and environmental variables. When compared to spatially adjusted analysis of variance, conventional ANOVA that compared seal densities or pack ice characteristics in different areas overestimated the degree of difference between these areas in proportion to the degree of spatial autocorrelation of the particular data set. In our case, the effects of spatial autocorrelation were not neutralised by treating entire transects as single points. These results emphasise the need for a methodology that takes spatial autocorrelation into account for interpreting the spatial data on Antarctic seals collected during the Antarctic pack ice seal (APIS) program. New software written for performing these analyses is available from the senior author.
BibTeX:
@article{Ferguson2002,
  author = {Ferguson, J. W. H. and Bester, M. N.},
  title = {The treatment of spatial autocorrelation in biological surveys: the case of line transect surveys},
  journal = {Antarctic Science},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {115--122},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102002000664}
}
Ferrari, S.F., Chagas, R.R. and Souza-Alves, J.P. Line transect surveying of arboreal monkeys: problems of group size and spread in a highly fragmented landscape 2010 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 72, pp. 1100-1107 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ferrari2010,
  author = {Ferrari, S. F. and Chagas, R. R. and Souza-Alves, J. P.},
  title = {Line transect surveying of arboreal monkeys: problems of group size and spread in a highly fragmented landscape},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {1100--1107},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20873}
}
Ferreira, S.M. and Roberts, C.C. Distribution and abundance of Maui's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) along the North Island west coast, New Zealand 2003 (93)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Ferreira2003,
  author = {Ferreira, S. M. and Roberts, C. C.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of Maui's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) along the North Island west coast, New Zealand},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2003},
  number = {93}
}
Fewster, R.M. and Jupp, P.E. Inference on population size in binomial detectability models 2009 Biometrika
Vol. 96(4), pp. 805-820 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fewster2009,
  author = {Fewster and R.M. and Jupp, P. E.},
  title = {Inference on population size in binomial detectability models},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {96},
  number = {4},
  pages = {805--820},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asp051}
}
Fewster, R.M. Variance estimation for systematic designs in spatial surveys 2011 Biometrics
Vol. 67(4), pp. 1518-1531 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BIOM:BIOM1604,
  author = {Fewster, R. M.},
  title = {Variance estimation for systematic designs in spatial surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {67},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1518--1531},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01604.x}
}
Fewster, R.M. and Buckland, S.T. Assessment of distance sampling estimators 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 281-306  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{FewBuc04,
  author = {Fewster, R. M. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Assessment of distance sampling estimators},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {281--306}
}
Fewster, R.M., Buckland, S.T., Burnham, K.P., Borchers, D.L., Jupp, P.E., Laake, J.L. and Thomas., L. Estimating the encounter rate variance in distance sampling 2009 Biometrics
Vol. 65, pp. 225-236 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fewster2008b,
  author = {Fewster, R. M. and Buckland, S. T. and Burnham, K. P. and Borchers, D. L. and Jupp, P. E. and Laake, J. L. and Thomas., L.},
  title = {Estimating the encounter rate variance in distance sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {225--236},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01018.x}
}
Fewster, R.M., Laake, J.L. and Buckland, S.T. Line transect sampling in small and large regions 2005 Biometrics
Vol. 61, pp. 856-859 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fewetal2005,
  author = {Fewster, R. M. and Laake, J. L. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Line transect sampling in small and large regions},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {856--859},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00413_1.x}
}
Fewster, R.M. and Pople, A.R. A comparison of mark-recapture distance sampling methods applied to aerial surveys of Eastern grey kangaroos 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 320-330 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fewster2008a,
  author = {Fewster, R. M. and Pople, A. R.},
  title = {A comparison of mark-recapture distance sampling methods applied to aerial surveys of Eastern grey kangaroos},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {320--330},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07078}
}
Fewster, R.M., Southwell, C., Borchers, D.L., Buckland, S.T. and Pople, A.R. The influence of animal mobility on the assumption of uniform distances in aerial line transect surveys 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 275-288 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fewster2008,
  author = {Fewster, R. M. and Southwell, C. and Borchers, D. L. and Buckland, S. T. and Pople, A. R.},
  title = {The influence of animal mobility on the assumption of uniform distances in aerial line transect surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {275--288},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07077}
}
Finlayson, G.R., Diment, A.N., Mitrovski, P., Thompson, G.G. and Thompson, S.A. Estimating western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) density using distance sampling 2010 Australian Mammalogy
Vol. 32, pp. 197-200 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Finlayson2010,
  author = {Finlayson and G.R. and Diment, A. N. and Mitrovski, P. and Thompson, G. G. and Thompson, S. A.},
  title = {Estimating western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) density using distance sampling},
  journal = {Australian Mammalogy},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {197--200},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/AM09037}
}
Fiske, I. and Chandler, R. Package unmarked 2010   techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Fiske2010,
  author = {Fiske, Ian and Chandler, Richard},
  title = {Package unmarked},
  year = {2010}
}
Fiske, I.J. and Chandler, R.B. Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance 2011 Journal of Statistical Software
Vol. 43, pp. 1-23 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fiske2011,
  author = {Fiske, Ian J. and Chandler, Richard B.},
  title = {Unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v043.i10}
}
Fitzgerald, S.M. and Tanner, G.W. Avian community response to fire and mechanical shrub control in south Florida 1992 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 45, pp. 396-400 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FitTan92,
  author = {Fitzgerald, S. M. and Tanner, G. W.},
  title = {Avian community response to fire and mechanical shrub control in south Florida},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {396--400},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4003090}
}
Fleming, K., K. and Giuliano, W.M. Effect of border-edge cuts on birds at woodlot edges in southwestern Pennsylvania 1998 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 62, pp. 1430-1437 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FleGiu98,
  author = {Fleming and K., K. and Giuliano, W. M.},
  title = {Effect of border-edge cuts on birds at woodlot edges in southwestern Pennsylvania},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {1430--1437},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802009}
}
Fletcher, J.R. and Hutto, L.R. Estimating detection probabilities of river birds using double surveys 2006 The Auk
Vol. 123, pp. 695-707 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FleHut06,
  author = {Fletcher, J. R. and Hutto, L. R.},
  title = {Estimating detection probabilities of river birds using double surveys},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {123},
  pages = {695--707},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.695}
}
Flowers, H.J. and Hightower, J.E. A novel approach to surveying sturgeon using side-scan sonar and occupancy modeling 2013 Marine and Coastal Fisheries
Vol. 5(1), pp. 211-223 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Flowers2013,
  author = {Flowers, H. Jared and Hightower, Joseph E.},
  title = {A novel approach to surveying sturgeon using side-scan sonar and occupancy modeling},
  journal = {Marine and Coastal Fisheries},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {211--223},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2013.816396}
}
Focardi, S., De Marinis, A.M., Rizzotto, M. and Pucci, A. Comparative evaluation of thermal infrared imaging and spotlighting to survey wildlife 2001 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 29(1), pp. 133-139 
article URL 
Abstract: Spotlighting (SL) is used widely to estimate animal abundance, but it yields density estimates that are underestimated and biased. Introduction of distance sampling has, to a large extent, contributed to solving these problems, but the reliability of this statistical method depends strongly on sample size. Thermal infrared (TI) imaging may improve number of observations, but very few studies have quantified performance of TI imaging relative to SL. This comparison is relevant because the high cost of a TI device is justified only by a significant increase of observations and a consequent reduction of labor costs. Our objectives were to compare animal detectability by SL and TI imaging as a function of animal size, species (red deer [Cervus elaphus], fallow deer [Dama dama], wild boar [Sus scrofa], red fox [Vulpes vulpes], European rabbit [Oryctolagus cuniculus], and brown hare [Lepus europaeus]), distance, and season. We also analyzed group size and composition for red deer and effect of grass height on detection of hares and rabbits. On average, TI imaging was more efficient (P¡ 0.001) than SL, which detected only 53.8% of the animals observed by TI imaging. This was especially true for wild boar (92.1%), but both devices observed comparable red fox (P=0.60) and fallow deer (P=0.72) numbers. Relative detectability of the 2 devices was influenced by different factors: for red deer, TI was more efficient than SL in summer and autumn, but not in winter; male groups of red deer were better observed by TI imaging than by SL; and wild boars were better imaged at short (0-100-m) distances with TI. Relative effectiveness of both instruments was not influenced by grass height (P=0.92). Our results showed that wild boar should only be surveyed using TI imager and that a strong improvement of sample size can be obtained using TI for red deer, brown hare, and European rabbit.
BibTeX:
@article{Focardi2001,
  author = {Focardi, S. and De Marinis, A. M. and Rizzotto, M. and Pucci, A.},
  title = {Comparative evaluation of thermal infrared imaging and spotlighting to survey wildlife},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {133--139},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783989}
}
Focardi, S., Franzetti, B. and Ronchi, F. Nocturnal distance sampling of a Mediterranean population of fallow deer is consistent with population projections 2013 Wildlife Research
Vol. 40, pp. 437-446 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Focardi2013,
  author = {Focardi, Stefano and Franzetti, Barbara and Ronchi, Francesca},
  title = {Nocturnal distance sampling of a Mediterranean population of fallow deer is consistent with population projections},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {437--446},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR12218}
}
Focardi, S., Isotti, R., Raganella Pelliccioni, E. and Iannuzzo, D. The use of distance sampling and mark-resight to estimate the local density of wildlife populations 2002 Environmetrics
Vol. 13(2), pp. 177-186 
article DOI  
Abstract: We used distance sampling (line transects) and mark-resight to estimate habitat and local area (area size, range: 3.9-44.5 ha) population density of ungulates. The distance sampling study was performed on fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in a mediterranean forest. The mark-resight study was performed on a roe deer population in a hilly area of the Apennines. The first study allowed us to estimate the animal density into four different habitats (deciduous oak wood, evergreen oak wood, maquis and open areas with domestic-pine woods). The between habitat differences of population density are large for the three species: fallow deer are more abundant in the open areas (22.22 heads/km2, c.i. 12.42-39.74), roe deer in the deciduous oak wood (14.50 heads/km2, c.i. 7.01-30.10) and wild boar in both the open areas (11.29 heads/km2, c.i. 4.86-26.20) and evergreen oak wood (10.42 heads/km2, c.i. 6.78-16.02). The roe deer population in the Apennines is characterized by large between-zone variations of population density (range: 1997: 13.25-131.31, 1998: 29.06-78.01, 1999: 10.67-88.58). Moreover, trends of local zones may be quite different with respect to the average trend of a wider study area, suggesting a well-defined short-scale spatial structure for this population. We conclude that both survey methods may be very useful in population assessment, but they need intense field effort and careful statistical design. Care needs to be taken to satisfy the assumptions of the statistical models. Copyright textcopyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BibTeX:
@article{Focardi2002,
  author = {Focardi, S. and Isotti, R. and Raganella Pelliccioni, E. and Iannuzzo, D.},
  title = {The use of distance sampling and mark-resight to estimate the local density of wildlife populations},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {177--186},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/env.491}
}
Focardi, S., Isotti, R. and Tinelli, A. Line transect estimates of ungulate populations in a Mediterranean forest 2002 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 66(1), pp. 48-58 
article DOI  
Abstract: We used line transect (distance) methodology to estimate the population density of fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in a dense Mediterranean forest. Three different surveys (1 per year from 1995 to 1997) were analyzed. Density estimates, pooled among years, for fallow deer (9.9 deer/km^2, %CV = 24) and roe deer (8.5 deer/km^2, %CV = 21) were more precise than the estimate for wild boars (10.6 boars/km^2, %CV = 55). Fallow deer density was significantly higher during 1997 than during 1995 or 1996. For wild boars, we found differences among years (1995: 23.6 boars/km^2, %CV = 23; 1996: 10.9 boars/km^2, %CV = 24; 1997: 3.9 boars/km^2, %CV = 33). We attempted a confirmatory analysis using an independent survey method for fallow deer and total counts at supplementary feeding sites for wild boars. These comparisons showed that line transect estimates were negatively biased for fallow deer during 1996-1997 and for wild boars during 1997. For adults, the composition by sex from line transects was compared with information collected from fixed observation points. Differences in sex composition for fallow deer and wild boars were found when these 2 methods were compared. The structure of the roe deer population was similar when line transect information was compared with independent survey data. A spike in the detection probability function for wild boars may have been caused by the difficulty of detecting boars ¿ 20 m from the transect. The careful use of line transect sampling may prove useful for both research and management of fallow deer, roe deer, and wild boars.
BibTeX:
@article{Focardi2002a,
  author = {Focardi, Stefano and Isotti, Roberto and Tinelli, Aleandro},
  title = {Line transect estimates of ungulate populations in a Mediterranean forest},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {66},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--58},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802870}
}
Focardi, S., Montanaro, P., Isotti, R., Ronchi, F., Scacco, M. and Calmanti, R. Distance sampling effectively monitored a declining population of Italian roe deer Capreolus capreolus italicus 2005 ORYX
Vol. 39(4), pp. 421-428 
article DOI  
Abstract: Monitoring rare species of wild ungulates is critical for their conservation management. The Italian roe deer Capreolus capreolus italicus was recently confirmed to be a subspecies in Mediterranean habitats of central and southern Italy. We have monitored this subspecies at Castelporziano, near Rome, since 1988, and detected an abrupt population decline in 2001. We compared distance sampling surveys undertaken before and after the population crash to determine the ability of this method to detect variations in animal density and to investigate which factors may influence the precision of the estimates. We used radio tagged roe deer to evaluate the accuracy of our surveys, comparing distance sampling and mark-resight estimates at the same site, and studying the behavioural reaction of the animals to the presence of an observer. We found that before the crash distance sampling surveys attained a good precision but that the survey conditions influenced both precision and accuracy. Post-crash surveys were less precise, but the difference in density, before and after the crash was highly significant, indicating the potential of the method to quickly detect density variations and so to allow wildlife managers to react without delay to a crisis. The direct test of distance sampling assumptions showed that estimates were almost unbiased. We conclude that the methodology was successful for monitoring this population and that it may be used in other situations where ungulates are rare and efficient monitoring must be attained with restricted budgets. textcopyright 2005 FFI.
BibTeX:
@article{Focardi2005,
  author = {Focardi, S. and Montanaro, P. and Isotti, R. and Ronchi, F. and Scacco, M. and Calmanti, R.},
  title = {Distance sampling effectively monitored a declining population of Italian roe deer Capreolus capreolus italicus},
  journal = {ORYX},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {39},
  number = {4},
  pages = {421--428},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605305001109}
}
Fogarty, J.H. and Vilella, F.J. Evaluating methodologies to survey Eleutherodactylus Frogs in montane forests of Puerto Rico 2001 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 29, pp. 948-955 
article URL 
Abstract: The evaluation of anuran call-count survey methods against more precise population estimation techniques for validation purposes is being researched only recently. Many investigators believe that call-survey methods should be calibrated to true population size to obtain reliable records, and this has not been done for call-survey methods in Neotropical regions. We compared anuran survey methodologies in the Cordillera Central of Puerto Rico. We evaluated using mark-recapture, transects, and point counts to survey Eleutherodactylus populations for information content, logistics, and effort in native cordillera forest and eucalyptus plantations. We used programs CAPTURE and DISTANCE to generate population estimates and associated variances. Mark-recapture results showed density of E. coqui males was greater (P=0.04) in native forest. Total population estimates derived from mark-recapture were used with calling estimates to calculate proportion of calling males. Humidity was associated with density of calling males in native forest (P¡ 0.001) and eucalyptus (P=0.01) plantations. Call counts of E. coqui within 5-m radius of points were correlated with density of calling males in native (P¡ 0.001) and eucalyptus (P=0.001) sites and for combined data (P¡ 0.001). We recommend that mark-recapture be used when detailed information is needed on an anuran species. Mean species richness detected between line transect (x=1.98) and point count (x=1.67) differed significantly; only one frog species was detected using mark-recapture. Point counts required the least effort but provided the least amount of useful information. Future research should develop predictive models linking call counts to density estimates and examine seasonal effects.
BibTeX:
@article{Fogarty2001,
  author = {Fogarty, Jarrod H. and Vilella, Francisco J.},
  title = {Evaluating methodologies to survey Eleutherodactylus Frogs in montane forests of Puerto Rico},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {948--955},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784422}
}
Folkard, N.F.G. and Smith, J.N.M. Evidence for bottom up effects in the boreal forest: do passerine birds respond to large scale experimental fertilization? 1995 Canadian Journal of Zoology
Vol. 73, pp. 2231-2237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FolSmi95,
  author = {Folkard, N. F. G. and Smith, J. N. M.},
  title = {Evidence for bottom up effects in the boreal forest: do passerine birds respond to large scale experimental fertilization?},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {2231--2237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-264}
}
Fontaine, A.L., Kennedy, P.L. and Johnson, D.H. Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds 2004 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 57(3), pp. 238-242 
article DOI  
Abstract: Many North American grassland bird populations appear to be declining, which may be due to changes in grazing regimes on their breeding areas. Establishment of water developments and confining cattle (Bos taurus L.) to small pastures often minimizes spatial heterogeneity of cattle forage consumption, which may lead to uniformity in vegetative structure. This increased uniformity may provide suitable habitat for some bird species but not others. We assessed how cattle use, vegetative structure, and bird population densities varied with increasing distance from water developments (0-800 m) on the Little Missouri National Grassland (LMNG) in North Dakota. Lark buntings (Calamospiza melancorys Stejneger), which are typically associated with low vegetative cover, decreased with increasing distance from water developments. Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris L.), also a low-cover associate, followed a similar but weaker trend. Densities of another low-cover associate as well as moderate- and high-cover associates were not related to distance from water. Vegetative height-density and litter depth increased by 50 and 112%, respectively, while cowpie cover and structural variability decreased by 51 and 24%, respectively, with distance from water. Confidence interval overlap was common among all measures, showing substantial variability among study sites. Our results indicate cattle use is higher closer to water developments, and this pattern may positively affect the densities of lark buntings and horned larks. The absence of density gradients in the other bird species may be due to the paucity of locations ¿ 800 m from water on the LMNG.
BibTeX:
@article{Fontaine2004,
  author = {Fontaine, A. L. and Kennedy, P. L. and Johnson, D. H.},
  title = {Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {238--242},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4003790}
}
Fontaine, J.B., Donato, D.C., Robinson, W.D., Law, B.E. and Kauffman, J.B. Bird communities following high-severity fire: response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA 2009 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 257(6), pp. 1496-1504 
article DOI  
Abstract: Fire is a widespread natural disturbance agent in most conifer-dominated forests. In light of climate change and the effects of fire exclusion, single and repeated high-severity (stand-replacement) fires have become prominent land management issues. We studied bird communities using point counting in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of Oregon, USA at various points in time after one or two high-severity fires. Time points included 2 and 3 years after a single fire, 17 and 18 years after a single fire, 2 and 3 years after a repeat fire (15 year interval between fires), and ¿ 100 years since stand-replacement fire (mature/old-growth forest). Avian species richness did not differ significantly among habitats. Bird density was highest 17 and 18 years after fire, lowest 2 years after fire, and intermediate in repeat burns and unburned forest. Bird community composition varied significantly with habitat type (AÂ =Â 0.24, PÂ ¡Â 0.0001) with two distinct gradients in species composition relating to tree structure (live to dead) and shrub stature. Using indicator species analysis, repeat burns were characterized by shrub-nesting and ground-foraging bird species while unburned mature forests were characterized by conifer-nesting and foliage-gleaning species. Bird density was not related to snag basal area but was positively related to shrub height. Contrary to expectations, repeated high-severity fire did not reduce species richness, and bird densities were greater in repeat burns than in once-burned habitats. Broad-leaved hardwoods and shrubs appear to play a major role in structuring avian communities in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. In light of these results, extended periods of early seral broadleaf dominance and short-interval high-severity fires may be important to the conservation of avian biodiversity.
BibTeX:
@article{Fontaine2009,
  author = {Fontaine, Joseph B. and Donato, Daniel C. and Robinson, W. Douglas and Law, Beverly E. and Kauffman, J. Boone},
  title = {Bird communities following high-severity fire: response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest, Oregon, USA},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {257},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1496--1504},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.030}
}
Foote, K.G. and Stefansson, G. Definition of the problem of estimating fish abundance over an area from acoustic line transect measurements of density 1993 ICES Journal of Marine Science
Vol. 50, pp. 369-381 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FooSte93,
  author = {Foote, K. G. and Stefansson, G.},
  title = {Definition of the problem of estimating fish abundance over an area from acoustic line transect measurements of density},
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {369--381},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1993.1042}
}
Forbes, A.R., Mueller, J.M., Mitchell, R.B., Dabbert, C.B. and Wester, D.B. Accuracy of red imported fire ant mound density estimates 2000 Southwestern Entomologist
Vol. 25(2 SUPPL.), pp. 109-112 
article  
Abstract: Accuracy of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, mound density estimates was evaluated during 1998 in the Texas Coastal Prairie. Mound densities were estimated using belt transects and distance sampling, the grasslands were burned, and the estimated mound densities compared to complete ant mound counts made on each of the five sites. Mound population density estimates did not differ among the three methods. Detection of S. invicta mounds decreased with distance from the line transect on three sites. Based on the detection function derived by Program DISTANCE for these sites, we recorded 89.9, 97.3, and 98.1% of S. invicta mounds within 1 m and 70.8, 89.9, and 92.7% of S. invicta mounds within 2 m of the line transects, respectively. The 2-m belt transects and distance sampling are accurate estimators of S. invicta mound densities in grassland habitats. Although distance sampling is more time consuming, it does not require the assumption that all mounds are observed. This benefit was not obvious in this study because of the similarity of our sites and the high detectability of mounds within the 2-m belt transects. Accuracy of belt transects would decrease if wider transects were used or if detectability of S. invicta mounds was lower, such as in denser vegetation. We recommend using belt transects or distance sampling to estimate S. invicta mound density in grassland habitats.
BibTeX:
@article{Forbes2000,
  author = {Forbes, A. R. and Mueller, J. M. and Mitchell, R. B. and Dabbert, C. B. and Wester, D. B.},
  title = {Accuracy of red imported fire ant mound density estimates},
  journal = {Southwestern Entomologist},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2 SUPPL.},
  pages = {109--112}
}
Forcada, J. Multivariate methods for size-dependent detection in conventional line transect sampling 2002 School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Forcada2002,
  author = {Forcada, J.},
  title = {Multivariate methods for size-dependent detection in conventional line transect sampling},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA},
  year = {2002}
}
Forcada, J., Disciara, G.N. and Fabbri, F. Abundance of fin whales and striped dolphins summering in the Corso-Ligurian basin 1995 Mammalia
Vol. 59, pp. 127-140 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Foretal95,
  author = {Forcada, J. and Disciara, G. N. and Fabbri, F.},
  title = {Abundance of fin whales and striped dolphins summering in the Corso-Ligurian basin},
  journal = {Mammalia},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {127--140},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1995.59.1.127}
}
Forcada, J., Gazo, M., Aguilar, A., Gonzalvo, J. and Fernández-Contreras, M. Bottlenose dolphin abundance in the NW Mediterranean: addressing heterogeneity in distribution 2004 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 275, pp. 275-287 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line-transect estimators were developed to assess abundance of coastal dolphins Tursiops truncatus and Stenella coeruleoalba encountered in low densities during aerial sighting surveys. The analysis improved on conventional approaches by objectively combining data from different species, survey areas and other covariates affecting dolphin detectability. Model selection and multimodel inference allowed robust estimates of precision in accounting for covariate selection uncertainty. These methods were used to estimate bottlenose dolphin abundance in NE Mediterranean waters that included a putative subpopulation in the Balearic Islands. Total abundance was estimated as 7654 (coefficient of variation, CV = 0.47; 95 % CI = 1608 to 15 766) and the abundance in inshore waters of the Balearic Islands varied from 727 (CV = 0.47; 95 % CI = 149 to 1481) dolphins in spring 2002 to 1333 (CV = 0.44; 95 % CI = 419 to 2617) dolphins in autumn 2002, with an average estimate of 1030 (CV = 0.35; 95 % CI = 415 to 1849). The results do not support an exclusively coastal Balearic Island subpopulation, but they strongly indicate that the islands contain critical habitats required for the conservation of the species. Given the observed decline of the species during the last few decades, conservation-oriented management should focus on reducing or eliminating adverse fishing interactions while key areas are protected from encroachment produced by human development.
BibTeX:
@article{Foretal04,
  author = {Forcada, J. and Gazo, M. and Aguilar, A. and Gonzalvo, J. and Fernández-Contreras, M.},
  title = {Bottlenose dolphin abundance in the NW Mediterranean: addressing heterogeneity in distribution},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {275},
  pages = {275--287},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps275275}
}
Forcada, J. and Hammond, P. Geographical variation in abundance of striped and common dolphins of the western Mediterranean 1998 Journal of Sea Research
Vol. 39, pp. 313-325 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ForHam98,
  author = {Forcada, J. and Hammond, P.},
  title = {Geographical variation in abundance of striped and common dolphins of the western Mediterranean},
  journal = {Journal of Sea Research},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {313--325},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(97)00063-4}
}
Forney, K.A. and Barlow, J. Seasonal patterns in the abundance and distribution of California cetaceans, 1991-1992 1998 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 14, pp. 460-489 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ForBar98,
  author = {Forney, K. A. and Barlow, J.},
  title = {Seasonal patterns in the abundance and distribution of California cetaceans, 1991-1992},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {460--489},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00737.x}
}
Forsyth, D.M., Comte, S., Davis, N.E., Bengsen, A.J., Côté, S.D., Hewitt, D.G., Morellet, N. and Mysterud, A. Methodology Matters When Estimating Deer Abundance: A Global Systematic Review and Recommendations for Improvements 2022 The Journal of Wildlife Management  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Forsyth2022,
  author = {Forsyth, David M. and Comte, Sebastien and Davis, Naomi E. and Bengsen, Andrew J. and Côté, Steeve D. and Hewitt, David G. and Morellet, Nicolas and Mysterud, Atle},
  title = {Methodology Matters When Estimating Deer Abundance: A Global Systematic Review and Recommendations for Improvements},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22207}
}
Fossette, S., Abrahms, B., Hazen, E.L., Bograd, S.J., Zilliacus, K.M., Calambokidis, J., Burrows, J.A., Goldbogen, J.A., Harvey, J.T., Marinovic, B., Tershy, B. and Croll, D.A. Resource partitioning facilitates coexistence in sympatric cetaceans in the California current 2017 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(21), pp. 9085-9097 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fossette2017,
  author = {Fossette, Sabrina and Abrahms, Briana and Hazen, Elliott L. and Bograd, Steven J. and Zilliacus, Kelly M. and Calambokidis, John and Burrows, Julia A. and Goldbogen, Jeremy A. and Harvey, James T. and Marinovic, Baldo and Tershy, Bernie and Croll, Donald A.},
  title = {Resource partitioning facilitates coexistence in sympatric cetaceans in the California current},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  number = {21},
  pages = {9085--9097},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3409}
}
Fox, C.H., Robertson, C., O’Hara, P.D., Tadey, R. and Morgan, K.H. Spatial Assessment of Albatrosses, Commercial Fisheries, and Bycatch Incidents on Canada's Pacific Coast 2021 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 672, pp. 205-222 
article DOI  
Abstract: Fisheries bycatch mortality poses a primary threat to the majority of the world's 22 albatross species, 15 of which are at risk of extinction. Although quantitative estimates of albatross bycatch are often unavailable due to a relative or total absence of monitoring, spatial overlap between fisheries and albatrosses is often used to estimate the extent of interaction, a proxy for exposure to bycatch, and to inform avoidance and mitigation actions. Using comprehensive records of commercial demersal longline and trap fishing and survey information for albatrosses (black-footed albatross Phoebastria nigripes, Laysan albatross P. immutabilis, short-tailed albatross P. albatrus), the extent of spatial potential interaction was estimated in Canada's Pacific coast waters and examined across breeding and non-breeding seasons. The distributions of albatrosses and longline and trap fisheries were found to substantially overlap, with potential interaction hotspots concentrated along the continental shelf break. Trap fisheries reported 1 albatross bycatch incident, suggesting that these fisheries are responsible for negligible albatross mortalities. In contrast, >80% of recorded albatross bycatch incidents occurred within 10 km of albatross-longline fisheries hotspot locations, providing evidence that longline-albatross potential interaction hotspots represent actual areas of elevated bycatch mortality risk. Indicative of potential conservation concern, 60% of short-tailed albatross sightings occurred within 10 km, and 93% within 30 km, of longline-albatross potential interaction hotspots. By contributing knowledge regarding albatross-fisheries interactions, in addition to undertaking the first evaluation of albatross-fisheries hotspots with recorded bycatch incidents on Canada's Pacific coast, this study represents a step towards enhancing albatross conservation through bycatch avoidance and mitigation.
BibTeX:
@article{Fox2021,
  author = {Fox, C. H. and Robertson, C. and O’Hara, P. D. and Tadey, R. and Morgan, K. H.},
  title = {Spatial Assessment of Albatrosses, Commercial Fisheries, and Bycatch Incidents on Canada's Pacific Coast},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {672},
  pages = {205--222},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13783}
}
Franceschi, S., Nelli, L., Pisani, C., Franzoi, A., Fattorini, L. and Meriggi, A. A Monte Carlo appraisal of plot and distance sampling for surveys of black grouse and rock ptarmigan populations in alpine protected areas 2014 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 78(2), pp. 359-368 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JWMG:JWMG661,
  author = {Franceschi, Sara and Nelli, Luca and Pisani, Caterina and Franzoi, Alessandro and Fattorini, Lorenzo and Meriggi, Alberto},
  title = {A Monte Carlo appraisal of plot and distance sampling for surveys of black grouse and rock ptarmigan populations in alpine protected areas},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {78},
  number = {2},
  pages = {359--368},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.661}
}
Francksen, R.M., Whittingham, M.J., Ludwig, S.C., Roos, S. and Baines, D. Numerical and functional responses of common buzzards Buteo buteo to prey abundance on a Scottish grouse moor 2017 Ibis
Vol. 159(3), pp. 541-553 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Francksen2017,
  author = {Francksen, Richard M. and Whittingham, Mark J. and Ludwig, Sonja C. and Roos, Staffan and Baines, David},
  title = {Numerical and functional responses of common buzzards Buteo buteo to prey abundance on a Scottish grouse moor},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {159},
  number = {3},
  pages = {541--553},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12471}
}
Franklin, A.B., Anderson, D.R. and Burnham, K.P. Estimation of long-term trends and variation in avian survival probabilities using random effects models 2002 Journal of Applied Statistics
Vol. 29, pp. 267-287 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fraetal02,
  author = {Franklin, A. B. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {Estimation of long-term trends and variation in avian survival probabilities using random effects models},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Statistics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {267--287},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108719}
}
Franzreb, K.E. Determination of avian densities using the variable-strip and fixed-width transect surveying methods 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 139-145  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Fra81,
  author = {Franzreb, K. E.},
  title = {Determination of avian densities using the variable-strip and fixed-width transect surveying methods},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {139--145}
}
Franzreb, K.E. Comparison of variable strip transect and spot-map methods for censusing avian populations in a mixed-coniferous forest 1976 Condor, The
Vol. 78, pp. 260-262 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fra76,
  author = {Franzreb, K. E.},
  title = {Comparison of variable strip transect and spot-map methods for censusing avian populations in a mixed-coniferous forest},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {260--262},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1366864}
}
Freed, L.A., Bodner, R.L. and Cann, G.R. Incipient extinction of a major population of the Hawaii akepa owing to introduced species 2008 Evolutionary Ecology Research
Vol. 10(7), pp. 931-965 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Freed2008931,
  author = {Freed, L. A. and Bodner, R. L. and Cann, G. R.},
  title = {Incipient extinction of a major population of the Hawaii akepa owing to introduced species},
  journal = {Evolutionary Ecology Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {10},
  number = {7},
  pages = {931--965}
}
Freilich, J., Burnham, K.P., Collins, C.M. and Garry, C.A. Factors affecting population assessments of desert tortoises 2000 Conservation Biology
Vol. 14, pp. 1479-1489 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Freetal00,
  author = {Freilich, J. and Burnham, K. P. and Collins, C. M. and Garry, C. A.},
  title = {Factors affecting population assessments of desert tortoises},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1479--1489},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98360.x}
}
Freilich, J.E., Camp, R.J., Duda, J.J. and Karl, A.E. Problems with sampling desert tortoises: a simulation analysis based on field data 2005 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 69(1), pp. 45-56 
article DOI  
Abstract: The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) was listed as a U.S. threatened species in 1990 based largely on population declines inferred from mark-recapture surveys of 2.59-km2 (1-mi2) plots. Since then, several census methods have been proposed and tested, but all methods still pose logistical or statistical difficulties. We conducted computer simulations using actual tortoise location data from 2 1-mi2 plot surveys in southern California, USA, to identify strengths and weaknesses of current sampling strategies. We considered tortoise population estimates based on these plots as ``truth" and then tested various sampling methods based on sampling smaller plots or transect lines passing through the mile squares. Data were analyzed using Schnabel's mark-recapture estimate and program CAPTURE. Experimental subsampling with replacement of the 1-mi2 data using 1-km2 and 0.25-km2 plot boundaries produced data sets of smaller plot sizes, which we compared to estimates from the 1-mi 2 plots. We also tested distance sampling by saturating a 1-mi 2 site with computer simulated transect lines, once again evaluating bias in density estimates. Subsampling estimates from 1-km2 plots did not differ significantly from the estimates derived at 1-mi2. The 0.25-km2 subsamples significantly overestimated population sizes, chiefly because too few recaptures were made. Distance sampling simulations were biased 80% of the time and had high coefficient of variation to density ratios. Furthermore, a prospective power analysis suggested limited ability to detect population declines as high as 50%. We concluded that poor performance and bias of both sampling procedures was driven by insufficient sample size, suggesting that all efforts must be directed to increasing numbers found in order to produce reliable results. Our results suggest that present methods may not be capable of accurately estimating desert tortoise populations.
BibTeX:
@article{Freilich2005,
  author = {Freilich, J. E. and Camp, R. J. and Duda, J. J. and Karl, A. E.},
  title = {Problems with sampling desert tortoises: a simulation analysis based on field data},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--56},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069%3C0045:PWSDTA%3E2.0.CO;2}
}
Fuller, R.J. and Langslow, D.R. Estimating numbers of birds by point counts: how long should counts last? 1984 Bird Study
Vol. 31, pp. 195-202 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FulLan84,
  author = {Fuller, R. J. and Langslow, D. R.},
  title = {Estimating numbers of birds by point counts: how long should counts last?},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {195--202},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063658409476841}
}
Fulling, G.L., Thorson, P.H. and Rivers, J. Distribution and abundance estimates for cetaceans in the waters off Guam and the commonwealth of the northern Mariana islands 2011 Pacific Science
Vol. 65, pp. 321-343 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Fullinginpress,
  author = {Fulling, G. L. and Thorson, P. H. and Rivers, J.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance estimates for cetaceans in the waters off Guam and the commonwealth of the northern Mariana islands},
  journal = {Pacific Science},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {321--343},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2984/65.3.321}
}
Funk, W.C., Almeida-Reinoso, D., Nogales-Sornosa, F. and Bustamante, M.R. Monitoring population trends of Eleutherodactylus frogs 2003 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 37(2), pp. 245-256 
article DOI  
Abstract: Like many Neotropical frogs, a number in the genus Eleutherodactylus have declined or gone extinct in the past two decades. However, the extent of Eleutherodactylus population declines is unknown. Our objective was to identify a good method for monitoring the density of Eleutherodactylus populations to assess the extent of declines. We did this in two ways. First, we compared two methods of directly estimating density, closed population capture-recapture analysis and distance sampling, and one method of indirectly estimating density, visual encounter surveys, for multiple Eleutherodactylus species at three sites in Ecuador. We then conducted a power analysis to estimate the power of our current sampling design to detect declines. Distance sampling estimates of density were biased low compared to capture-recapture estimates. When we corrected this bias, distance sampling estimates became imprecise. Estimates of density from visual encounter surveys were also imprecise. In contrast, capture-recapture estimates were fairly precise and most likely unbiased. Moreover, capture-recapture analysis had the most power to detect declines, although even with capture-recapture analysis, power was low with only five years of sampling. We conclude that capture-recapture analysis is a good method for monitoring Eleutherodactylus density over time, but the sampling area and/or the number of sampling occasions should be increased from the area and number of occasions used here in order to increase sample sizes and therefore power.
BibTeX:
@article{Funk2003,
  author = {Funk, W. C. and Almeida-Reinoso, D. and Nogales-Sornosa, F. and Bustamante, M. R.},
  title = {Monitoring population trends of Eleutherodactylus frogs},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {245--256},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037%5B0245:MPTOEF%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Gabelli, F.M., Fernández, G.J., Ferretti, V., Posse, G., Coconier, E., Gavieiro, H.J., Llambías, P.E., Peláez, P.I., Vallés, M.L. and Tubaro, P.L. Range contraction in the pampas meadowlark Sturnella defilippii in the southern pampas grasslands of argentina 2004 ORYX
Vol. 38(2), pp. 164-170 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gabelli2004,
  author = {Gabelli, F. M. and Fernández, G. J. and Ferretti, V. and Posse, G. and Coconier, E. and Gavieiro, H. J. and Llambías, P. E. and Peláez, P. I. and Vallés, M. L. and Tubaro, P. L.},
  title = {Range contraction in the pampas meadowlark Sturnella defilippii in the southern pampas grasslands of argentina},
  journal = {ORYX},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {164--170},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605304000304}
}
Gadimang, P. and Masunga, G.S. Ground survey of red lechwe in the linyanti swamps and chobe floodplains, northern Botswana 2017 Koedoe
Vol. 59, pp. a1413 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gadimang2017,
  author = {Gadimang, P. and Masunga, G. S.},
  title = {Ground survey of red lechwe in the linyanti swamps and chobe floodplains, northern Botswana},
  journal = {Koedoe},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {a1413},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i2.1413}
}
Gaillard, J.M., Boutin, J.-M. and Van Laere, G. The use of line transects for estimating the population density of roe deer — a feasibility study 1993 Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie
Vol. 48, pp. 73-85 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gaietal93,
  author = {Gaillard, J. M. and Boutin, J.-M. and Van Laere, G.},
  title = {The use of line transects for estimating the population density of roe deer — a feasibility study},
  journal = {Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {73--85}
}
Gale, G.A., Round, P.D. and Pierce, A.J. A field test of distance sampling methods for a tropical forest bird community 2009 The Auk
Vol. 126, pp. 439-448 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gale2009,
  author = {Gale, George A. and Round, Philip D. and Pierce, Andrew J.},
  title = {A field test of distance sampling methods for a tropical forest bird community},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {439--448},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.08087}
}
Gale, G.A. and Thongaree, S. Density estimates of nine hornbill species in a lowland forest site in southern Thailand 2006 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 16(1), pp. 57-69 
article DOI  
Abstract: Hornbills are useful indicators of forest condition and human disturbance because they require large tracts of unfragmented forest with large fruiting trees for feeding and nesting. They are relatively large-bodied, which makes them targets for hunting. Density estimates of such species are critical for population monitoring and serve as a baseline against which future changes can be measured. In this study we used variable-width line transect surveys to estimate the densities of nine hornbill species in the Bala portion of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary on the Thai-Malaysia border, one of the few remaining areas of lowland forest in Thailand. The hornbill species were: Rhinoceros (Buceros rhinoceros), Great (B. bicornis), Helmeted (B. vigil), Black (Anthracoceros malayanus), Bushy-crested (Anorrhinus galeritus), White-crowned (Aceros comatus), Wrinkled (A. corrugatus), Wreathed (A. undulatus) and Plain-pouched (A. subruficollis). Between January 2001 and April 2002, 11 transects along trails, old logging roads and one paved road were surveyed once per month. A total of 1,261 observations of the nine species were made during the observation period. Estimates for Rhinoceros and Helmeted Hornbill were 2.69 and 1.21 individuals/ km2, respectively, and were similar or slightly higher than densities reported elsewhere. Estimates for Great (0.12), Bushy-crested (0.64), Wrinkled (0.08), White-crowned (0.08) and Wreathed Hornbills (0.69) were generally lower than estimates from other areas in the region. It was not possible to obtain density estimates using distance sampling for Black and Plain-pouched Hornbills due to the small number of observations, but our data did suggest that their densities were also low (¿ 0.10 individuals/km2). Potential reasons for differences between this and other areas include a scarcity of lowland habitat, habitat isolation, lower abundance of specific fruit resources and interspecific competition, but these factors require further investigation. Standardization of survey techniques among studies would significantly improve assessments of habitat requirements as well as of the effects of human disturbance on Asian hornbills, most of which are globally threatened. Our study specifically underscores the need for additional research on the Plain-pouched Hornbill, the most threatened of the species studied, as density estimates from elsewhere in its range are lacking, while more generally it highlights the need to investigate the underlying causes of the often substantial variation in hornbill densities among species and sites. textcopyright BirdLife International 2006.
BibTeX:
@article{Gale2006,
  author = {Gale, G. A. and Thongaree, S.},
  title = {Density estimates of nine hornbill species in a lowland forest site in southern Thailand},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--69},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270906000037}
}
Galela, R.S. and Roscom, B.A. Distance sampling simulated for density estimation 2004 9th National Convention on Statistics (Ncs)  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Galela2004,
  author = {Galela, Rebecca S. and Roscom, Brigida A.},
  title = {Distance sampling simulated for density estimation},
  booktitle = {9th National Convention on Statistics (Ncs)},
  year = {2004}
}
Galindo, J.A., Serrano, A., Vázquez-Castán, L., González-Gándara, C. and López-Ortega, M. Cetacean diversity, distribution, and abundance in Northern Veracruz, Mexico 2009 Aquatic Mammals
Vol. 35, pp. 12-18 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Galindo2009,
  author = {Galindo, José A. and Serrano, Arturo and Vázquez-Castán, Laura and González-Gándara, Carlos and López-Ortega, Marisela},
  title = {Cetacean diversity, distribution, and abundance in Northern Veracruz, Mexico},
  journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {12--18},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.35.1.2009.12}
}
Gangadharan, A. Density estimation and time trend analysis of large herbivores in Nagarhole, India 2005 School: Mathematics and Statistics, St. Andrews University  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Gangadharan2005,
  author = {Gangadharan, A.},
  title = {Density estimation and time trend analysis of large herbivores in Nagarhole, India},
  school = {Mathematics and Statistics, St. Andrews University},
  year = {2005}
}
Gannier, A. Using existing data and focused surveys to highlight Cuvier's beaked whales favourable areas: a case study in the central tyrrhenian sea 2011 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Vol. 63(1-4), pp. 10-17 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gannier2011,
  author = {Gannier, Alexandre},
  title = {Using existing data and focused surveys to highlight Cuvier's beaked whales favourable areas: a case study in the central tyrrhenian sea},
  journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1-4},
  pages = {10--17},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.037}
}
Gannier, A. Estimation of summer abundance of the striped dolphin StenellaCoeruleoalbaa (Meyen, 1833) in the future northwestern Mediterranean international marine sanctuary 1998 Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie
Vol. 53, pp. 255-272 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gan98,
  author = {Gannier, A.},
  title = {Estimation of summer abundance of the striped dolphin StenellaCoeruleoalbaa (Meyen, 1833) in the future northwestern Mediterranean international marine sanctuary},
  journal = {Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {255--272}
}
Gannier, A. Estimation of summer abundance of the fin whale BalaenopteraPhysaluss (Linne, 1758) in the Liguro-Provencal Basin (West Mediterranean) 1997 Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie
Vol. 52, pp. 69-86 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gan97,
  author = {Gannier, A.},
  title = {Estimation of summer abundance of the fin whale BalaenopteraPhysaluss (Linne, 1758) in the Liguro-Provencal Basin (West Mediterranean)},
  journal = {Revue d'Ecologie — la Terre et la Vie},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {69--86}
}
Garcia-del-Rey, E. and Rodriguez-Lorenzo, J.A. Avian mortality due to power lines in the Canary Islands with special reference to the steppe-land birds 2011 Journal of Natural History
Vol. 45, pp. 2159-2169 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rey2011,
  author = {Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo and Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Juan Antonio},
  title = {Avian mortality due to power lines in the Canary Islands with special reference to the steppe-land birds},
  journal = {Journal of Natural History},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {2159--2169},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.589916}
}
Gardner, C.J., Fanning, E., Thomas, H. and Kidney, D. The lemur diversity of the Fiherenana - Manombo complex, southwest Madagascar 2009 Madagascar Conservation & Development
Vol. 4, pp. 38-43 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gardner2009,
  author = {Gardner, Charlie J. and Fanning, Eibleis and Thomas, Hannah and Kidney, Darren},
  title = {The lemur diversity of the Fiherenana - Manombo complex, southwest Madagascar},
  journal = {Madagascar Conservation & Development},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {38--43},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v4i1.44011}
}
Garrett-Logan, N. and Smith, T. A hand-held pen-based computer system for marine mammal sighting surveys 1997 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 13, pp. 694-700 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GarSmi97,
  author = {Garrett-Logan, N. and Smith, T.},
  title = {A hand-held pen-based computer system for marine mammal sighting surveys},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {694--700},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00092.x}
}
Gasner, M.R., Jankowski, J.E., Ciecka, A.L., Kyle, K.O. and Rabenold, K.N. Projecting the local impacts of climate change on a Central American montane avian community 2010 Biological Conservation
Vol. 143(5), pp. 1250-1258 
article DOI  
Abstract: Significant changes in the climates of Central America are expected over the next century. Lowland rainforests harbor high alpha diversity on local scales (¡ 1 km2), yet montane landscapes often support higher beta diversity on 10-100 km2 scales. Climate change will likely disrupt the altitudinal zonation of montane communities that produces such landscape diversity. Projections of biotic response to climate change have often used broad-scale modelling of geographical ranges, but understanding likely impacts on population viability is also necessary for anticipating local and global extinctions. We model species' abundances and estimate range shifts for birds in the Tilará n Mountains of Costa Rica, asking whether projected changes in temperature and rainfall could be sufficient to imperil high-elevation endemics and whether these variables will likely impact communities similarly. We find that nearly half of 77 forest bird species can be expected to decline in the next century. Almost half of species projected to decline are endemic to Central America, and seven of eight species projected to become locally extinct are endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and PanamÃtextexclamdown. Logistic-regression modelling of distributions and similarity in projections produced by temperature and rainfall models suggest that changes in both variables will be important. Although these projections are probably conservative because they do not explicitly incorporate biological or climate variable interactions, they provide a starting point for incorporating more realistic biological complexity into community-change models. Prudent conservation planning for tropical mountains should focus on regions with room for altitudinal reorganization of communities comprised of ecological specialists.
BibTeX:
@article{Gasner2010,
  author = {Gasner, Matthew R. and Jankowski, Jill E. and Ciecka, Anna L. and Kyle, Keiller O. and Rabenold, Kerry N.},
  title = {Projecting the local impacts of climate change on a Central American montane avian community},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {143},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1250--1258},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.034}
}
Gaston A. J., B.L.C. and Diamond, A.W. The `snapshot' count for estimating densities of flying seabirds during boat transects: a cautionary comment 1987 The Auk
Vol. 104, pp. 336-8 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gasetal87,
  author = {Gaston, A. J., B. L. Collins and Diamond, A. W.},
  title = {The `snapshot' count for estimating densities of flying seabirds during boat transects: a cautionary comment},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {336--8},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/104.2.336}
}
Gates, C.E. LINETRAN, a general computer program for analyzing line transect data 1980 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 44, pp. 658-661 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gat80,
  author = {Gates, C. E.},
  title = {LINETRAN, a general computer program for analyzing line transect data},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {658--661},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808012}
}
Gates, C.E. Line transect and related issues 1979 Sampling Biological Populations, pp. 71-154  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Gat79,
  author = {Gates, C. E.},
  title = {Line transect and related issues},
  booktitle = {Sampling Biological Populations},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {71--154}
}
Gates, C.E. Simulation study of estimators for the line transect sampling method 1969 Biometrics
Vol. 25, pp. 317-328 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gat69,
  author = {Gates, C. E.},
  title = {Simulation study of estimators for the line transect sampling method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1969},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {317--328},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2528792}
}
Gates, C.E., Evans, W., Gober, D.R., Guthery, F.S. and Grant, W.E. Line transect estimation of animal densities from large data sets 1985 Game Harvest Management, pp. 37-50  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Gatetal85,
  author = {Gates, C. E. and Evans, W. and Gober, D. R. and Guthery, F. S. and Grant, W. E.},
  title = {Line transect estimation of animal densities from large data sets},
  booktitle = {Game Harvest Management},
  publisher = {Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&I University},
  year = {1985},
  pages = {37--50}
}
Gates, C.E., Marshall, W.H. and Olson, D.P. Line transect method of estimating grouse population densities 1968 Biometrics
Vol. 24, pp. 135-145 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gatetal68,
  author = {Gates, C. E. and Marshall, W. H. and Olson, D. P.},
  title = {Line transect method of estimating grouse population densities},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {135--145},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2528465}
}
Gates, C.E. and Smith, P.W. An implementation of the Burnham-Anderson distribution free method of estimating wildlife densities from line transect data 1980 Biometrics
Vol. 36, pp. 155-160 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GatSmi80,
  author = {Gates, C. E. and Smith, P. W.},
  title = {An implementation of the Burnham-Anderson distribution free method of estimating wildlife densities from line transect data},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {155--160},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530506}
}
Geimsdell, J.J.R. and Westley, S.B.(e. Low-level aerial survey techniques 1979   book  
BibTeX:
@book{GeiWes79,
  author = {Geimsdell, J. J. R. and Westley, S. B. (eds)},
  title = {Low-level aerial survey techniques},
  publisher = {International Livestock Centre for Africa},
  year = {1979}
}
Gelatt, T.S. and Siniff, D.B. Line transect survey of crabeater seals in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas, 1994 1999 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 27, pp. 330-336 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{GelSin99,
  author = {Gelatt, T. S. and Siniff, D. B.},
  title = {Line transect survey of crabeater seals in the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas, 1994},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {330--336},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783898}
}
Gerard, P.D. and Schucany, W.R. Combining population density estimates in line transect sampling using the kernel method 2002 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 7(2), pp. 233-242 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gerard2002,
  author = {Gerard, P. D. and Schucany, W. R.},
  title = {Combining population density estimates in line transect sampling using the kernel method},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--242},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/10857110260141265}
}
Gerard, P.D. and Schucany, W.R. Local bandwidth selection for kernel estimation of population densities with line transect sampling 1999 Biometrics
Vol. 55, pp. 769-773 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GerSch99,
  author = {Gerard, P. D. and Schucany, W. R.},
  title = {Local bandwidth selection for kernel estimation of population densities with line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {769--773},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00769.x}
}
Gerdel, K. Leopard (Panthera pardus) prey prediction using line transect sampling in the western soutpansberg mountain range, limpopo province, south africa 2008 School: University of Tübingen  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Gerdel2008,
  author = {Gerdel, Katharina},
  title = {Leopard (Panthera pardus) prey prediction using line transect sampling in the western soutpansberg mountain range, limpopo province, south africa},
  school = {University of Tübingen},
  year = {2008}
}
Gerrodette, T. and Eguchi, T. Precautionary design of a marine protected area based on a habitat model 2011 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 15(2), pp. 159-166 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gerrodette2011159,
  author = {Gerrodette, T. and Eguchi, T.},
  title = {Precautionary design of a marine protected area based on a habitat model},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {159--166},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00369}
}
Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J. Non-recovery of two spotted and spinner dolphin populations in the eastern tropical pacific ocean 2005 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 291, pp. 1-21 
article DOI  
Abstract: Populations of northeastern offshore spotted dolphins Stenella attenuata attenuata and eastern spinner dolphins S. longirostris orientalis have been reduced because the dolphins are bycatch in the purse-seine fishery for yellowfin tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (the 'tuna-dolphin issue'). Abundance and trends of these dolphin stocks were assessed from 12 large-scale pelagic surveys carried out between 1979 and 2000. Estimates of abundance were based on a multivariate line-transect analysis, using covariates to model the detection process and group size. Current estimates of abundance are about 640 000 northeastern offshore spotted dolphins (CV = 0.17) and 450 000 eastern spinner dolphins (CV = 0.23). For the whole period from 1979 to 2000, annual estimates of abundance ranged from 494 000 to 954 000 for northeastern offshore spotted dolphins and from 271 000 to 734 000 for eastern spinner dolphins. Management actions by USA and international fishing agencies over 3 decades have successfully reduced dolphin bycatch by 2 orders of magnitude, yet neither stock is showing clear signs of recovery. Possible reasons include underreporting of dolphin bycatch, effects of chase and encirclement on dolphin survival and reproduction, long-term changes in the ecosystem, and effects of other species on spotted and spinner dolphin population dynamics. textcopyright Inter-Research 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{GerFor05,
  author = {Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J.},
  title = {Non-recovery of two spotted and spinner dolphin populations in the eastern tropical pacific ocean},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {291},
  pages = {1--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps291001}
}
Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J. Estimates of abundance of western/southern spotted, whitebelly spinner, striped and common dolphins, and pilot, sperm and bryde's whales in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean 2002 School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Gerrodette2002,
  author = {Gerrodette, T. and Forcada, J.},
  title = {Estimates of abundance of western/southern spotted, whitebelly spinner, striped and common dolphins, and pilot, sperm and bryde's whales in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center},
  year = {2002}
}
Gerrodette, T., Taylor, B.L., Swift, R., Rankin, S., Jaramillo-Legorreta, A.M. and Rojas-Bracho, L. A combined visual and acoustic estimate of 2008 abundance, and change in abundance since 1997, for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus 2011 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 27, pp. E79-E100 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gerrodette2011,
  author = {Gerrodette, Tim and Taylor, Barbara L. and Swift, René and Rankin, Shannon and Jaramillo-Legorreta, Armando M. and Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo},
  title = {A combined visual and acoustic estimate of 2008 abundance, and change in abundance since 1997, for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {E79--E100},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00438.x}
}
Gerrodette, T., Watters, G., Perryman, W. and Ballance, L.T. Estimates of 2006 dolphin abundance in the eastern tropical Pacific, with revised estimates from 1986– 2003 2008 School: U.S. Department of Commerce, Southwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-422  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Gerrodette2008,
  author = {Gerrodette, T. and Watters, G. and Perryman, W. and Ballance, L. T.},
  title = {Estimates of 2006 dolphin abundance in the eastern tropical Pacific, with revised estimates from 1986– 2003},
  school = {U.S. Department of Commerce, Southwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-422},
  year = {2008}
}
Ghoddousi, A., Soofi, M., Hamidi, A.K., Ashayeri, S., Egli, L., Ghoddousi, S., Speicher, J., Khorozyan, I., Kiabi, B.H. and Waltert, M. The decline of ungulate populations in Iranian protected areas calls for urgent action against poaching 2017 Oryx
Vol. 53(1), pp. 151-158 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ghoddousi2017,
  author = {Ghoddousi, Arash and Soofi, Mahmood and Hamidi, Amirhossein Kh. and Ashayeri, Sheyda and Egli, Lukas and Ghoddousi, Siavash and Speicher, Julian and Khorozyan, Igor and Kiabi, Bahram H. and Waltert, Matthias},
  title = {The decline of ungulate populations in Iranian protected areas calls for urgent action against poaching},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--158},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531600154X}
}
Gilbert, D.W., Anderson, D.R., Ringelman, J.K. and Szymczak, M.R. Response of nesting ducks to habitat management on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado 1996 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 131, pp. 1-44 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Giletal96,
  author = {Gilbert, D. W. and Anderson, D. R. and Ringelman, J. K. and Szymczak, M. R.},
  title = {Response of nesting ducks to habitat management on the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {131},
  pages = {1--44}
}
Gilbert, M., Buuveibaatar, B., Fine, A.E., Jambal, L. and Strindberg, S. Declining breeding populations of white-naped cranes in eastern Mongolia, a ten-year update 2016 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 26(4), pp. 490-504 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gilbert2016,
  author = {Gilbert, Martin and Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar and Fine, Amanda E. and Jambal, Losolmaa and Strindberg, Samantha},
  title = {Declining breeding populations of white-naped cranes in eastern Mongolia, a ten-year update},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {26},
  number = {4},
  pages = {490--504},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270915000301}
}
Gilhooly, L.J., Rayadin, Y. and Cheyne, S.M. A comparison of Hylobatid survey methods using triangulation on Müller's Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) in Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 2015 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 36(3), pp. 567-582 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{raey,
  author = {Gilhooly, Lauren J. and Rayadin, Yaya and Cheyne, Susan M.},
  title = {A comparison of Hylobatid survey methods using triangulation on Müller's Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) in Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {567--582},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9845-1}
}
Gill, R.M.A., Thomas, M.L. and Stocker, D. The use of portable thermal imaging for estimating deer population density in forest habitats 1997 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 34(5), pp. 1273-1286 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. The reliability of deer population management could be improved with good density estimates, but current methods are either labour-intensive or suffer from uncertainties regarding accuracy. 2. Visibility varies substantially in forests depending on stand type, age and understorey vegetation. In such conditions distance sampling would be an efficient estimation method, but observer disturbance often results in bias when the method is applied to deer. 3. The performance of thermal imaging for estimating deer density by distance sampling was assessed in seven forest deer populations. Thermal imaging equipment can detect the long-wave energy radiated by natural objects, clearly revealing warm-bodied animals even if partly obscured by vegetation. 4. Many more deer were detected at night using a thermal imager than along the same transect routes in daytime. Detection distances were correlated with visibility but were substantially longer than the average distances at which most animals were disturbed. Most deer were detected without causing prior disturbance. 5. Densities were estimated with a coefficient of variation ranging from 10.2-28.4%. Precision depended on sampling effort and sample sizes obtained. 6. A Monte Carlo simulation revealed a quadratic relationship between accuracy and visibility, with accuracy increasing with average visibility and a tendency for deer to select more open habitats within a forest. Under conditions that are likely to be typical of temperate forests (¡ 40% thicket and neutral selection, or ¡ 70% thicket if thicket is avoided), accuracy was generally good and changed relatively little in relation to visibility and habitat selection. 7. Likely sources of bias as well as alternatives to thermal imaging are discussed. It is concluded that the method would be suitable for estimating ungulate densities in forests with an adequate network of tracks.
BibTeX:
@article{Gill1997,
  author = {Gill, R. M. A. and Thomas, M. L. and Stocker, D.},
  title = {The use of portable thermal imaging for estimating deer population density in forest habitats},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {34},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1273--1286},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2405237}
}
Gilles, A., Adler, S., Kaschner, K., Scheidat, M. and Siebert, U. Modelling harbour porpoise seasonal density as a function of the german bight environment: implications for management 2011 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 14, pp. 157-169 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gilles2011,
  author = {Gilles, A. and Adler, S. and Kaschner, K. and Scheidat, M. and Siebert, U.},
  title = {Modelling harbour porpoise seasonal density as a function of the german bight environment: implications for management},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {157--169},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00344}
}
Gilles, A., Scheidat, M. and Siebert, U. Seasonal distribution of harbour porpoises and possible interference of offshore wind farms in the German North Sea 2009 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 383, pp. 295-307 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gilles2009,
  author = {Gilles, Anita and Scheidat, Meike and Siebert, Ursula},
  title = {Seasonal distribution of harbour porpoises and possible interference of offshore wind farms in the German North Sea},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {383},
  pages = {295--307},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08020}
}
Gilles, A., Viquerat, S., Becker, E.A., Forney, K.A., Geelhoed, S.C.V., Haelters, J., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Scheidat, M., Siebert, U., Sveegaard, S., van Beest, F.M., van Bemmelen, R. and Aarts, G. Seasonal habitat-based density models for a marine top predator, the harbor porpoise, in a dynamic environment 2016 Ecosphere
Vol. 7(6), pp. e01367 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ECS2:ECS21367,
  author = {Gilles, A. and Viquerat, S. and Becker, E. A. and Forney, K. A. and Geelhoed, S. C. V. and Haelters, J. and Nabe-Nielsen, J. and Scheidat, M. and Siebert, U. and Sveegaard, S. and van Beest, F. M. and van Bemmelen, R. and Aarts, G.},
  title = {Seasonal habitat-based density models for a marine top predator, the harbor porpoise, in a dynamic environment},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e01367},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1367}
}
Gillings, S., Fuller, R.J. and Henderson, A.C.B. Avian community composition and patterns of bird distribution within birch-heath mosaics in north-east Scotland 1998 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 75(1), pp. 27-37 
article  
Abstract: Territory mapping and transect counts were made in upland birch scrub (46 ha) in north-east Scotland to document the bird community and assess responses of birds to habitat variation. The bird community was species poor, supporting approximately 20 species. Richness and diversity were low compared with other British scrub habitats. The two dominant species were Willow Warbler (52% of territory mapping registra-tions) and Chaffinch (18% of registrations). Densities derived from territory mapping and transect counts (Distance sampling) were similar. Willow Warbler densities were high and comparable with preferred habitats in lowland England and Fennoscandia. Contour mapping, correlation and canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that successional stage, represented by birch cover, was the single most important factor determining community composition and individual species' distributions. Meadow Pipits persisted at low densities in sparse birch; Tree Pipits occurred through-out the range of birch densities. Willow Warblers preferred areas of medium height birch at intermediate canopy cover. Wren, Great Tit and Long-tailed Tit occurred in older birch scrub. The relatively simple bird-habitat relationships reported are con-trasted with more complex patterns elsewhere. These findings are discussed in the context of scrub and woodland regeneration in upland Britain with particular reference to mosaics and maintenance of avian diversity.
BibTeX:
@article{Gillings1998,
  author = {Gillings, S. and Fuller, R. J. and Henderson, A. C. B.},
  title = {Avian community composition and patterns of bird distribution within birch-heath mosaics in north-east Scotland},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--37}
}
Gil-Sánchez, J.M., Herrera-Sánchez, F.J., Álvarez, B., Arredondo, Á., Bautista, J., Cancio, I., Castillo, S., D\iaz-Portero, M.Á., de Lucas, J., McCain, E., Pérez, J., Rodr\iguez-Siles, J., Sáez, J.M., Mart\inez-Valderrama, J., Valenzuela, G., Qninba, A. and Virgós, E. Evaluating methods for surveying the Endangered Cuvier's gazelle Gazella cuvieri in arid landscapes 2016 Oryx
Vol. 51(4), pp. 648-655 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gil-Sanchez2016,
  author = {Gil-Sánchez, Jose Mar\ia and Herrera-Sánchez, F. Javier and Álvarez, Begoña and Arredondo, Ángel and Bautista, Jesús and Cancio, Inmaculada and Castillo, Salvador and D\iaz-Portero, Miguel Ángel and de Lucas, Jesús and McCain, Emil and Pérez, Joaqu\in and Rodr\iguez-Siles, Javier and Sáez, Juan Manuel and Mart\inez-Valderrama, Jaime and Valenzuela, Gerardo and Qninba, Abdeljebbar and Virgós, Emilio},
  title = {Evaluating methods for surveying the Endangered Cuvier's gazelle Gazella cuvieri in arid landscapes},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4},
  pages = {648--655},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000430}
}
Giunchi, D., Gaggini, V. and Baldaccini, N. Distance sampling as an effective method for monitoring feral pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) urban populations 2007 Urban Ecosystems
Vol. 10, pp. 397-412 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abstract&nbsp;&nbsp;Current methods for estimating feral pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) population size and for monitoring population trends are mainly based on indices, which according to the current literature on wildlife census methods often produce biased results. Distance Sampling techniques have never been used in this context, even though they could theoretically produce absolute abundance estimates at relatively low costs. The aim of this paper was to investigate the performance of Distance Sampling to census feral pigeons, and to compare these results with those obtained by using Quadrate Counts, a widespread method for monitoring these birds. Surveys were performed in Pisa (Italy) in two different periods of the year 2004 (end of January†``beginning of February, and November), which correspond to minimum (January†``February) and maximum (November) numbers for pigeon populations. We considered 40 line transects each about 250&nbsp;m long for Distance Sampling, and 40 250 ï{\frac{1}{2}}  250&nbsp;m cells for Quadrate Counts. In both cases, sampling units were randomized in a stratified design. In contrast to Quadrate Counts, Distance Sampling detected the predicted increase of abundance from January†``February to November with an acceptable precision and no increase of costs per survey. Even though the possible biases (due to the not rigorously random distribution of transects and to the spiked nature of collected distance data) should be further investigated, results suggest that Distance Sampling is a viable and efficient alternative to the traditional methods used to estimate feral pigeons population size and to monitor trends.
BibTeX:
@article{Giunchi2007,
  author = {Giunchi, Dimitri and Gaggini, Valentina and Baldaccini, N.},
  title = {Distance sampling as an effective method for monitoring feral pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) urban populations},
  journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {397--412},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0032-9}
}
Gladilina, E.V., Vishnyakova, K.A., Neprokin, O.O., Ivanchikova, Y.F., Derkacheva, T.A., Kryukova, A.A., Savenko, O.V. and Gol'din, P.E. Linear transect surveys of abundance and density of cetaceans in the area near the Dzharylgach Island in the north-western Black Sea 2017 Vestnik Zoologii
Vol. 51(4), pp. 335-342 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gladilina2017,
  author = {E. V. Gladilina and K. A. Vishnyakova and O. O. Neprokin and Yu. F. Ivanchikova and T. A. Derkacheva and A. A. Kryukova and O. V. Savenko and P. E. Gol'din},
  title = {Linear transect surveys of abundance and density of cetaceans in the area near the Dzharylgach Island in the north-western Black Sea},
  journal = {Vestnik Zoologii},
  publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4},
  pages = {335--342},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0038}
}
Glass, R., Forsyth, D.M., Coulson, G. and Festa-Bianchet, M. Precision, accuracy and bias of walked line-transect distance sampling to estimate eastern grey kangaroo population size 2016 Wildlife Research
Vol. 42, pp. 633-641 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Glass2016,
  author = {Glass, Ruth and Forsyth, David M. and Coulson, Graeme and Festa-Bianchet, Marco},
  title = {Precision, accuracy and bias of walked line-transect distance sampling to estimate eastern grey kangaroo population size},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {633--641},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15029}
}
Glennie, R., Buckland, S.T., Langrock, R., Gerrodette, T., Ballance, L.T., Chivers, S.J. and Scott, M.D. Incorporating animal movement into distance sampling 2020 Journal of the American Statistical Association
Vol. 0(0), pp. 1-9 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling is a popular statistical method to estimate the density of wild animal populations. Conventional distance sampling represents animals as fixed points in space that are detected with an unknown probability that depends on the distance between the observer and the animal. Animal movement can cause substantial bias in density estimation. Methods to correct for responsive animal movement exist, but none account for nonresponsive movement independent of the observer. Here, an explicit animal movement model is incorporated into distance sampling, combining distance sampling survey data with animal telemetry data. Detection probability depends on the entire unobserved path the animal travels. The intractable integration over all possible animal paths is approximated by a hidden Markov model. A simulation study shows the method to be negligibly biased (<5%) in scenarios where conventional distance sampling overestimates abundance by up to 100%. The method is applied to line transect surveys (1999– 2006) of spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in the eastern tropical Pacific where abundance is shown to be positively biased by 21% on average, which can have substantial impact on the population dynamics estimated from these abundance estimates and on the choice of statistical methodology applied to future surveys. Supplementary materials for this article, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work, are available as an online supplement.
BibTeX:
@article{glennie_incorporating_2020,
  author = {Glennie, R. and Buckland, S. T. and Langrock, R. and Gerrodette, T. and Ballance, L. T. and Chivers, S. J. and Scott, M. D.},
  title = {Incorporating animal movement into distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2020.1764362}
}
Gogan, P.J., Thompson, S.C., Pierce, W. and Barrett, R.H. Line-transect censuses of fallow and black-tailed deer on the Point Reyes Peninsula 1986 California Game and Fish
Vol. 72, pp. 47-61 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Gogetal86,
  author = {Gogan, P. J. and Thompson, S. C. and Pierce, W. and Barrett, R. H.},
  title = {Line-transect censuses of fallow and black-tailed deer on the Point Reyes Peninsula},
  journal = {California Game and Fish},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {47--61}
}
Gogoi, K., Kumar, U., Banerjee, K. and Jhala, Y.V. Spatially explicit density and its determinants for Asiatic lions in the Gir forests 2020 PLOS ONE
Vol. 15(2), pp. e0228374 
article DOI  
Abstract: Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) are an icon of conservation success, yet their status is inferred from total counts that cannot account for detection bias and double counts. With an effort of 4,797 km in 725 km2 of western Gir Protected Area, India, we used polygon search based spatially explicit capture recapture framework to estimate lion density. Using vibrissae patterns and permanent body marks we identified 67 lions from 368 lion sightings. We conducted distance sampling on 35 transects with an effort of 101.5 km to estimate spatial prey density using generalized additive modeling (GAM). Subsequently, we modeled lion spatial density with prey, habitat characteristics, anthropogenic factors and distance to baiting sites. Lion density (>1-year-old lions) was estimated at 8.53 (SE 1.05) /100 km2 with lionesses having smaller movement parameter (σ = 2.55 km; SE 0.12) compared to males (σ = 5.32 km; SE 0.33). Detection corrected sex ratio (female:male lions) was 1.14 (SE 0.02). Chital (Axis axis) was the most abundant ungulate with a density of 63.29 (SE 10.14) as determined by conventional distance sampling (CDS) and 58.17 (SE 22.17)/km2 with density surface modeling (DSM), followed by sambar (Rusa unicolor) at 3.84 (SE 1.07) and 4.73 (SE 1.48)/km2 estimated by CDS and DSM respectively. Spatial lion density was best explained by proximity to baiting sites and flat valley habitat but not as much by prey density. We demonstrate a scientifically robust approach to estimate lion abundance, that due to its spatial context, can be useful for management of habitat and human-lion interface. We recommend this method for lion population assessment across their range. High lion densities in western Gir were correlated with baiting. The management practice of attracting lions for tourism can perturb natural lion densities, disrupt behavior, lion social dynamics and have detrimental effects on local prey densities.
BibTeX:
@article{gogoi_spatially_2020,
  author = {Gogoi, Keshab and Kumar, Ujjwal and Banerjee, Kausik and Jhala, Yadvendradev V.},
  title = {Spatially explicit density and its determinants for Asiatic lions in the Gir forests},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0228374},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228374}
}
Goldberg, C.S. and Schwalbe, C.R. Considerations for monitoring a rare anuran (Eleutherodactylus augusti) 2004 Southwestern Naturalist
Vol. 49(4), pp. 442-448 
article DOI  
Abstract: Monitoring wildlife populations is a challenging task for scientists and resource managers. We assessed 4 methods for monitoring population size of barking frogs (Eleutherodactylus augusti) in southern Arizona: mark-recapture, distance sampling, call counts, and visual encounter surveys. Because of the ecology and behavior of this species, all methods produced data that contained too much variability and bias to be useful for monitoring population size. For cryptic species such as barking frogs, monitoring programs might be more effective if they focus on parameters other than population size.
BibTeX:
@article{Goldberg2004,
  author = {Goldberg, C. S. and Schwalbe, C. R.},
  title = {Considerations for monitoring a rare anuran (Eleutherodactylus augusti)},
  journal = {Southwestern Naturalist},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {442--448},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049%3C0442:CFMARA%3E2.0.CO;2}
}
Gómez De Segura, A., Tomás, J., Pedraza, S.N., Crespo, E.A. and Raga, J.A. Preliminary patterns of distribution and abundance of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, around columbretes islands marine reserve, spanish mediterranean 2003 Marine Biology
Vol. 143(4), pp. 817-823 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gomez2003,
  author = {Gómez De Segura, A. and Tomás, J. and Pedraza, S. N. and Crespo, E. A. and Raga, J. A.},
  title = {Preliminary patterns of distribution and abundance of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, around columbretes islands marine reserve, spanish mediterranean},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {143},
  number = {4},
  pages = {817--823},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1125-5}
}
Gómez-Hoyos, D.A., Suarez-Joaquin, T., Bolívar, W. and García, J.L. Population assessment strategy for Atelopus elegans (Bufonidae) in the Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia 2017 North-Western Journal of Zoology
Vol. 13, pp. 154-158 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{DiegoA.GOMEZ-HOYOS12017,
  author = {Gómez-Hoyos, Diego A. and Suarez-Joaquin, Tatiana and Bolívar, Wilmar and García, José Luis},
  title = {Population assessment strategy for Atelopus elegans (Bufonidae) in the Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia},
  journal = {North-Western Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {154--158}
}
Gong, R.-B., Ma, Y.-B. and Zhou, Y. Confident estimation for density of a biological population based on line transect sampling 2009 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica
Vol. 26(1), pp. 79-92 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gong200979,
  author = {Gong, R.-B. and Ma, Y.-B. and Zhou, Y.},
  title = {Confident estimation for density of a biological population based on line transect sampling},
  journal = {Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {79--92},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10255-009-9008-2}
}
Gonzalez, R.P., Thomas, L. and Marques, T.A. Estimation bias under model selection for distance sampling detection functions 2017 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 24, pp. 399-414 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gonzalez2017,
  author = {Gonzalez, Rocio Prieto and Thomas, Len and Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {Estimation bias under model selection for distance sampling detection functions},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {399--414},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-017-0376-0}
}
Good, E., R., Nielson, R.M., Sawyer, H.H. and McDonald, L.L. Population level survey of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the western United States 2004 School: Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. for the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Good2004,
  author = {Good and R., E. and Nielson, R. M. and Sawyer, H. H. and McDonald, L. L.},
  title = {Population level survey of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the western United States},
  school = {Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. for the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service},
  year = {2004}
}
Gordon, J. Measuring the range to animals at sea from boats using photographic and video images 2001 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 38, pp. 879-887 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GOR01,
  author = {Gordon, J.},
  title = {Measuring the range to animals at sea from boats using photographic and video images},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {879--887},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00615.x}
}
Gormezano, L.J. Exploring the variance components of distance sampling to simplify abundance estimation of white-tailed deer 2005 School: State University Of New York, Col. Of Environmental Science & Forestry  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Gormezano2005,
  author = {Gormezano, Linda J.},
  title = {Exploring the variance components of distance sampling to simplify abundance estimation of white-tailed deer},
  school = {State University Of New York, Col. Of Environmental Science & Forestry},
  year = {2005}
}
Gosselin, J.-F. Abundance indices of belugas in James Bay and eastern Hudson Bay in summer 2004 2005 (2005/011)School: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Gosselin2005,
  author = {Gosselin, Jean-François},
  title = {Abundance indices of belugas in James Bay and eastern Hudson Bay in summer 2004},
  school = {Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute},
  year = {2005},
  number = {2005/011}
}
Gotmark, F. and Post, P. Prey selection by sparrowhawks, Accipiter nisus: relative predation risk for breeding passerine birds in relation to their size, ecology and behaviour 1996 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
Vol. 351, pp. 1559-1577 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GotPos96,
  author = {Gotmark, F. and Post, P.},
  title = {Prey selection by sparrowhawks, Accipiter nisus: relative predation risk for breeding passerine birds in relation to their size, ecology and behaviour},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {351},
  pages = {1559--1577},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0141}
}
Gottschalk, T. and Huettmann, F. Comparison of distance sampling and territory mapping methods for birds in four different habitats 2011 Journal of Ornithology
Vol. 152, pp. 421-429 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gottschalk2011,
  author = {Gottschalk, Thomas and Huettmann, Falk},
  title = {Comparison of distance sampling and territory mapping methods for birds in four different habitats},
  journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {421--429},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0601-1}
}
Gottschalk, T.K., Dittrich, R., DiekÃ, T., Sheridan, P., Wolters, V. and Ekschmitt, K. Modelling land-use sustainability using farmland birds as indicators 2010 Ecological Indicators
Vol. 10(1), pp. 15-23 
article DOI  
Abstract: Biodiversity on farmland is declining due to agricultural intensification and occurs across many taxa such as plants, insects or birds. Here, we modelled population sizes of five farmland birds in central Germany as the German Sustainability Indicator for Species Diversity (SISD) is based on this taxon. We explored options for sustainable farmland management by generating land-use scenarios at the regional scale. For individual bird species, high SISD scores could be reached by changing environmental variables, such as landscape or crop diversity, percent cover of spring cereals or hedge density. However, contrasting species responses to these variables prevented from reaching high scores for all species simultaneously. We were able to improve the total SISD score from 0.77 at present to 0.94 by increasing landscape and crop diversity or to 0.87 by increasing hedge density and reducing spring cereals, respectively. An economic evaluation of the return losses associated with these changes revealed that annual costs of approx. 5.5Â [euro]/ha farmland would suffice for this latter increase by optimizing hedges and spring cereals towards high SISD. We conclude that balancing three levels of trade-offs, i.e. contrasting requirements of species, diverging responses in different landscapes, and alternative economic options, is difficult to achieve without systematic modelling. Yet, by accounting for differences in landscape structure and species distributions at a regional spatial scale and by focusing on clearly defined measures such as hedge density or the cover of spring cereals rather than composite indices like landscape or crop diversity it seems possible to develop realisable, affordable and sustainable management strategies.
BibTeX:
@article{Gottschalk2010,
  author = {Gottschalk, Thomas K. and Dittrich, Ralf and DiekÃ, Tim and Sheridan, Patrick and Wolters, Volkmar and Ekschmitt, Klemens},
  title = {Modelling land-use sustainability using farmland birds as indicators},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.05.008}
}
Gowan, T.A. and Ortega-Ortiz, J.G. Wintering habitat model for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the southeastern United States 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9(4), pp. e95126 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ The coastal waters off the southeastern United States (SEUS) are a primary wintering ground for the endangered North Atlantic right whale (¡ italic¿ Eubalaena glacialis/italic¿ ), used by calving females along with other adult and juvenile whales. Management actions implemented in this area for the recovery of the right whale population rely on accurate habitat characterization and the ability to predict whale distribution over time. We developed a temporally dynamic habitat model to predict wintering right whale distribution in the SEUS using a generalized additive model framework and aerial survey data from 2003/2004 through 2012/2013. We built upon previous habitat models for right whales in the SEUS and include data from new aerial surveys that extend the spatial coverage of the analysis, particularly in the northern portion of this wintering ground. We summarized whale sightings, survey effort corrected for probability of whale detection, and environmental data at a semimonthly resolution. Consistent with previous studies, sea surface temperature (SST), water depth, and survey year were significant predictors of right whale relative abundance. Additionally, distance to shore, distance to the 22Âtextdegree C SST isotherm, and an interaction between time of year and latitude (to account for the latitudinal migration of whales) were also selected in the analysis presented here. Predictions from the model revealed that the location of preferred habitat differs within and between years in correspondence with variation in environmental conditions. Although cow-calf pairs were rarely sighted in the company of other whales, there was minimal evidence that the preferred habitat of cow-calf pairs was different than that of whale groups without calves at the scale of this study. The results of this updated habitat model can be used to inform management decisions for a migratory species in a dynamic oceanic environment./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Gowan2014,
  author = {Timothy A. Gowan and Joel G. Ortega-Ortiz},
  title = {Wintering habitat model for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the southeastern United States},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e95126},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095126}
}
Graham, A. and Bell, R. Investigating observer bias in aerial survey by simultaneous double-counts 1989 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 53, pp. 1009-1016 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{GraBel89,
  author = {Graham, A. and Bell, R.},
  title = {Investigating observer bias in aerial survey by simultaneous double-counts},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {1009--1016},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809603}
}
Granholm, S.L. Bias in density estimates due to movement of birds 1983 Condor, The
Vol. 85, pp. 243-248 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gra83,
  author = {Granholm, S. L.},
  title = {Bias in density estimates due to movement of birds},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {243--248},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1367261}
}
Granjon, L., Cosson, J.F., Judas, J. and Ringuet, S. Influence of tropical rainforest fragmentation on mammal communities in French Guiana: short-term effects. 1996 Acta Oecologica
Vol. 17, pp. 673-684 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Graetal96,
  author = {Granjon, L. and Cosson, J. F. and Judas, J. and Ringuet, S.},
  title = {Influence of tropical rainforest fragmentation on mammal communities in French Guiana: short-term effects.},
  journal = {Acta Oecologica},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {673--684}
}
Green, N., Wildhaber, M. and Albers, J. Effectiveness of a distance sampling from roads program for white-tailed deer in the National Capital Region parks 2021 School: National Park Service  techreport DOI  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Green2021,
  author = {Nicholas Green and Mark Wildhaber and Janice Albers},
  title = {Effectiveness of a distance sampling from roads program for white-tailed deer in the National Capital Region parks},
  publisher = {National Park Service},
  school = {National Park Service},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284469}
}
Greene, K., Bell, D., Kioko, J. and Kiffner, C. Performance of ground-based and aerial survey methods for monitoring wildlife assemblages in a conservation area of northern Tanzania 2017 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 63(5), pp. 77 
article DOI  
Abstract: Validating and improving field-sampling techniques for estimating wildlife community composition and population size is essential for wildlife management and conservation. We conducted ground distance sampling surveys along line transects and block counts from a small aircraft in Manyara Ranch in Northern Tanzania and contrasted estimates of species richness and species-specific densities from both sampling techniques. We used regression analyses (logistic regression and generalized linear mixed models) and model selection to investigate whether a species' body size, group size, body color, as well as vegetation cover explained the variation in species presence/absence and relative density differences in aerial vs. ground-based sampling. Ground surveys detected significantly more species than aerial surveys. However, aerial surveys detected three species that were missed by ground surveys (African lions, African buffalo, and spotted hyena). Model selection suggested that species with smaller body mass and small group sizes were more likely to be missed in aerial surveys. Densities estimated from the aerial surveys were generally but non-significantly lower than the densities estimated from the ground surveys, with the exception of density estimates for African elephants which were slightly higher from aerial surveys. Density differences between the two methods were greater for species with small group size, light body color, and in areas with denser vegetation cover; these variables explained 75% of the variation in density differences between the two survey methods. Albeit being similar in operational costs in our relatively small study area, ground surveys yielded (1) more complete information with respect to wildlife community composition and (2) density estimates were mostly higher and (3) more precise and (4) appear more feasible to be implemented in community-based conservation schemes.
BibTeX:
@article{Greene2017,
  author = {Greene, Kathryn and Bell, Damian and Kioko, John and Kiffner, Christian},
  title = {Performance of ground-based and aerial survey methods for monitoring wildlife assemblages in a conservation area of northern Tanzania},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {63},
  number = {5},
  pages = {77},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1133-2}
}
Greene, T. Distance sampling populations of New Zealand birds - estimating kaka and kereru abundance   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Greene,
  author = {Greene, Terry},
  title = {Distance sampling populations of New Zealand birds - estimating kaka and kereru abundance}
}
Greene, T., Jones, A., Dennis, G. and Sachtleben, T. Distance sampling to determine kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) density within Waipapa Ecological Area, Pureora 2010 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 34, pp. 297-305 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Greene2010,
  author = {Greene, Terry and Jones, Alan and Dennis, Gillian and Sachtleben, Thalia},
  title = {Distance sampling to determine kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) density within Waipapa Ecological Area, Pureora},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {297--305},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2935}
}
Greene, T., Thurley, T. and Basse, B. Recovery of North Island Kākā (Nestor Meridionalis Septentrionalis) within Pureora Forest Park, 2000– 2020 2022 New Zealand Journal of Ecology  article DOI  
Abstract: To test the long-term efficacy of mammalian pest control, annual distance sampling estimates of the density of North Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) within the southern Waipapa Ecological Area (WEA), Pureora Forest Park from 2008– 2020 are compared to previously published estimates made at the same sites and time of year (October) between 2000– 2007. Kākā density increased approximately four-fold from an average of c. 0.5 (95% CI 0.5– 0.6) birds ha-1 between 2000 and 2007 to c. 2.3 (95% CI 1.9– 2.8) birds ha-1 in 2020. The average of rate of increase between 2000 and 2018 was c. 6.9% per annum. Kākā recovery is likely to be a function of multiple mast events and long-term (> 20 years), large-scale, frequent, effective control of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and probably mustelids. It is recommended that the current pest control as well as kākā and pest monitoring continue.
BibTeX:
@article{Greene2022,
  author = {Greene, Terry and Thurley, Tertia and Basse, Britta},
  title = {Recovery of North Island Kākā (Nestor Meridionalis Septentrionalis) within Pureora Forest Park, 2000– 2020},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.47.3511}
}
Gregory, C.J., Dinsmore, S.J., Powell, L.A. and Jorgensen, J.G. Estimating the abundance of long-billed curlews in Nebraska 2012 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 83, pp. 122-129 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gregory2012,
  author = {Gregory, Cory J. and Dinsmore, Stephen J. and Powell, Larkin A. and Jorgensen, Joel G.},
  title = {Estimating the abundance of long-billed curlews in Nebraska},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {122--129},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2012.00362.x}
}
Gregory, R.D. and Baillie, S.R. Large-scale habitat use of some declining British birds 1998 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 35(5), pp. 785-799 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. Large-scale habitat use of eight species of breeding birds was considered using data collected across Britain. The species were skylark Alauda arvensis (L.), dunnock Prunella modularis (L.), blackbird Turdus merula (L.), song thrush Turdus philomelos (L.), starling Sturnus vulgaris (L.), linnet Carduelis cannabina (L.), bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula (L.) and reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus (L.). All are linked by roughly synchronous population declines over the last 25 years in southern Britain (and mostly in farmland landscapes). Discussion is limited to the conservation status of these species. 2. Breeding densities were estimated for broad habitat types and these were used to estimate population sizes within habitat types. Confidence limits on the estimates were derived using a bootstrap procedure. 3. For most species considered, farmland holds a high proportion of their population (in excess of 50% for four species), reflecting the predominance of this land use across Britain. This suggests that sympathetic changes in farming practices are likely to provide the best mechanism for improving the status of these species. 4. Substantial proportions of particular species occur outside farmland, but different species occur in different habitats. A considerable proportion of skylarks occur on upland moor, bullfinches in wooded habitats, and reed buntings in riparian habitats. Conservation of this group of species thus requires appropriate management of the wider countryside, including their main habitats. 5. Habitats associated with human habitation hold ¿ 20% of the British populations of blackbird, song thrush and starling, and considerable numbers of other species. The management of parks, gardens and other 'green space' may have an important impact on their populations and should not be neglected by conservationists.
BibTeX:
@article{Gregory1998,
  author = {Gregory, R. D. and Baillie, S. R.},
  title = {Large-scale habitat use of some declining British birds},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {35},
  number = {5},
  pages = {785--799},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.355349.x}
}
Gregory, S.K. Comparison of density estimators for white-tailed deer using aerial thermal infrared videography 2005 School: University of Arkansas  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Gregory2005,
  author = {Gregory, S. K.},
  title = {Comparison of density estimators for white-tailed deer using aerial thermal infrared videography},
  school = {University of Arkansas},
  year = {2005}
}
Grigg, G.C., Pople, A.R. and Beard, L.A. Application of an ultralight aircraft to aerial surveys of kangaroos on grazing properties 1997 Wildlife Research
Vol. 24, pp. 359-372 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Grietal97,
  author = {Grigg, G. C. and Pople, A. R. and Beard, L. A.},
  title = {Application of an ultralight aircraft to aerial surveys of kangaroos on grazing properties},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {359--372},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR96047}
}
Groom, J.D., McKinney, L.B., Ball, L.C. and Winchell, C.S. Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a threatened dune-endemic plant 2007 Biological Conservation
Vol. 135(1), pp. 119-134 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Groom2007119,
  author = {Groom, Jeremiah D. and McKinney, Lloyd B. and Ball, Lianne C. and Winchell, Clark S.},
  title = {Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a threatened dune-endemic plant},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {135},
  number = {1},
  pages = {119--134},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.005}
}
Gross, J.E., Stoddart, L.C. and Wagner, F.H. Demographic analysis of a northern Utah jackrabbit population 1974 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 40, pp. 1-68 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Groetal74,
  author = {Gross, J. E. and Stoddart, L. C. and Wagner, F. H.},
  title = {Demographic analysis of a northern Utah jackrabbit population},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {1--68}
}
Guenzel, R.J. Estimating pronghorn abundance using aerial line transect sampling 1997 School: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.  techreport URL 
BibTeX:
@techreport{Gue97,
  author = {Guenzel, R. J.},
  title = {Estimating pronghorn abundance using aerial line transect sampling},
  school = {Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.},
  year = {1997},
  url = {https://u.pcloud.link/publink/show?code=XZ9d3r7ZJkMhsYntVJX6T12F6YamEQtzkHfX}
}
Guix, J.C., Martín, M. and Manõsa, S. Conservation status of parrot populations in an Atlantic rainforest area of southeastern Brazil 1999 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 8(8), pp. 1079-1088 
article DOI  
Abstract: A census of four species of syntopic parrots was carried out using distance sampling methods on Sao Sebastiao island, SE Brazil. Most of the 33 593 ha island is covered by mature and secondary Atlantic rainforest. Almost 80% of these forests are within the Ilhabela Park. Although the species counted have marked differences in size and weight, density (individuals/km2) and estimated population size in 23 500 ha of well-preserved forests were similar: Amazona farinosa (13.82 ± 5.94; 3247 ± 1395), Pionus maximiliani (15.79 ± 7.04; 3712 ± 1654), Brotogeris tirica (15.05 ± 4.87; 3537 ± 1143) and Pyrrhura frontalis (13.06 ± 5.53; 3068 ± 1298). Encounter rates of Forpus crassirostris and Pionopsitta pileata were very low, which suggests that there is only a small population of these species on the island. The Sao Sebastiao forests still support healthy populations of parrots. Although woodpecker population estimates on the island are large enough to provide nesting sites for parrots, competition for holes with other secondary cavity nesters such as toucans, flycatchers and tytiras, and the selective cutting of dead trees for canoe construction, which is a common practice on the island, may limit hole availability for parrots.
BibTeX:
@article{Guix1999,
  author = {Guix, J. C. and Martín, M. and Manõsa, S.},
  title = {Conservation status of parrot populations in an Atlantic rainforest area of southeastern Brazil},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {8},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1079--1088},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008851215269}
}
Gunnlaugsson, T. and Sigurjónsson, J. NASS-87: estimation of whale abundance based on observations made on board Icelandic and Faroese survey vessels 1990 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 40, pp. 571-580 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{GunSig90,
  author = {Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Sigurjónsson, J.},
  title = {NASS-87: estimation of whale abundance based on observations made on board Icelandic and Faroese survey vessels},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {571--580}
}
Gunnlaugsson, T., Víkingsson, G.A. and Pike, D.G. Combined line-transect and cue-count estimate of sperm whale abundance in the north Atlantic, from Icelandic NASS-2001 shipboard survey 2009 NAMMCO Sci. Publ.
Vol. 7, pp. 73-80 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Gunnlaugsson2009,
  author = {Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Víkingsson, G. A. and Pike, D. G.},
  title = {Combined line-transect and cue-count estimate of sperm whale abundance in the north Atlantic, from Icelandic NASS-2001 shipboard survey},
  journal = {NAMMCO Sci. Publ.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {73--80},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2706}
}
Guthery, F.S. Line transect sampling of bobwhite density on rangeland: evaluation and recommendations 1988 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 16, pp. 193-203 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Gut88,
  author = {Guthery, F. S.},
  title = {Line transect sampling of bobwhite density on rangeland: evaluation and recommendations},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {193--203},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782189}
}
Guthery, F.S. and Mecozzi, G.E. Developing the concept of estimating bobwhite density with pointing dogs 2008 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 72, pp. 1175-1180 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Guthery2008,
  author = {Guthery, Fred S. and Mecozzi, Grant E.},
  title = {Developing the concept of estimating bobwhite density with pointing dogs},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {1175--1180},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-379}
}
Gutzwiller, K.J. and Marcum, H.A. Bird reactions to observer clothing color: implications for distance-sampling techniques 1997 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 61(3), pp. 935-947 
article DOI  
Abstract: The species-confidence hypothesis asserts that birds prefer mates whose colors match those of their species and avoid potential mates whose colors are atypical of conspecifics. Earlier point-count research indicated this mate-choice hypothesis also may explain avian reactions to observer clothing color. In central Texas, during January and February 1993, we tested further whether the species-confidence hypothesis holds for reactions to observer clothing color by determining how close an investigator could get to individuals before they flushed (approach distance) and how long individuals remained visible near their initial flush point (detectability period). The same investigator experimentally wore or did not wear a hunter-orange vest, which some wildlife biologists wear as a safety precaution during hunting-season field studies. The vest did not affect approach distance for species with red or orange on their bodies (American robin [Turdus migratorius], P = 0.247; northern cardinal [Cardinalis cardinalis], P = 0.196: ruby-crowned kinglet [Regulus calendula], P = 0.434; red-bellied woodpecker [Melanerpes carolinus], P = 0.113). In contrast, approach distances for species without red or orange were longer when the vest was worn than when it was not worn (Carolina chickadee [Parus carolinensis], P = 0.032; northern mockingbird [Mimus polyglottos], P = 0.033; yellow-rumped warbler [Dendroica coronata], P = 0.001). Differences in detectability period between vest conditions depended on air temperature for American robins (P = 0.003) and on the variation in visibility within habitats for northern cardinals (P ¡ 0.001). Detectability period was shorter when the vest was worn than when it was not worn for Carolina chickadees (P = 0.057) and yellow-rumped warblers (P = 0.060). Thus, for several species this matechoice hypothesis seems to apply to garment color as well. Some species' reactions demonstrated that, if birds respond significantly to clothing color, important assumptions of distance-sampling techniques used to estimate avian richness, density, and abundance will be violated, and these parameters will be underestimated. Wildlife scientists will be more likely to draw valid inferences and recommend effective management practices from avian data gathered via distance-sampling methods if reactions to clothing color are precluded.
BibTeX:
@article{Gutzwiller1997,
  author = {Gutzwiller, K. J. and Marcum, H. A.},
  title = {Bird reactions to observer clothing color: implications for distance-sampling techniques},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {61},
  number = {3},
  pages = {935--947},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802203}
}
Haakonsson, J.E., Harvey, J. and Rivera-Milán, F.F. Conservation status of grand cayman (Amazona leucocephala caymanensis) and cayman brac (Amazona leucocephala hesterna) parrots 2017 The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology
Vol. 30, pp. 33-38 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Haakonsson2017,
  author = {Haakonsson, Jane Ebert and Harvey, Jessica and Rivera-Milán, Frank F.},
  title = {Conservation status of grand cayman (Amazona leucocephala caymanensis) and cayman brac (Amazona leucocephala hesterna) parrots},
  journal = {The Journal of Caribbean Ornithology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {33--38}
}
Hagen, G. and Schweder, T. Point clustering of minke whales in the northeastern Atlantic 1995 Whales, Seals, Fish and Man, pp. 27-33  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{HagSch95,
  author = {Hagen, G. and Schweder, T.},
  title = {Point clustering of minke whales in the northeastern Atlantic},
  booktitle = {Whales, Seals, Fish and Man},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science B. V.},
  year = {1995},
  pages = {27--33}
}
Hain, J.H.W., Ellis, S.L., Kenney, R.D. and Slay, C.K. Sightability of right whales in coastal waters of the southeastern United States with implications for the aerial monitoring program 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 191-207  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Haietal99,
  author = {Hain, J. H. W. and Ellis, S. L. and Kenney, R. D. and Slay, C. K.},
  title = {Sightability of right whales in coastal waters of the southeastern United States with implications for the aerial monitoring program},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {191--207}
}
Hakamada, T., Matsuoka, K. and Nishiwaki, S. An update of Antarctic minke whales abundance estimate based on JARPA data including comparison to IDCR/SOWER estimates 2005 (JA/J05/JR 4)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Hakamada2005,
  author = {Hakamada, T. and Matsuoka, K. and Nishiwaki, S.},
  title = {An update of Antarctic minke whales abundance estimate based on JARPA data including comparison to IDCR/SOWER estimates},
  year = {2005},
  number = {JA/J05/JR 4}
}
Hall, A.M. Seasonal abundance, distribution and prey species of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in southern Vancouver Island waters 2004 School: University of British Columbia  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Hall2004,
  author = {Hall, A. M.},
  title = {Seasonal abundance, distribution and prey species of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in southern Vancouver Island waters},
  school = {University of British Columbia},
  year = {2004}
}
Hamel, P.B. Response to Tomiatojc and Verner 1990 The Auk
Vol. 107, pp. 451-453 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ham90,
  author = {Hamel, P. B.},
  title = {Response to Tomiatojc and Verner},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {107},
  pages = {451--453},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4087641}
}
Hamel, P.B. Comparison of variable circular-plot and spot-map censusing methods in temperate forest 1984 Ornis Scandinavica
Vol. 15, pp. 266-274 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ham84,
  author = {Hamel, P. B.},
  title = {Comparison of variable circular-plot and spot-map censusing methods in temperate forest},
  journal = {Ornis Scandinavica},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {266--274},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3675936}
}
Hamel, P.B., Smith, W.P. and Wahl, J.W. Wintering bird populations of fragmented forest habitat in the Central Basin, Tennessee 1993 Biological Conservation
Vol. 66, pp. 107-115 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hametal93,
  author = {Hamel, P. B. and Smith, W. P. and Wahl, J. W.},
  title = {Wintering bird populations of fragmented forest habitat in the Central Basin, Tennessee},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {107--115},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90141-M}
}
Hammill, M.O., Lesage, V., Gosselin, J.-F., Bourdages, H., March, B.G.E.D. and Kingsley, M.C.S. Evidence for a decline in northern Quebec (Nunavik) belugas 2004 Arctic
Vol. 57, pp. 183-195 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hammill2004,
  author = {Hammill, M. O. and Lesage, V. and Gosselin, J.-F. and Bourdages, H. and March, B. G. E. De and Kingsley, M. C. S.},
  title = {Evidence for a decline in northern Quebec (Nunavik) belugas},
  journal = {Arctic},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {183--195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic494}
}
Hammond, P.S. An investigation into the effects of different techniques of smearing the IWC/IDCR minke whale sighting data and the use of different models to estimate density of schools 1984 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 34, pp. 301-307 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hamm84,
  author = {Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {An investigation into the effects of different techniques of smearing the IWC/IDCR minke whale sighting data and the use of different models to estimate density of schools},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {301--307}
}
Hammond, P.S., Berggren, P., Benke, H., Borchers, D.L., Collet, A., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Heimlich, S., Hiby, A.R., Leopold, M.F. and Øien, N. Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters 2002 The Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 39, pp. 361-376 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. The status of small cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters has been of concern for many years. Shipboard and aerial line transect surveys were conducted to provide accurate and precise estimates of abundance as a basis for conservation strategy in European waters. 2. The survey, known as SCANS (Small Cetacean Abundance in the North Sea), was conducted in summer 1994 and designed to generate precise and unbiased abundance estimates. Thus the intensity of survey was high, and data collection and analysis methods allowed for the probability of detection of animals on the transect line being less than unity and, for shipboard surveys, also allowed for animal movement in response to the survey platform. 3. Shipboard transects covered 20 000 km in an area of 890 000 km^2. Aerial transects covered 7000 km in an area of 150 000 km^2. 4. Three species dominated the data. Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena were encountered throughout the survey area except in the Channel and the southern North Sea. Whitebeaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris and minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata were found mainly in the north-western North Sea. 5. Phocoena phocoena abundance for the entire survey area was estimated as 341 366 [coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 260 000-449 000]. The estimated number of B. acutorostrata was 8445 (CV = 0.24; 95% CI 5000-13 500). The estimate for L. albirostris based on confirmed sightings of this species was 7856 (CV = 0.30; 95% CI = 4000-13 000). When Atlantic whitesided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus and Lagenorhynchus spp. sightings were included, this estimate increased to 11 760 (CV = 0.26; 95% CI 5900-18 500). 6. Shortbeaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis were found almost exclusively in the Celtic Sea. Abundance was estimated as 75 450 (CV = 0.67; 95% CI = 23 000-149 000). 7. Current assessments and recommendations by international fora concerning the impact on P. phocoena of bycatch in gillnet fisheries in the North Sea and adjacent waters are based on these estimates.
BibTeX:
@article{Hammond2002,
  author = {Hammond, P. S. and Berggren, P. and Benke, H. and Borchers, D. L. and Collet, A. and Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Heimlich, S. and Hiby, A. R. and Leopold, M. F. and Øien, N.},
  title = {Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters},
  journal = {The Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {361--376},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00713.x}
}
Hammond, P.S. and Laake, J.L. Estimates of sperm whale density in the eastern tropical Pacific, 1974– 1982 1984 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 34, pp. 255-258 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HamLaa84,
  author = {Hammond, P. S. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Estimates of sperm whale density in the eastern tropical Pacific, 1974– 1982},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {255--258}
}
Hammond, P.S. and Laake, J.L. Trends in estimates of abundance of dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delphis) involved in the purse-seine fishery for tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean 1983 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 33, pp. 565-588 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HamLaa83,
  author = {Hammond, P. S. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Trends in estimates of abundance of dolphins (Stenella spp. and Delphinus delphis) involved in the purse-seine fishery for tunas in the eastern Pacific Ocean},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {565--588}
}
Hammond, P.S., Macleod, K., Berggren, P., Borchers, D.L., Burt, L., Cañadas, A., Desportes, G., Donovan, G.P., Gilles, A., Gillespie, D., Gordon, J., Hiby, L., Kuklik, I., Leaper, R., Lehnert, K., Leopold, M., Lovell, P., Øien, N., Paxton, C.G.M., Ridoux, V., Rogan, E., Samarra, F., Scheidat, M., Sequeira, M., Siebert, U., Skov, H., Swift, R., Tasker, M.L., Teilmann, J., Canneyt, O.V. and Vázquez, J.A. Cetacean abundance and distribution in European Atlantic shelf waters to inform conservation and management 2013 Biological Conservation
Vol. 164, pp. 107-122 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hammond2013107,
  author = {Hammond, Philip S. and Macleod, Kelly and Berggren, Per and Borchers, David L. and Burt, Louise and Cañadas, Ana and Desportes, Geneviève and Donovan, Greg P. and Gilles, Anita and Gillespie, Douglas and Gordon, Jonathan and Hiby, Lex and Kuklik, Iwona and Leaper, Russell and Lehnert, Kristina and Leopold, Mardik and Lovell, Phil and Øien, Nils and Paxton, Charles G. M. and Ridoux, Vincent and Rogan, Emer and Samarra, Filipa and Scheidat, Meike and Sequeira, Marina and Siebert, Ursula and Skov, Henrik and Swift, René and Tasker, Mark L. and Teilmann, Jonas and Canneyt, Olivier Van and Vázquez, José Antonio},
  title = {Cetacean abundance and distribution in European Atlantic shelf waters to inform conservation and management},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {107--122},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.010}
}
Hamrick, R.G., Pirgalioglu, T., Gunduz, S. and Carroll, J.P. Feral donkey Equus asinus populations on the karpaz peninsula, cyprus 2005 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 51(2), pp. 108-116 
article DOI  
Abstract: Numerous researchers have documented the adverse effects of feral donkeys Equus asinus introduced to semi-arid ecosystems. With the release of feral donkeys and potential increasing populations in natural habitats in northern Cyprus, there is concern for negative impacts on vegetation and native species. In the north of the island, there has been only one published study of feral donkey populations, and population estimators were relatively subjective. We estimated feral donkey populations on the Karpaz Peninsula using line transect surveys and quantitative distance sampling estimators. We stratified the sampling by using 11 sample units within the study area. We evaluated potential biases associated with habitat, topography, and perpendicular distance from the transect line and found that these variables did not bias donkey detections during our surveys. Using program DISTANCE, we found that a hazard rate cosine model was the best model that described our distance data based on model selection criterion (Akaike's Information Criteria adjusted for small sample bias). Estimated effective strip width was 280.19 m and detection probability was 0.47 with this model. Estimated donkey density was 6.7 donkeys/km 2, and estimated total abundance was 800 donkeys for the entire 132.5 km2 study area. Of 95 donkey groups detected: 16% were detected in agricultural habitats with flat topography, 9% were detected in agricultural habitats with sloped topography, 24% were detected in shrub/forest habitats with flat topography, and 51% were detected in shrub/forest habitats with sloped topography. Of 102 behavioral observations recorded (multiple behaviors were detected in groups), frequencies of behaviors were 1% bedded, 70% standing, 22% grazing, 6% moving, and 2% other. Our estimated donkey population density in the Karpaz Peninsula was ¿ 2 times densities reported in arid regions of the United States and Australia, but slightly lower than earlier density estimates reported for the Karpaz region. These estimates of feral donkey populations in the Karpaz Peninsula provide a quantitative baseline from which to make population management decisions. textcopyright Springer-Verlag 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{Hamrick2005,
  author = {Hamrick, R. G. and Pirgalioglu, T. and Gunduz, S. and Carroll, J. P.},
  title = {Feral donkey Equus asinus populations on the karpaz peninsula, cyprus},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {108--116},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0085-0}
}
Handel, C., Tibbetts, L., Cady, M., Ruthrauff, D. and Thompson, B. Quantifying and correcting measurement error in point transect counts   article  
BibTeX:
@article{Handel,
  author = {Handel, Colleen and Tibbetts, Lee and Cady, Melissa and Ruthrauff, Dan and Thompson, Bill},
  title = {Quantifying and correcting measurement error in point transect counts}
}
Hanni, D. Sand creek massacre national historic site inventory and monitoring: final report 2005 School: Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Hanni2005,
  author = {Hanni, David},
  title = {Sand creek massacre national historic site inventory and monitoring: final report},
  school = {Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory},
  year = {2005}
}
Hanowski, J.M. and Niemi, G.J. Experimental design considerations for establishing an off-road, habitat-specific bird monitoring program using point-counts 1995 (PSW-GTR-149)School: USDA Forest Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Hanowski1995,
  author = {Hanowski, JoAnn M. and Niemi, Gerald J.},
  title = {Experimental design considerations for establishing an off-road, habitat-specific bird monitoring program using point-counts},
  school = {USDA Forest Service},
  year = {1995},
  number = {PSW-GTR-149}
}
Hanowski, J.M., Niemi, G.J. and Blake, J.G. Statistical perspectives and experimental design when counting birds on line transects 1990 Condor, The
Vol. 92, pp. 326-335 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hanetal90,
  author = {Hanowski, J. M. and Niemi, G. J. and Blake, J. G.},
  title = {Statistical perspectives and experimental design when counting birds on line transects},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {92},
  pages = {326--335},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1368230}
}
Hansen, R.G., Boye, T.K., Larsen, R.S., Nielsen, N.H., Tervo, O., Nielsen, R.D., Rasmussen, M.H., Sinding, M.H.S. and Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. Abundance of whales in west and east Greenland in summer 2015 2019 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 11 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hansen2019,
  author = {Hansen, Rikke Guldborg and Boye, Tenna K. and Larsen, Rasmus S. and Nielsen, Nynne H. and Tervo, Outi and Nielsen, Rasmus D. and Rasmussen, Marianne H. and Sinding, Mikkel H. S. and Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter},
  title = {Abundance of whales in west and east Greenland in summer 2015},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  publisher = {UiT The Arctic University of Norway},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {11},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.4689}
}
Hansen, R.G., Pike, D., Thorgilsson, B., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Lawson, J. The Geometer: a new device for recording angles in visual surveys 2019 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 11 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Geometer is a new handheld USB device that facilitates a relatively accurate measurement of the declination to a target with instantaneous recording of this and other data. The Geometer offers several advantages over traditional clinometers used in aerial surveys, including easier target pinpointing and tracking, more consistent angle measurements, and integration with software data collection packages. In this note we provide technical specifications for the device and its associated software, and describe a new aerial survey data collection programme that takes full advantage of the features of the Geometer. We have tested this device extensively during aerial surveys and highlight the utility of the hardware as well as ways in which the technology could be improved.
BibTeX:
@article{hansen_geometer_2019,
  author = {Hansen, Rikke Guldborg and Pike, Daniel and Thorgilsson, Baldur and Gunnlaugsson, Thorvaldur and Lawson, Jack},
  title = {The Geometer: a new device for recording angles in visual surveys},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {11},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.5585}
}
Hansen, S.J.K., Frair, J.L., Underwood, H.B. and Gibbs, J.P. Pairing call-response surveys and distance sampling for a mammalian carnivore 2015 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 79, pp. 662-671 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hansen2015,
  author = {Hansen, Sara J. K. and Frair, Jacqueline L. and Underwood, H. Brian and Gibbs, James P.},
  title = {Pairing call-response surveys and distance sampling for a mammalian carnivore},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {79},
  pages = {662--671},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.865}
}
Harden R. H., R.J.M. and Milledge, D.R. An evaluation of the strip transect method for censusing bird communities in forests 1986 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 13, pp. 203-211 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Haretal86,
  author = {Harden, R. H., R. J. Muir and Milledge, D. R.},
  title = {An evaluation of the strip transect method for censusing bird communities in forests},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {203--211},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9860203}
}
Hardy, P.C. and Morrison, M.L. Nest site selection by elf owls in the Sonoran desert 2001 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 113(1), pp. 23-32 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hardy2001,
  author = {Hardy, P. C. and Morrison, M. L.},
  title = {Nest site selection by elf owls in the Sonoran desert},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {113},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--32},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113%5B0023:NSSBEO%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Harihar, A., Pandav, B. and Goyal, S.P. Responses of tiger (Panthera tigris) and their prey to removal of anthropogenic influences in Rajaji National Park, India 2009 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 55, pp. 97-105 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Harihar2009,
  author = {Harihar, Abishek and Pandav, Bivash and Goyal, Surendra P.},
  title = {Responses of tiger (Panthera tigris) and their prey to removal of anthropogenic influences in Rajaji National Park, India},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {97--105},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-008-0219-2}
}
Hariharan, P. and Raman, T.R.S. Active restoration fosters better recovery of tropical rainforest birds than natural regeneration in degraded forest fragments 2021 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. n/a(n/a) 
article DOI  
Abstract: Ecological restoration has emerged as a key strategy for conserving tropical forests and habitat specialists, and monitoring faunal recovery using indicator taxa like birds can help assess restoration success. Few studies have examined, however, whether active restoration (AR) achieves better recovery of bird communities than natural regeneration, or how bird recovery relates to habitat affiliations of species in the community. In rainforests restored over the past two decades in a fragmented landscape (Western Ghats, India), we examined whether bird species richness and community composition recovery in 23 actively restored (AR) sites were significantly better than recovery in paired naturally regenerating (NR) sites, relative to 23 undisturbed benchmark (BM) rainforests. We measured eight habitat variables and tested whether bird recovery tracked habitat recovery, whether rainforest and open-country birds showed contrasting patterns, and assessed species-level responses to restoration. We recorded 92 bird species in 460 point-count surveys. Rainforest bird species richness was highest in BM, intermediate in AR and lowest in NR. Contrastingly, open-country bird species richness was least in BM, intermediate in AR and highest in NR. Bird community composition varied significantly across treatment types with composition in AR in transition from NR to BM. Bird community dissimilarity between sites was positively related to dissimilarity in habitat structure and floristics, and geographical distance between sites. Variance partitioning indicated that structural and floristic dissimilarity explained 90% of the variation in community composition. Indicator species analysis revealed significant associations of 34 species with one or more treatment types. Species associated with BM and AR treatment types were all rainforest species, while only 38% of species associated with AR and NR treatment types were rainforest species. Synthesis and applications. We show that active restoration (AR) of degraded fragments benefits rainforest birds and reduces the infiltration of open-country birds, and highlight the importance of considering rainforest and open-country species separately. In human-modified tropical rainforest landscapes, AR of degraded fragments fosters partial recovery and complements protection of mature forests for bird conservation.
BibTeX:
@article{Hariharan2021,
  author = {Priyanka Hariharan and T. R. Shankar Raman},
  title = {Active restoration fosters better recovery of tropical rainforest birds than natural regeneration in degraded forest fragments},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14052}
}
Harmata, A.R., Podruzny, K.M., Zelenak, J.R. and Morrison, M.L. Passage rates and timing of bird migration in Montana 2000 American Midland Naturalist
Vol. 143, pp. 30-40 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Haretal00,
  author = {Harmata, A. R. and Podruzny, K. M. and Zelenak, J. R. and Morrison, M. L.},
  title = {Passage rates and timing of bird migration in Montana},
  journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {143},
  pages = {30--40},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143%5B0030:PRATOB%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Harmata, A.R., Podruzny, K.M., Zelenak, J.R. and Morrison, M.L. Using marine surveillance radar to study bird movements and impact assessment 1999 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 27, pp. 44-52 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{HAR99,
  author = {Harmata, A. R. and Podruzny, K. M. and Zelenak, J. R. and Morrison, M. L.},
  title = {Using marine surveillance radar to study bird movements and impact assessment},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {44--52},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783939}
}
Harris, D., Matias, L., Thomas, L., Harwood, J. and Geissler, W.H. Applying distance sampling to fin whale calls recorded by single seismic instruments in the northeast Atlantic 2013 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 134(5), pp. 3522-3535 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Harris2013a,
  author = {Harris, Danielle and Matias, Luis and Thomas, Len and Harwood, John and Geissler, Wolfram H.},
  title = {Applying distance sampling to fin whale calls recorded by single seismic instruments in the northeast Atlantic},
  journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {134},
  number = {5},
  pages = {3522--3535},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4821207}
}
Harris, G.M., Butler, M.J., Stewart, D.R., Rominger, E.M. and Ruhl, C.Q. Accurate population estimation of Caprinae using camera traps and distance sampling 2020 Scientific Reports
Vol. 10(1), pp. 17729 
article DOI  
Abstract: With most of the world's Caprinae taxa threatened with extinction, the IUCN appeals to the development of simple and affordable sampling methods that will produce credible abundance and distribution data for helping conserve these species inhabiting remote areas. Traditional sampling approaches, like aerial sampling or mark-capture-recapture, can generate bias by failing to meet sampling assumptions, or by incurring too much cost and logistical burden for most projects to address them. Therefore, we met the IUCN's challenge by testing a sampling technique that leverages imagery from camera traps with conventional distance sampling, validating its operability in mountainous topography by comparing results to known abundances. Our project occurred within a captive facility housing a wild population of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the Chihuahuan desert of New Mexico, which is censused yearly. True abundance was always within our 90% confidence bounds, and the mean abundance estimates were within 4.9 individuals (average) of the census values. By demonstrating the veracity of this straightforward and inexpensive sampling method, we provide confidence in its operability, urging its use to fill conservation voids for Caprinae and other data-deficient species inhabiting rugged or heavily vegetated terrain.
BibTeX:
@article{harris_accurate_2020,
  author = {Harris, Grant M. and Butler, Matthew J. and Stewart, David R. and Rominger, Eric M. and Ruhl, Caitlin Q.},
  title = {Accurate population estimation of Caprinae using camera traps and distance sampling},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17729},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73893-5}
}
Harris, R.B. Reliability of trend lines obtained from variable counts 1986 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 50, pp. 165-171 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Har86,
  author = {Harris, R. B.},
  title = {Reliability of trend lines obtained from variable counts},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {165--171},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801508}
}
Harris, R.B. and Burnham, K.P. On estimating wildlife densities from line transect data 2002 Acta Zoological Sinica
Vol. 48, pp. 812-818 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Harris2002,
  author = {Harris, R. B. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {On estimating wildlife densities from line transect data},
  journal = {Acta Zoological Sinica},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {812--818}
}
Harwood, L.A., Innes, S., Norton, P. and Kingsley, M.C.S. Distribution and abundance of beluga whales in the Mackenzie estuary, southeast Beaufort Sea, and west Amundsen Gulf during late july 1992 1998 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 53, pp. 2262-2273 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Harwood1998,
  author = {Harwood, Lois A. and Innes, Stuart and Norton, Pamela and Kingsley, Michael C. S.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of beluga whales in the Mackenzie estuary, southeast Beaufort Sea, and west Amundsen Gulf during late july 1992},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {2262--2273},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-180}
}
Hashimoto, C. Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda — comparison between methods with nest counts 1995 Primates
Vol. 36, pp. 477-488 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Has95,
  author = {Hashimoto, C.},
  title = {Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda — comparison between methods with nest counts},
  journal = {Primates},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {477--488},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02382870}
}
Hastie, G.D., Swift, R.J., Gordon, J.C.D., Slesser, G. and Turrell, W.R. Sperm whale distribution and seasonal density in the Faroe Shetland Channel 2003 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 5, pp. 247-252 
article  
Abstract: Results from previous surveys suggest that an area of the northeast Atlantic, the Faroe Shetland Channel, is important for cetaceans. This study utilised passive acoustic survey techniques to evaluate the density of sperm whales in the Channel. Two-week surveys were carried out during oceanographic cruises in May and October 2001, and May 2002. A two hydrophone array was towed behind the vessel throughout the majority of the survey routes and was monitored by a two-person team and by software designed to automatically detect and measure bearings to whales. Distances of individual sperm whales from the trackline were determined using target motion analysis. Standard line transect techniques were applied to calculate the density of whales during surveys. The effects of sea conditions and survey vessel on the ability to detect whales were tested; the encounter rate and effective stripwidth (esw) were estimated independently for each sea state and for each of the vessels. A total of 79 individual whales were detected, and their distances from the trackline were calculated. As a probable result of insufficient sample size and a small effects size, neither the esw nor the encounter rates varied significantly with sea state or between the two survey vessels. The density of sperm whales during each of the surveys was estimated to be 2.05, 0.52 and 1.75 whales per 1,000km2 for the May 2001, October 2001 and May 2002 surveys respectively. Sperm whales were distributed across the majority of the Faroe Shetland Channel. This study has provided the basis for meaningful hypothesis generation in future studies and to gain a better understanding of the factors underlying the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of sperm whales in this area; data on oceanographic, biological and anthropogenic determinants should now be examined.
BibTeX:
@article{Hastie2003,
  author = {Hastie, Gordon D. and Swift, René J. and Gordon, Jonathan C. D. and Slesser, George and Turrell, William R.},
  title = {Sperm whale distribution and seasonal density in the Faroe Shetland Channel},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {247--252}
}
Haukioja, E. Reliability of the line survey method in bird census with reference to reed bunting and sedge warbler 1968 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 45, pp. 105-113 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hau68,
  author = {Haukioja, E.},
  title = {Reliability of the line survey method in bird census with reference to reed bunting and sedge warbler},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1968},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {105--113}
}
Hausser, Y., Tagand, R., Vimercati, E., Mermod, S. and Fischer, C. Comparing survey methods to assess the conservation value of a community-managed protected area in western Tanzania 2016 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 55(1), pp. 1-11 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hausser2016,
  author = {Hausser, Yves and Tagand, Romain and Vimercati, Eric and Mermod, Sandy and Fischer, Claude},
  title = {Comparing survey methods to assess the conservation value of a community-managed protected area in western Tanzania},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {55},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--11},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12301}
}
Hayes, R.J. A critical review of line transect methods 1977 School: University of Edinburgh  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Hay77,
  author = {Hayes, R. J.},
  title = {A critical review of line transect methods},
  school = {University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1977}
}
Hayes, R.J. and Buckland, S.T. Radial-distance models for the line-transect method 1983 Biometrics
Vol. 39, pp. 29-42 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HayBuc83,
  author = {Hayes, R. J. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Radial-distance models for the line-transect method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {29--42},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530804}
}
Hayne, D.W. An examination of the strip census method for estimating animal populations 1949 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 13, pp. 145-157 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hay49,
  author = {Hayne, D. W.},
  title = {An examination of the strip census method for estimating animal populations},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1949},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {145--157},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3796084}
}
Healy, W.M. and Welsh, C.J.E. Evaluating line transects to monitor gray squirrel populations 1992 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 20, pp. 83-90 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{HeaWel92,
  author = {Healy, W. M. and Welsh, C. J. E.},
  title = {Evaluating line transects to monitor gray squirrel populations},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {83--90},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782764}
}
Heath-Acre, K.M., Conway, W.C., Boal, C.W., Collins, D.P., Hensley, G., Johnson, W.P. and Schmidt, P.M. Detectability and Abundance of Snowy Plovers at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma 2020 Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
Vol. 12(1), pp. 50-60 
article DOI  
Abstract: In the past two decades, Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge has been increasingly recognized as important habitat for both breeding and migratory shorebirds. North American snowy plovers Charadrius nivosus in particular rely on the nearly 5,000-ha salt flat at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, which thousands use as breeding and stopover habitat. Elsewhere on the Southern Great Plains, decadal declines up to 75% within snowy plover subpopulations have been documented and attributed to vegetation encroachment, increased rates of nest predation, and decreased availability of fresh surface water. Despite many attempts to estimate this species' abundance across the continent, to date, no known attempt at distance sampling of snowy plovers has occurred. To address this paucity of data, we assessed feasibility of distance sampling methods to accurately estimate snowy plover abundance and detectability. Distance sampling surveys (2017– 2018) indicated high detection probability (P = 0.80) and the population abundance estimate across the salt flat extrapolated to 3,307 individuals. The distance-sampling population abundance estimate is lower than population abundance estimates determined by two previous studies within the past decade but far greater than 2,105 estimated for a study in 2006. Overall, distance sampling snowy plovers at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge proved to be an effective addition to pre-established survey protocols but further investigation is needed to compare accuracy and precision of methods used in this study, annual surveys conducted by Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, and other potential snowy plover surveys.
BibTeX:
@article{HeathAcre2020,
  author = {Heath-Acre, Kristen M. and Conway, Warren C. and Boal, Clint W. and Collins, Daniel P. and Hensley, Glen and Johnson, William P. and Schmidt, Paige M.},
  title = {Detectability and Abundance of Snowy Plovers at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma},
  journal = {Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50--60},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-20-041}
}
Heckman, N. and Rice, J. Line transects of two-dimensional random fields: estimation and design 1997 Canadian Journal of Statistics
Vol. 25, pp. 481-501 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HecRic97,
  author = {Heckman, N. and Rice, J.},
  title = {Line transects of two-dimensional random fields: estimation and design},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Statistics},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {481--501},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3315343}
}
Hedges, S., Tyson, M.J., Sitompul, A.F., Kinnaird, M.F., Gunaryadi, D. and Aslan Distribution, status, and conservation needs of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lampung province, Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 Biological Conservation
Vol. 124(1), pp. 35-48 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hedges2005,
  author = {Hedges, S. and Tyson, M. J. and Sitompul, A. F. and Kinnaird, M. F. and Gunaryadi, D. and Aslan},
  title = {Distribution, status, and conservation needs of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lampung province, Sumatra, Indonesia},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {124},
  number = {1},
  pages = {35--48},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.004}
}
Hedley, S., Reilly, S., Borberg, J., Holland, R., Hewitt, R., Watkins, J., Naganobu, M. and Sushin, V. Modelling whale distribution: a preliminary analysis of data collected on the CCAML-IWC krill synoptic survey, 2000 (SC/53/E9)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Hedley,
  author = {Hedley, S. and Reilly, S. and Borberg, J. and Holland, R. and Hewitt, R. and Watkins, J. and Naganobu, M. and Sushin, V.},
  title = {Modelling whale distribution: a preliminary analysis of data collected on the CCAML-IWC krill synoptic survey, 2000},
  number = {SC/53/E9}
}
Hedley, S.L. Modelling heterogeneity in cetacean surveys 2000 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{HED00,
  author = {Hedley, S. L.},
  title = {Modelling heterogeneity in cetacean surveys},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2000}
}
Hedley, S.L. and Buckland, S.T. Spatial models for line transect sampling 2004 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 9(2), pp. 181-199 
article DOI  
Abstract: This article develops methods for fitting spatial models to line transect data. These allow animal density to be related to topographical, environmental, habitat, and other spatial variables, helping wildlife managers to identify the factors that affect abundance. They also enable estimation of abundance for any subarea of interest within the surveyed region, and potentially yield estimates of abundance from sightings surveys for which the survey design could not be randomized, such as surveys conducted from platforms of opportunity. The methods are illustrated through analyses of data from a shipboard sightings survey of minke whales in the Antarctic. textcopyright 2004 American Statistical Association and the International Biometric Society.
BibTeX:
@article{Hedley2004,
  author = {Hedley, S. L. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Spatial models for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {181--199},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/1085711043578}
}
Hedley, S.L., Buckland, S.T. and Borchers, D.L. Spatial modelling from line transect data 1999 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 1, pp. 255-264 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HED99,
  author = {Hedley, S. L. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Spatial modelling from line transect data},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {255--264}
}
van Heezik, Y., Smyth, A., Adams, A. and Gordon, J. Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations? 2010 Biological Conservation
Vol. 143(1), pp. 121-130 
article DOI  
Abstract: We assessed the impact of domestic cats on population persistence of native and exotic urban bird populations using a model adjusted for habitat-specific catch rates, cat ownership and hunting activity data. GPS-derived home ranges of 32 cats and resource selection indices demonstrated the degree of penetration and preference for native vegetation fragments. Owners reported on prey brought back by 144 domestic cats in Dunedin, New Zealand, during 12 months. One third of cats never brought back prey, and 21% returned more than one item/month. Cats brought back a mean of 13.4 prey items/year (median = 4), with cats aged ¡ 1 year returning more prey than older cats. Birds were the most common prey, followed by rodents. Although cats penetrated adjacent vegetation fragments they did not catch more birds and preferred garden habitat, suggesting that predation pressure may be reduced in fragments. Cat home range size appears to be constrained by cat density while the number of birds caught depends on the density of available prey. Estimates of city-wide catch for six bird species were either more than total urban population size estimates or close to lower confidence intervals. Modelling of three species indicated low likelihood of population persistence with cat predation. The observed persistence of these prey species suggests a meta-population structure with urban populations acting as sinks with source populations located on the city fringe.
BibTeX:
@article{Heezik2010,
  author = {van Heezik, Yolanda and Smyth, Amber and Adams, Amy and Gordon, Joanna},
  title = {Do domestic cats impose an unsustainable harvest on urban bird populations?},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {143},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--130},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.09.013}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. and Acquarone, M. Size and trends of the bowhead whale, beluga and narwhal stocks wintering off West Greenland 2002 NAMMCO Sci. Publ.
Vol. 4, pp. 191-210 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HeiAcq02,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Acquarone, M.},
  title = {Size and trends of the bowhead whale, beluga and narwhal stocks wintering off West Greenland},
  journal = {NAMMCO Sci. Publ.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {191--210},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2844}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Borchers, D.L., Witting, L., Simon, M.J., Laidre, K.L., Rosing-Asvid, A. and Pike, D. Estimates of large whale abundance in west Greenland waters from an aerial survey in 2005 2008 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 10, pp. 119-129 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensen2008a,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Borchers, D. L. and Witting, L. and Simon, M. J. and Laidre, K. L. and Rosing-Asvid, A. and Pike, D.},
  title = {Estimates of large whale abundance in west Greenland waters from an aerial survey in 2005},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {119--129}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Laidre, K., Borchers, D., Samarra, F. and Stern, H. Increasing abundance of bowhead whales in west Greenland 2007 Biology Letters
Vol. 3, pp. 277-280 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensen2007,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter and Laidre, Kristin and Borchers, David and Samarra, Filipa and Stern, Harry},
  title = {Increasing abundance of bowhead whales in west Greenland},
  journal = {Biology Letters},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {277--280},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0310}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Laidre, K.L., Borchers, D., Marques, T.A., Stern, H. and Simon, M. The effect of sea-ice loss on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland 2010 Polar Research
Vol. 29, pp. 198-208 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensen2010,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Laidre, K. L. and Borchers, D. and Marques, T. A. and Stern, H. and Simon, M.},
  title = {The effect of sea-ice loss on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland},
  journal = {Polar Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {198--208},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00142.x}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Laidre, K.L., Burt, M.L., Borchers, D.L., Marques, T.A., Hansen, R.G., Rasmussen, M. and Fossette, S. Abundance of narwhals (Monodon Monoceros) on the hunting grounds in Greenland 2010 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 91, pp. 1135-1151 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensena,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Laidre, K. L. and Burt, M. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Marques, T. A. and Hansen, R. G. and Rasmussen, M. and Fossette, S.},
  title = {Abundance of narwhals (Monodon Monoceros) on the hunting grounds in Greenland},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {91},
  pages = {1135--1151},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1644/09-MAMM-A-198.1}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Lassen, H., Teilmann, J. and Davis, R.A. An index of the relative abundance of wintering belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and narwhals, Monodon monoceros, off West Greenland 1993 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 50, pp. 2323-2335 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensen1993,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Lassen, H. and Teilmann, J. and Davis, R. A.},
  title = {An index of the relative abundance of wintering belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and narwhals, Monodon monoceros, off West Greenland},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {2323--2335},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-257}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Mosbech, A., Teilmann, J., Benke, H. and Schultz, W. Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) densities obtained from aerial surveys north of Fyn and in the Bay of Kiel 1992 Ophelia
Vol. 35, pp. 133-146 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heietal92,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Mosbech, A. and Teilmann, J. and Benke, H. and Schultz, W.},
  title = {Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) densities obtained from aerial surveys north of Fyn and in the Bay of Kiel},
  journal = {Ophelia},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {133--146},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1992.10429975}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. and Reeves, R.R. Evidence of a decline in beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, abundance off west Greenland 1996 ICES Journal of Marine Science
Vol. 53, pp. 61-7220 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ P¿ Aerial surveys of belugas, or white whales, Delphinapterus leucas , were conducted off West Greenland in March 1993 and 1994. These surveys were designed to permit comparisons with similar surveys in 1981, 1982, and 1991. Differences in methods between the surveys in the early 1980s and those in the 1990s should mean that the 1990s surveys were, if anything, more efficient than the 1980s surveys. Weighted linear regressions of strip-census estimates of the relative abundance of belugas showed a significant decline from 1981 to 1994. While annual variability in ice conditions and other unknown factors may have had some local or small-scale effects on the movements and distribution of belugas off West Greenland, it is unlikely that these effects would account for the apparent decline in relative abundance. The most reasonable conclusion is that the stock size has declined considerably during the past 13 years, perhaps by as much as 62%./P¿
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Jorgensen1996,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Reeves, R. R.},
  title = {Evidence of a decline in beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, abundance off west Greenland},
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {61--7220},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0006}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Simon, M.J. and Laidre, K.L. Estimates of large whale abundance in greenland in September 2005 2007 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 9, pp. 95-104 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Joergensen,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Simon, M. J. and Laidre, K. L.},
  title = {Estimates of large whale abundance in greenland in September 2005},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {95--104}
}
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Sinding, M.-H.S., Nielsen, N.H., Rosing-Asvid, A. and Hansen, R.G. Large numbers of marine mammals winter in the north water polynya 2016 Polar Biology
Vol. 39(9), pp. 1605-1614 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heide-Jorgensen2016,
  author = {Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Sinding, M.-H. S. and Nielsen, N. H. and Rosing-Asvid, A. and Hansen, R. G.},
  title = {Large numbers of marine mammals winter in the north water polynya},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {39},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1605--1614},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1885-7}
}
Heinänen, S., Žydelis, R., Dorsch, M., Nehls, G. and Skov, H. High-resolution sea duck distribution modeling: relating aerial and ship survey data to food resources, anthropogenic pressures, and topographic variables 2017 The Condor
Vol. 119, pp. 175-190 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Heinaenen2017,
  author = {Heinänen, Stefan and Žydelis, Ram?nas and Dorsch, Monika and Nehls, Georg and Skov, Henrik},
  title = {High-resolution sea duck distribution modeling: relating aerial and ship survey data to food resources, anthropogenic pressures, and topographic variables},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {175--190},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-16-57.1}
}
Hemingway, P. Field trials of the line transect method of sampling large populations of herbivores 1971 The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation, pp. 405-411  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Hem71,
  author = {Hemingway, P.},
  title = {Field trials of the line transect method of sampling large populations of herbivores},
  booktitle = {The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation},
  publisher = {Blackwell Scientific Publications},
  year = {1971},
  pages = {405--411}
}
Henrys, P. Spatial distance sampling modeling of cetaceans observed from platforms of opportunity 2005 School: St Andrews University  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Henrys2005,
  author = {Henrys, P.},
  title = {Spatial distance sampling modeling of cetaceans observed from platforms of opportunity},
  school = {St Andrews University},
  year = {2005}
}
van Hensbergen, H.J., Berry, M.P.S. and Juritz, J. Helicopter-based line transect estimates of some Southern African game populations 1996 South African Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 26, pp. 81-87 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{vanetal96,
  author = {van Hensbergen, H. J. and Berry, M. P. S. and Juritz, J.},
  title = {Helicopter-based line transect estimates of some Southern African game populations},
  journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {81--87}
}
Herr, H., Fock, H.O. and Siebert, U. Spatio-temporal associations between harbour porpoise phocoena phocoena and specific fisheries in the German bight 2009 Biological Conservation
Vol. 142(12), pp. 2962-2972 
article DOI  
Abstract: Interactions between cetaceans and fisheries are a major concern of cetacean conservation and fisheries management, as by-catch and resource competition occur as a result. To assess potential interaction between porpoises and fisheries in the German Bight, high-resolution spatial and temporal data were analysed in order to reveal association patterns between cetaceans and fisheries in the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Sea. To facilitate interpretation of resulting patterns, additionally, relationships of fish assemblages were analysed. Vessel monitoring system (VMS) data from 2006 and fisheries surveillance data from 2002 to 2006 were acquired to calculate fishing effort, aerial survey data from 2002 to 2006 to evaluate porpoise distribution, and trawl survey data from 2000 to 2007 to assess fish assemblage. Relationships were analysed in terms of seasonal association and overlap. Results showed that porpoise distribution was positively associated with sandeel fisheries in all seasons and with gillnet fisheries in summer. Overlaps for sandeel and gillnet fisheries were high in summer, while negligible in spring and autumn. In spring, high overlap was found for large beam trawlers targeting sole and plaice. In parallel, porpoise distribution was positively linked to fish assemblage components representing sandeel and poor cod in summer and flatfish in spring. Our results suggest that, especially in summer, resource competition between porpoises and industrial sandeel fisheries is likely and the risk of by-catch in gillnets is increased. In spring, interference with sole and plaice fisheries is to be expected.
BibTeX:
@article{Herr2009a,
  author = {Herr, Helena and Fock, Heino O. and Siebert, Ursula},
  title = {Spatio-temporal associations between harbour porpoise phocoena phocoena and specific fisheries in the German bight},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {142},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2962--2972},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.025}
}
Herr, H., Kelly, N., Dorschel, B., Huntemann, M., Kock, K.-H., Lehnert, L.S., Siebert, U., Viquerat, S., Williams, R. and Scheidat, M. Aerial surveys for Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) reveal sea ice dependent distribution patterns 2019 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 9(10), pp. 5664-5682 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Herr2019,
  author = {Herr, Helena and Kelly, Natalie and Dorschel, Boris and Huntemann, Marcus and Kock, Karl-Hermann and Lehnert, Linn Sophia and Siebert, Ursula and Viquerat, Sacha and Williams, Rob and Scheidat, Meike},
  title = {Aerial surveys for Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) reveal sea ice dependent distribution patterns},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  pages = {5664--5682},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5149}
}
Herr, H., Scheidat, M., Lehnert, K. and Siebert, U. Seals at sea: modelling seal distribution in the German bight based on aerial survey data 2009 Marine Biology
Vol. 156, pp. 811-820 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Herr2009,
  author = {Herr, Helena and Scheidat, M. and Lehnert, K. and Siebert, U.},
  title = {Seals at sea: modelling seal distribution in the German bight based on aerial survey data},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {156},
  pages = {811--820},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-1105-x}
}
Herr, H., Viquerat, S., Devas, F., Lees, A., Wells, L., Gregory, B., Giffords, T., Beecham, D. and Meyer, B. Return of Large Fin Whale Feeding Aggregations to Historical Whaling Grounds in the Southern Ocean 2022 Scientific Reports
Vol. 12(1), pp. 9458 
article DOI  
Abstract: Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus quoyi) of the Southern Hemisphere were brought to near extinction by twentieth century industrial whaling. For decades, they had all but disappeared from previously highly frequented feeding grounds in Antarctic waters. Our dedicated surveys now confirm their return to ancestral feeding grounds, gathering at the Antarctic Peninsula in large aggregations to feed. We report on the results of an abundance survey and present the first scientific documentation of large fin whale feeding aggregations at Elephant Island, Antarctica, including the first ever video documentation. We interpret high densities, re-establishment of historical behaviours and the return to ancestral feeding grounds as signs for a recovering population. Recovery of a large whale population has the potential to augment primary productivity at their feeding grounds through the effects of nutrient recycling, known as 'the whale pump'. The recovery of fin whales in that area could thus restore ecosystem functions crucial for atmospheric carbon regulation in the world's most important ocean region for the uptake of anthropogenic CO2.
BibTeX:
@article{Herr2022,
  author = {Herr, Helena and Viquerat, Sacha and Devas, Fredi and Lees, Abigail and Wells, Lucy and Gregory, Bertie and Giffords, Ted and Beecham, Dan and Meyer, Bettina},
  title = {Return of Large Fin Whale Feeding Aggregations to Historical Whaling Grounds in the Southern Ocean},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9458},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13798-7}
}
Herrero, J., Fernández, O., Prada, C. and García-Serrano, A. Size and density of a feral goat Capra hircus population in a protected area in the Pyrenees 2013 Wildlife Biology in Practice
Vol. 9(3) 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Herrero2013,
  author = {Herrero, J. and Fernández, O. and Prada, C. and García-Serrano, A.},
  title = {Size and density of a feral goat Capra hircus population in a protected area in the Pyrenees},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology in Practice},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2013.ibeun.1}
}
Herrero, J., García-serrano, A., Prada, C. and Fernández-Arberas, O. Using block counts and distance sampling to estimate populations of chamois 2011 Pirineos. Revista de Ecología de Montaña
Vol. 166, pp. 123-133 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Herrero2011,
  author = {Herrero, J. and García-serrano, A. and Prada, C. and Fernández-Arberas, O.},
  title = {Using block counts and distance sampling to estimate populations of chamois},
  journal = {Pirineos. Revista de Ecología de Montaña},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {166},
  pages = {123--133},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3989/Pirineos.2011.166006}
}
Heydon, M.J. and Bulloh, P. Mousedeer densities in a tropical rainforest: the impact of selective logging 1997 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 34, pp. 484-496 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HeyBul97,
  author = {Heydon, M. J. and Bulloh, P.},
  title = {Mousedeer densities in a tropical rainforest: the impact of selective logging},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {484--496},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2404892}
}
Heydon, M.J., Reynolds, J.C. and Short, M.J. Variation in abundance of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) between three regions of rural Britain, in relation to landscape and other variables 2000 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 251(2), pp. 253-264 
article DOI  
Abstract: Spotlight transect surveys with distance sampling were used to estimate spring (pre-breeding) and autumn (post-production) fox Vulpes vulpes densities in three contrasting rural areas of Britain during 1995-97. This was the first attempt in Britain to measure and compare fox densities over large geographical areas (630-1460 km2). Mean post-production fox abundance was estimated to be 0.90/km2, 2.62/km2, and 0.59/km2 in mid-Wales, the east Midlands and East Anglia, falling to pre-breeding levels of 0.41/km2, 1.17/km2, and 0.16/km2 in spring. As relative measures of regional density, these estimates are strongly supported by independent indices of fox abundance, and by the simultaneous survey of two sympatric species, the badger Meles meles and brown hare Lepus europaeus, which demonstrate the absence of any terrain-related bias. Absolute abundance is less easy to verify, but estimates of spring density based on breeding earth censuses support the transect surveys. For two of the three regions, fox density was close to levels predicted by extrapolation on the basis of landscape, but in the third region (East Anglia), fox density was substantially below prediction. Thus, results failed to support a hypothesis that fox abundance can be predicted solely on the basis of landscape and its close correlates. Rather, they favoured a competing hypothesis that an independent factor determines fox abundance in some regions. A likely factor is culling by man.
BibTeX:
@article{Heydon2000,
  author = {Heydon, M. J. and Reynolds, J. C. and Short, M. J.},
  title = {Variation in abundance of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) between three regions of rural Britain, in relation to landscape and other variables},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {251},
  number = {2},
  pages = {253--264},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00608.x}
}
Hiby, A.R. Results of a hazard rate model relevant to experiments on the 1984/85 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise 1986 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 36, pp. 497-498 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hib86,
  author = {Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {Results of a hazard rate model relevant to experiments on the 1984/85 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {497--498}
}
Hiby, A.R. An approach to estimating population densities of great whales from sighting surveys 1985 IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 2, pp. 201-220 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hib85,
  author = {Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {An approach to estimating population densities of great whales from sighting surveys},
  journal = {IMA Journal of Mathematics Applied in Medicine and Biology},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {201--220},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/imammb/2.3.201}
}
Hiby, A.R. Using average number of whales in view to estimate population density 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 562-565 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hib82,
  author = {Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {Using average number of whales in view to estimate population density},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {562--565}
}
Hiby, A.R. The effect of random whale movement on density estimates obtained from whale sighting surveys 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 791-793 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hiby1982,
  author = {Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {The effect of random whale movement on density estimates obtained from whale sighting surveys},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {791--793}
}
Hiby, A.R. and Hammond, P.S. Survey techniques for estimating abundance of cetaceans 1989 The Comprehensive Assessment of Whale Stocks: The Early Years, pp. 47-80  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{HibHam89,
  author = {Hiby, A. R. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Survey techniques for estimating abundance of cetaceans},
  booktitle = {The Comprehensive Assessment of Whale Stocks: The Early Years},
  publisher = {International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1989},
  pages = {47--80}
}
Hiby, A.R., Martin, A.R. and Fairfield, F. IDCR cruise/aerial survey in the north Atlantic 1982: aerial survey 1984 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 34, pp. 633-644 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hibetal84,
  author = {Hiby, A. R. and Martin, A. R. and Fairfield, F.},
  title = {IDCR cruise/aerial survey in the north Atlantic 1982: aerial survey},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {633--644}
}
Hiby, A.R. and Ward, A.J. Simulation trials of a cue-counting technique for censusing whale populations 1986 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 36, pp. 471-472 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HibWar86,
  author = {Hiby, A. R. and Ward, A. J.},
  title = {Simulation trials of a cue-counting technique for censusing whale populations},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {471--472}
}
Hiby, A.R. and Ward, A.J. Analysis of cue-counting and blow rate estimation experiments carried out during the 1984/85 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise 1986 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 36, pp. 473-476 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HiWar86b,
  author = {Hiby, A. R. and Ward, A. J.},
  title = {Analysis of cue-counting and blow rate estimation experiments carried out during the 1984/85 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {473--476}
}
Hiby, L. The objective identification of duplicate sightings in aerial survey for porpoise 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 179-189  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Hib99,
  author = {Hiby, L.},
  title = {The objective identification of duplicate sightings in aerial survey for porpoise},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {179--189}
}
Hiby, L. and Krishna, M.B. Line transect sampling from a curving path 2001 Biometrics
Vol. 57(3), pp. 727-731 
article DOI  
Abstract: Cutting straight line transects through dense forest is time consuming and expensive when large areas need to be surveyed for rare or highly clustered species. We argue that existing paths or game trails may be suitable as transects for line transect sampling even though they will not, in general, run straight. Formulas and software currently used to estimate local density using perpendicular distance data can be used with closest approach distances measured from curving transects. Suitable paths or trails are those for which the minimum radius of curvature is rarely less than the width of the shoulder in the detection probability function. The use of existing paths carries the risk of bias resulting from unrepresentative sampling of available habitats, and this must be weighed against the increase in coverage available.
BibTeX:
@article{Hiby2001,
  author = {Hiby, L. and Krishna, M. B.},
  title = {Line transect sampling from a curving path},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {57},
  number = {3},
  pages = {727--731},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.00727.x}
}
Hiby, L. and Lovell, P. Using aircraft in tandem formation to estimate abundance of harbour porpoise 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 1280-1289 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HibLov98,
  author = {Hiby, L. and Lovell, P.},
  title = {Using aircraft in tandem formation to estimate abundance of harbour porpoise},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {1280--1289},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533658}
}
Hiby, L., Ward, A. and Lovell, P. Analysis of the North Atlantic sightings survey 1987: aerial survey results 1989 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 39, pp. 447-455 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HIB89,
  author = {Hiby, L. and Ward, A. and Lovell, P.},
  title = {Analysis of the North Atlantic sightings survey 1987: aerial survey results},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {447--455}
}
Hidinger, L.A. Measuring the impacts of ecotourism on animal populations: a case study of Tikal National Park, Guatemala 1996 Yale F&ES Bulletin
Vol. 99, pp. 49-59 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hidinger1996,
  author = {Hidinger, L. A.},
  title = {Measuring the impacts of ecotourism on animal populations: a case study of Tikal National Park, Guatemala},
  journal = {Yale F&ES Bulletin},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {49--59}
}
Hilário, R.R., Rodrigues, F.H.G., Chiarello, A.G. and Mourthé, Í. Can roads be used as transects for primate population surveys? 2012 Folia Primatologica
Vol. 83, pp. 47-55 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hilario2012,
  author = {Hilário, R. R. and Rodrigues, F. H. G. and Chiarello, A. G. and Mourthé, Ítalo},
  title = {Can roads be used as transects for primate population surveys?},
  journal = {Folia Primatologica},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {47--55},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000339805}
}
Hilden, O. and Järvinen, A. Efficiency of the line-transect method in mountain birch forest 1989 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 26, pp. 185-190 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{HilJAr89,
  author = {Hilden, O. and Järvinen, A.},
  title = {Efficiency of the line-transect method in mountain birch forest},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {185--190}
}
Hill, K., Padwe, J., Bejyvagi, C., Bepurangi, A., Jakugi, F., Tykuarangi, R. and Tykuarangi, T. Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the Mbaracayu reserve, Paraguay 1997 Conservation Biology
Vol. 11, pp. 1339-1353 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hiletal97,
  author = {Hill, K. and Padwe, J. and Bejyvagi, C. and Bepurangi, A. and Jakugi, F. and Tykuarangi, R. and Tykuarangi, T.},
  title = {Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the Mbaracayu reserve, Paraguay},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {1339--1353},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96048.x}
}
Hines, E., Strindberg, S., Junchompoo, C., Ponnampalam, L.S., Ilangakoon, A.D., Jackson-Ricketts, J. and Mananunsap, S. Line transect estimates of Irrawaddy dolphin abundance along the eastern Gulf coast of Thailand. 2015 Frontiers in Marine Science
Vol. 2(63) 
article DOI  
Abstract: Effective conservation of coastal marine mammals is largely dependent on reliable knowledge of their abundance, as well as the ecological and human factors driving their distribution. In developing countries, lack of resources and capacity frequently impedes research needed to estimate abundance and to determine the ecological requirements of coastal marine mammals and the impact of threats related to coastal development and fisheries. Over the course of 5 years, we developed practical research methods and trained local scientists in Thailand to use accepted line transect distance sampling methods for abundance assessment. The study focused on a little-known coastal and freshwater species found throughout Southeast Asia, namely the Irrawaddy dolphin, which has been sighted regularly along the coast of the eastern Gulf of Thailand. During 5 years of line transect boat surveys in Trat Province, the eastern-most province in Thailand, we found an average of 423 dolphins distributed within 12 km of the coast. Compared to other abundance estimates of coastal Irrawaddy dolphins in Southeast Asia, this is a relatively large number. This population could extend into the northern coast of Cambodia, where surveys are currently being planned. The Thai government has begun talks with Cambodia about a transboundary marine protected area that would include areas in both countries where coastal Irrawaddy dolphins are found. Collaboration between scientists in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam is further needed to determine dolphin movement and habitat use across borders.
BibTeX:
@article{Hines2015,
  author = {Hines, Ellen and Strindberg, Samantha and Junchompoo, Chalatip and Ponnampalam, Lousa Shobhini and Ilangakoon, Anoukchika D. and Jackson-Ricketts, Justine and Mananunsap, Somchai},
  title = {Line transect estimates of Irrawaddy dolphin abundance along the eastern Gulf coast of Thailand.},
  journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {2},
  number = {63},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00063}
}
Hines, E.M., Adulyanukosol, K. and Duffus, D.A. Dugong (Dugong dugon) abundance along the andaman coast of thailand 2005 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 21, pp. 536-549 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hines2005,
  author = {Hines, Ellen M. and Adulyanukosol, Kanjana and Duffus, David A.},
  title = {Dugong (Dugong dugon) abundance along the andaman coast of thailand},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {536--549},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01247.x}
}
Hinton, J.W., Wheat, R.E., Schuette, P., Hurst, J.E., Kramer, D.W., Stickles, J.H. and Frair, J.L. Challenges and opportunities for estimating abundance of a low-density moose population 2022 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 86(4), pp. e22213 
article DOI  
Abstract: Monitoring large herbivores across their core range has been readily accomplished using aerial surveys and traditional distance sampling. But for peripheral populations, where individuals may occur in patchy, low-density populations, precise estimation of population size and trend remains logistically and statistically challenging. For moose (Alces alces) along their southern range margin in northern New York, USA, we sought robust estimates of moose distribution, abundance, and population trend (2016– 2019) using a combination of aerial surveys (line transect distance-sampling), repeated surveys in areas where moose were known to occur to boost the number of detections, and density surface modeling (DSM) with spatial covariates. We achieved a precise estimate of density (95% CI = 0.00– 0.29 moose/km2) for this small population (656 moose, 95% CI = 501– 859), which was patchily distributed across a large and heavily forested region (the 24,280-km2 Adirondack Park). Local moose abundance was positively related to active timber management, elevation, and snow cover, and negatively related to large bodies of water. As expected, moose abundance in this peripheral population was low relative to its core range in other northern forest states. Yet, in areas where abundance was greatest, moose densities in New York approached those where epizootics of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) have been reported, underscoring the need for effective and efficient monitoring. By incorporating autocorrelation in observations and landscape covariates, DSM provided spatially explicit estimates of moose density with greater precision and no additional field effort over traditional distance sampling. Combined with repeated surveys of areas with known moose occurrence to achieve viable sample sizes, DSM is a useful tool for effectively monitoring low density and patchy populations.
BibTeX:
@article{Hinton2022,
  author = {Hinton, Joseph W. and Wheat, Rachel E. and Schuette, Paul and Hurst, Jeremy E. and Kramer, David W. and Stickles, James H. and Frair, Jacqueline L.},
  title = {Challenges and opportunities for estimating abundance of a low-density moose population},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e22213},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22213}
}
Hobson, K.A., Rempel, R.S., Greenwood, H., Turnbull, B. and Van Wilgenburg, S.L. Acoustic surveys of birds using electronic recordings: new potential from an omnidirectional microphone system 2002 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 30, pp. 709-720 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Hobetal02,
  author = {Hobson, K. A. and Rempel, R. S. and Greenwood, H. and Turnbull, B. and Van Wilgenburg, S. L.},
  title = {Acoustic surveys of birds using electronic recordings: new potential from an omnidirectional microphone system},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {709--720},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784223}
}
Högmander, H. Methods of spatial statistics in monitoring wildlife populations 1995 School: University of Jyväskylä  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Hog95,
  author = {Högmander, H.},
  title = {Methods of spatial statistics in monitoring wildlife populations},
  school = {University of Jyväskylä},
  year = {1995}
}
Högmander, H. A random field approach to transect counts of wildlife populations 1991 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 33, pp. 1013-1023 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hog91,
  author = {Högmander, H.},
  title = {A random field approach to transect counts of wildlife populations},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {1013--1023},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710330813}
}
Holmes, A.L. and Geupel, G.R. Effects of trail width on the densities of four species of breeding birds in Chaparral 2005 (Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191)School: USDA Forest Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Holmes2005,
  author = {Holmes, Aaron L. and Geupel, Geoffrey R.},
  title = {Effects of trail width on the densities of four species of breeding birds in Chaparral},
  school = {USDA Forest Service},
  year = {2005},
  number = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191}
}
Holt, R.S. and Cologne, J. Factors affecting line transect estimates of dolphin school density 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 836-843 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{HolCol87,
  author = {Holt, R. S. and Cologne, J.},
  title = {Factors affecting line transect estimates of dolphin school density},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {836--843},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801749}
}
Holt, R.S. and Powers, J.E. Abundance estimation of dolphin stocks involved in the eastern tropical pacific yellowfin tuna fishery determined from aerial and ship surveys to 1979 1982 School: United States Department of Commerce  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{HolPow82,
  author = {Holt, R. S. and Powers, J. E.},
  title = {Abundance estimation of dolphin stocks involved in the eastern tropical pacific yellowfin tuna fishery determined from aerial and ship surveys to 1979},
  school = {United States Department of Commerce},
  year = {1982}
}
Hone, J. A test of the accuracy of line and strip transect estimators in aerial survey 1988 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 15, pp. 493-497 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hon88,
  author = {Hone, J.},
  title = {A test of the accuracy of line and strip transect estimators in aerial survey},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {493--497},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9880493}
}
Hone, J. Accuracy of the multiple regression method for estimating density in transect counts 1986 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 13, pp. 121-126 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hon86,
  author = {Hone, J.},
  title = {Accuracy of the multiple regression method for estimating density in transect counts},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {121--126},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9860121}
}
Hosein, A., Narang, D.S., Rostant, L. and Hailey, A. The abundance of red-bellied macaws (Orthopsittaca manilata) and orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in relation to fruiting moriche palms (Mauritia flexuosa) at the aripo savannas, Trinidad 2017 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia
Vol. 25, pp. 40-46 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hosein2017,
  author = {Hosein, Aliya and Narang, Darshanjit Singh and Rostant, Luke and Hailey, Adrian},
  title = {The abundance of red-bellied macaws (Orthopsittaca manilata) and orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in relation to fruiting moriche palms (Mauritia flexuosa) at the aripo savannas, Trinidad},
  journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {40--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03544375}
}
Hounsome, T.D., Young, R.P., Davison, J., Yarnell, R.W., Trewby, I.D., Garnett, B.T., Delahay, R.J. and Wilson, G.J. An evaluation of distance sampling to estimate badger (Meles meles) abundance 2005 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 266(1), pp. 81-87 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling is a common and increasingly used method of estimating animal abundance in conservation and management programmes. The precision of a distance sampling survey can be estimated from the field data, but accuracy can only be evaluated by comparison with the true population size. For wild mammal populations, such opportunities are rare. The high-density badger Meles meles population at Woodchester Park in Gloucestershire, U.K. has been routinely and intensively live-trapped for the past 30 years. The estimates of abundance based on mark-recapture analyses of the live-trapping data provided a reliable baseline against which to evaluate distance sampling for a badger population. A distance sampling survey was carried out in autumn 2002 by using spotlighting along line transects. Owing to the impractical nature of spotlighting in closed habitats, such as woodland, surveys were conducted in open habitat only. A radio-tracking study provided behavioural data that were used to estimate the proportion of the population available for sampling in open habitats. This was incorporated as a multiplier into the DISTANCE analysis. The estimate of abundance from distance sampling was 76 badgers (% CV = 42.2), using a multiplier based on radio-tracking data from autumn only. When the multiplier was derived from radio-tracking data from across the whole year, based on a larger sample of tracked badgers, the distance sampling abundance estimate was 77 badgers (% CV = 25.9). These compared favourably to the mark-recapture estimate of 68 badgers (% CV = 7.4). The lack of precision in the distance sampling density estimate was largely owing to the inclusion of the multiplier. Distance sampling combined with data on habitat use can produce reliable estimates of badger abundance in areas of medium to high density, particularly in landscapes of primarily open habitat. textcopyright 2005 The Zoological Society of London.
BibTeX:
@article{Hounsome2005,
  author = {Hounsome, T. D. and Young, R. P. and Davison, J. and Yarnell, R. W. and Trewby, I. D. and Garnett, B. T. and Delahay, R. J. and Wilson, G. J.},
  title = {An evaluation of distance sampling to estimate badger (Meles meles)  abundance},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {266},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--87},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836905006606}
}
Howe, E.J., Buckland, S.T., Després-Einspenner, M.-L. and Kühl, H.S. Model selection with overdispersed distance sampling data 2018 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 10(1), pp. 38-47 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Howe2018,
  author = {Howe, Eric J. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Després-Einspenner, Marie-Lyne and Kühl, Hjalmar S.},
  title = {Model selection with overdispersed distance sampling data},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {38--47},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13082}
}
Howe, E.J., Buckland, S.T., Després-Einspenner, M.-L. and Kühl, H.S. Distance sampling with camera traps 2017 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 8(11), pp. 1558-1565 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Howe2017,
  author = {Howe, Eric J. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Després-Einspenner, Marie-Lyne and Kühl, Hjalmar S.},
  title = {Distance sampling with camera traps},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {8},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1558--1565},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12790}
}
Hudgins, R., Norment, C. and Schlesinger, M. Assessing detectability for monitoring of rare species: a case study of the cobblestone tiger beetle (Cicindela marginipennis dejean) 2012 Journal of Insect Conservation
Vol. 16(3), pp. 447-455 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hudgins2012,
  author = {Hudgins, Rhonda and Norment, Christopher and Schlesinger, Matthew},
  title = {Assessing detectability for monitoring of rare species: a case study of the cobblestone tiger beetle (Cicindela marginipennis dejean)},
  journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {447--455},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9432-5}
}
Hüttmann, F. The first international distance sampling conference at the University of St. Andrews, scotland, july 30 to August 3, 2001 2002 Zeitschrift fur Jagdwissenschaft
Vol. 48(1), pp. 66-67 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Huttmann2002,
  author = {Hüttmann, F.},
  title = {The first international distance sampling conference at the University of St. Andrews, scotland, july 30 to August 3, 2001},
  journal = {Zeitschrift fur Jagdwissenschaft},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {66--67}
}
Hutto, R.L. Should scientists be required to use a model-based solution to adjust for possible distance-based detectability bias? 2016 Ecological Applications
Vol. 26(5), pp. 1287-1294 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hutto2016,
  author = {Hutto, Richard L.},
  title = {Should scientists be required to use a model-based solution to adjust for possible distance-based detectability bias?},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1287--1294},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1385}
}
Hutto, R.L., Pletschet, S.M. and Hendricks, P. A fixed radius point count method for nonbreeding and breeding season use 1986 The Auk
Vol. 103, pp. 593-602 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Hutetal86,
  author = {Hutto, R. L. and Pletschet, S. M. and Hendricks, P.},
  title = {A fixed radius point count method for nonbreeding and breeding season use},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {593--602},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.593}
}
Hutto, R.L. and Young, J.S. On the design of monitoring programs and the use of population indices: a reply to Ellingson and Lukacs 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31, pp. 903-910 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Hutto2003,
  author = {Hutto, R. L. and Young, J. S.},
  title = {On the design of monitoring programs and the use of population indices: a reply to Ellingson and Lukacs},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {903--910},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784617}
}
Hutto, R.L. and Young, J.S. Regional landbird monitoring: perspectives from the Northern Rocky Mountains 2002 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 30, pp. 738-750 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{HutYou02,
  author = {Hutto, R. L. and Young, J. S.},
  title = {Regional landbird monitoring: perspectives from the Northern Rocky Mountains},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {738--750},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784226}
}
Hyrenbach, K.D., Baduini, C.L. and Hunt Jr., G.L. Line transect estimates of short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris mortality in the south-eastern Bering Sea, 1997-1999 2001 Marine Ornithology
Vol. 29(1), pp. 11-18 
article  
Abstract: During 1997, hundreds of thousands of Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris starved to death in the Bering Sea. We surveyed the distribution and abundance of floating carcasses during a cruise between 27 August-12 September, and estimated that over 95 000 carcasses were afloat within three survey grids covering approximately 52 400 km2. We repeatedly surveyed the same areas during two subsequent cruises in 1998 and 1999, and used standard population sampling techniques to evaluate the background levels of shearwater mortality during additional years when a die-off did not occur. The mortality event we observed in 1997 was unusual due to its extent and magnitude. During the die-off, dead shearwaters were sighted within all three survey grids. Conversely, we only encountered carcasses at one of these sites in 1998. Moreover, carcass densities in 1997 were at least one order of magnitude higher than those recorded during the following year. Surveys of seabird mortality at sea can account for floating carcasses before they are lost through advection and scavenging. Therefore, vessel-based surveys are likely to improve the accuracy of seabird mortality estimates based solely on counts of beach-cast carcasses. Here we describe the use of line transects to estimate seabird mortality at sea, and offer suggestions to standardize future surveys. Standardized surveys will improve our ability to compare the frequency, extent, and magnitude of seabird die-offs over time.
BibTeX:
@article{Hyrenbach2001,
  author = {Hyrenbach, K. D. and Baduini, C. L. and Hunt Jr., G. L.},
  title = {Line transect estimates of short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris mortality in the south-eastern Bering Sea, 1997-1999},
  journal = {Marine Ornithology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--18}
}
Hyrenbach, K.D., Henry, M.F., Morgan, K.H., Welch, D.W. and Sydeman, W.J. Optimizing the width of strip transects for seabird surveys from vessels of opportunity 2007 Marine Ornithology
Vol. 35, pp. 29-37 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Hyrenbach2007,
  author = {Hyrenbach, K. David and Henry, Mike F. and Morgan, Ken H. and Welch, David W. and Sydeman, William J.},
  title = {Optimizing the width of strip transects for seabird surveys from vessels of opportunity},
  journal = {Marine Ornithology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {29--37}
}
Ickes, K. Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of peninsular Malaysia 2001 Biotropica
Vol. 33(4), pp. 682-690 
article DOI  
Abstract: This study reports extraordinarily high density estimates for the wild pig (Sus scrofa) from an aseasonal tropical forest site within the species' native range. At Pasoh Forest Reserve, a 2500 ha area of lowland dipterocarp rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia, line transects were used to estimate pig density from May to October in 1996 and 1998. In 1996, 44 sightings of S. scrofa consisting of 166 individuals were recorded along 81 km of transects. In 1998, 39 sightings documented 129 individuals along 79.9 km of transects. Estimated population density was $47.0 pigs/kmtextasciicircum 2$ in 1996 and $27.0 pigs/kmtextasciicircum 2$ in 1998. Sus scrofa biomass in this forest was estimated at $1837 kg/kmtextasciicircum 2$ and $1346 kg/kmtextasciicircum 2$ in 1996 and 1998, respectively. Differences between years were attributed to changes in the density of young pigs, coincident with a mast-seeding year of dipterocarp trees in 1996. Pig densities at Pasoh Forest Reserve were much higher than at other forest locations within the species' native range in Europe and Asia. Because Pasoh Forest Reserve is a forest fragment, two factors likely account for the extremely high pig densities: (1) local extinction of natural predators (mainly tigers and leopards) and (2) an abundant year-round food supply of African oil palm fruits from extensive plantations bordering the reserve.
BibTeX:
@article{IckesBiotropica2001,
  author = {Ickes, Kalan},
  title = {Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of peninsular Malaysia},
  journal = {Biotropica},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {682--690},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033%5B0682:HAONWP%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Ingberman, B., Fusco-Costa, R. and de Araujo Monteiro-Filho, E. Population survey and demographic features of a coastal island population of Alouatta clamitans in Atlantic forest, southeastern Brazil 2009 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 30(1), pp. 1-14 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10764-008-9324-z,
  author = {Ingberman, Bianca and Fusco-Costa, Roberto and de Araujo Monteiro-Filho, Emygdio},
  title = {Population survey and demographic features of a coastal island population of Alouatta clamitans in Atlantic forest, southeastern Brazil},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--14},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-008-9324-z}
}
Inman, R.D., Nussear, K.E. and Tracy, C.R. Detecting trends in desert tortoise population growth: elusive behavior inflates variance in estimates of population density 2010 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 10, pp. 294-304 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Inman2010,
  author = {Inman, Richard D. and Nussear, Kenneth E. and Tracy, C. Richard},
  title = {Detecting trends in desert tortoise population growth: elusive behavior inflates variance in estimates of population density},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {294--304},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00214}
}
Innes, S., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Laake, J.L., Laidre, K.L., Cleator, H.J., Richard, P. and Stewart, R.E.A. Surveys of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian High Arctic in 1996 2002 NAMMCO Sci. Publ.
Vol. 4, pp. 169-190 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Innetal02,
  author = {Innes, S. and Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Laake, J. L. and Laidre, K. L. and Cleator, H. J. and Richard, P. and Stewart, R. E. A.},
  title = {Surveys of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian High Arctic in 1996},
  journal = {NAMMCO Sci. Publ.},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {169--190},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2843}
}
Isaac, N.J.B., Cruickshanks, K.L., Weddle, A.M., Rowcliffe, J.M., Brereton, T.M., Dennis, R.L.H., Shuker, D.M. and Thomas, C.D. Distance sampling and the challenge of monitoring butterfly populations 2011 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 2, pp. 585-594 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MEE3:MEE3109,
  author = {Isaac, Nick J. B. and Cruickshanks, Katie L. and Weddle, Ann M. and Rowcliffe, J. M. and Brereton, Tom M. and Dennis, Roger L. H. and Shuker, David M. and Thomas, Chris D.},
  title = {Distance sampling and the challenge of monitoring butterfly populations},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {585--594},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00109.x}
}
Jachmann, H. Comparison of aerial counts with ground counts for large African herbivores 2002 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 39(5), pp. 841-852 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. Over the past 50 years, aerial counts have been widely used in African wildlife management; however, the accuracy of the resulting estimates has rarely been questioned. The reliability of aerial counts of large African herbivores was examined by comparing the results of a series of systematic aerial sample counts with those from a series of line transect foot counts conducted in the Lupande Game Management Area in Zambia. 2. For most large herbivore species, the estimates from the aerial counts were considerably lower than those from the ground counts. The data pointed to undercounting as a major problem of aerial surveys. During the aerial counts, significant numbers of animals were missed on the transects, first due to the low probability of spotting single animals, small groups of animals and less conspicuous ones (sighting probability bias), and secondly because part of the population was concealed by obstructions and therefore not visible to the observers (visibility bias). 3. The main factors that influence visibility of large herbivores from the air are the animals' reactions to an over-flying aircraft, dispersion, body size and colour. Animals that move in response to an aircraft are more likely to be seen than static ones; dark-coloured animals are easier to spot than light-coloured ones against a light background; large herds are easier to detect than small ones; and large animals are more easily seen than small ones. Body size is important while trying to spot grazers and mixed feeders from the air, while colour is important for spotting browsers. This is mainly due to the differences in habitat use, with browsers being confined to the thicker habitat. 4. To minimize undercounting bias, both conventional aerial counts and aerial line transect counts should be restricted to large conspicuous grazers and mixed feeders in medium to large group sizes, such as elephant Loxodonta africana africana, buffalo Sincerus caffer, zebra Equus burchell, wildebeest Connochaetes and lechwe Kobus leche. Operational factors, such as height, speed and strip width, should be kept within reasonable limits for conventional aerial counts. Only one species should be counted at a time, always applying the double-count technique. For aerial line transect counts, the use of a helicopter is a prerequisite to obtaining accurate estimates. Other important considerations are observer experience and flight duration.
BibTeX:
@article{JachmannJAE2002,
  author = {Jachmann, H.},
  title = {Comparison of aerial counts with ground counts for large African herbivores},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {39},
  number = {5},
  pages = {841--852},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00752.x}
}
Jaramillo-Legorreta, A.M., Rojas-Bracho, L. and Gerrodette, T. A new abundance estimate for vaquitas: first step for recovery 1999 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 15, pp. 957-973 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jaretal99,
  author = {Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. M. and Rojas-Bracho, L. and Gerrodette, T.},
  title = {A new abundance estimate for vaquitas: first step for recovery},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {957--973},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00872.x}
}
Järvinen, O. Species-specific efficiency in line transects 1978 Ornis Scandinavica
Vol. 9, pp. 164-167 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jar78b,
  author = {Järvinen, O.},
  title = {Species-specific efficiency in line transects},
  journal = {Ornis Scandinavica},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {164--167},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3675877}
}
Järvinen, O. Estimating relative densities of land birds by point counts 1978 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 15, pp. 290-293 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jar78,
  author = {Järvinen, O.},
  title = {Estimating relative densities of land birds by point counts},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {290--293}
}
Järvinen, O. Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. II. comparison between two methods 1976 Ornis Scandinavica
Vol. 7, pp. 43-48 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jar76,
  author = {Järvinen, O.},
  title = {Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. II. comparison between two methods},
  journal = {Ornis Scandinavica},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {43--48},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3676173}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Correction coefficients for line transect censuses of breeding birds 1983 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 60, pp. 97-104 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai83b,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Correction coefficients for line transect censuses of breeding birds},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {97--104}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Confidence limits for estimates of population density in line transects 1983 Ornis Scandinavica
Vol. 14, pp. 129-134 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai83a,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Confidence limits for estimates of population density in line transects},
  journal = {Ornis Scandinavica},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {129--134},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3676016}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Finnish line transect censuses 1976 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 53, pp. 115-118 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai76c,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Finnish line transect censuses},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {115--118}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. IV. geographical constancy of the proportion of main belt observations 1976 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 53, pp. 87-90 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai76b,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. IV. geographical constancy of the proportion of main belt observations},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {87--90}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Between-year component of diversity in communities of breeding land birds 1976 Oikos
Vol. 27, pp. 34-39 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai76,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Between-year component of diversity in communities of breeding land birds},
  journal = {Oikos},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {34--39},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3543428}
}
Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R.A. Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method 1975 Oikos
Vol. 26, pp. 316-322 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JarVai75,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A.},
  title = {Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method},
  journal = {Oikos},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {316--322},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3543502}
}
Järvinen, O., Väisänen, R.A. and Haila, Y. Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. III. temporal constancy of the proportion of main belt observations 1976 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 53, pp. 40-45 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jaretal76,
  author = {Järvinen, O. and Väisänen, R. A. and Haila, Y.},
  title = {Estimating relative densities of breeding birds by the line transect method. III. temporal constancy of the proportion of main belt observations},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {40--45}
}
Jarvis, A.M. and Robertson, A. Predicting population sizes and priority conservation areas for 10 endemic Namibian bird species 1999 Biological Conservation
Vol. 88, pp. 121-131 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JarRob99,
  author = {Jarvis, A. M. and Robertson, A.},
  title = {Predicting population sizes and priority conservation areas for 10 endemic Namibian bird species},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {121--131},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00060-3}
}
Jathanna, D., Karanth, K.U. and Johnsingh, A.J.T. Estimation of large herbivore densities in the tropical forests of southern India using distance sampling 2003 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 261(3), pp. 285-290 
article DOI  
Abstract: Ecological densities of large herbivores were estimated using the line transect method in the tropical moist forests of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, southern India, during November 2000. The species of interest were chital Axis axis, sambar Cervus unicolor, muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, gaur Bos gaurus and Hanuman langur Presbytes entellus. Six permanent transects, ranging from 2.6 to 3.6 km (totalling 18.2 km) were each walked 26 times. A total of 473 km was walked during the surveys. Numbers of detections were generally low (51, 25, 68, 17 and 302 for chital, sambar, muntjac, gaur and langur, respectively). Mean estimated densities of different species were [D (± SE)]: 4.51 (± 1.05) chital km-2, 0.89 (± 0.23) sambar km -2, 3.64 (± 0.63) muntjac km-2, 1.48 (± 0.63) gaur km-2 and 22.62 (± 2.64) langur km-2. Possible shortcomings of our estimates are considered and suggestions made for improving future surveys. A comparison with densities estimated for these species in other well-protected parks showed that the chital, gaur and sambar densities in Bhadra were extremely low. The main causal factors for these low densities seem to be poaching and livestock grazing.
BibTeX:
@article{Jathanna2003,
  author = {Jathanna, D. and Karanth, K. U. and Johnsingh, A. J. T.},
  title = {Estimation of large herbivore densities in the tropical forests of southern India using distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {261},
  number = {3},
  pages = {285--290},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903004278}
}
Jathanna, D., Karanth, K.U., Kumar, N.S., Goswami, V.R., Vasudev, D. and Karanth, K. Reliable monitoring of elephant populations in the forests of India: analytical and practical considerations 2015 Biological Conservation
Vol. 187, pp. 212-220 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jathanna15,
  author = {Jathanna, D. and Karanth, K. U. and Kumar, N. S. and Goswami, V. R. and Vasudev, D. and Karanth, K.},
  title = {Reliable monitoring of elephant populations in the forests of India: analytical and practical considerations},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {187},
  pages = {212--220},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.030}
}
Jathanna, D., Kumar, N.S. and Karanth, K.U. Measuring Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) abundance in southern India using distance sampling 2008 Current Science
Vol. 95, pp. 885-888 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jathanna2008,
  author = {Jathanna, Devcharan and Kumar, N. Samba and Karanth, K. Ullas},
  title = {Measuring Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) abundance in southern India using distance sampling},
  journal = {Current Science},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {95},
  pages = {885--888}
}
Jefferson, T.A. Population biology of the Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin in Hong Kong waters 2000 Wildlife Monographs(144), pp. 1-65  article  
Abstract: The Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin (Sousa chinensis Osbeck, 1765) is found throughout the western Pacific and Indian oceans, from southern China and northern Australia in the east to South Africa in the west. Throughout most of its range it has not been well studied, and in southern China very little is known of its biology. The goal of the present study was to provide scientific information needed for the longterm conservation and management of the population that occurs in Hong Kong waters. From September 1995 to November 1998, 38,105 km of systematic line transect surveys were conducted throughout marine waters of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and adjacent waters to provide data on distribution and abundance. Photo-identification of individual dolphins allowed for examination of movement patterns, home ranges, and social organization. Collection of stranded dolphin carcasses and detailed necropsies provided information on causes of death as well as samples for life history studies, such as feeding habits, growth and reproduction, ecotoxicology, and stock structure. The dolphin population appears to be centered around the Pearl River Estuary, and Hong Kong waters represent the eastern portion of the range, which extends far into mainland Chinese waters (Lingding Bay) and covers at least 1,800 km^2. Within Hong Kong, dolphins only occur in western waters around Lantau Island. The area north of Lantau Island is heavily used throughout the year and represents by far the most important habitat in Hong Kong. Line transect analyses indicate that between 88 (spring) and 145 (summer) dolphins occur in Hong Kong. Based on 27,600 photographs taken, 213 individual dolphins were identified. The total size of the Pearl River breeding population is unknown, but is estimated to consist of at least 1,028 dolphins, based on line transect analysis. An apparent decline in the number of dolphins in the North Lantau area over the period from 1996-1998 was not statistically significant. Individual dolphins have overlapping home ranges of about 30-400 km^2 in different sections of the population's overall range. Groups of dolphins in Hong Kong number up to 23 animals, with an average group size of 3.8 +- s.d. 3.63 animals. There is no significant seasonal variation in group size, but groups feeding behind pair trawl fishing vessels (mean = 9.6 +- s.d. 5.37) are significantly larger than other groups, and groups in Lingding Bay, in Chinese waters west of Hong Kong (mean = 8.3 +- s.d. 7.84) are significantly larger than those in Hong Kong. Groups are very fluid and change composition frequently, with association indices ranging from 0-0.333. Behavioral patterns are similar to those of other coastal dolphins, but Hong Kong hump-backed dolphins only rarely ride bow waves. Following pair trawlers represents an important feeding strategy for some individuals. Construction work on an airport fuel facility in the dolphins' main habitat appears to have caused some disturbance (indicated by increased swimming speeds) and possibly temporary evacuation of the surrounding area. There is a great deal of developmental variation in the color pattern of southern Chinese hump-backed dolphins, with a general lightening from newborn to adult stages. Males appear to retain more spots in adulthood than females. Length at birth appears to be about 100 cm, and postnatal development is characterized by rapid growth in the first year and a levelling-off of the growth curve after reaching adulthood. Asymptotic length is reached at around 243 cm. Length and weight are related exponentially, with the maximum weight about 250 kg. Calving occurs throughout the year, but most young are born from January through August, with a peak in spring/summer. Scant evidence suggests that sexual maturity in females is reached at about 9-10 years of age. Dolphins feed mainly on several demersal and pelagic fish species that are often associated with estuaries. There is a lack of evidence for long-distance movements (on the order of hundreds of linear kilometers), and this presumably results in isolation of groups around major Chinese river mouths. Thus it appears that there may be at least 8 separate populations of hump-backed dolphins along the coast of southern China. The Pearl River Estuary, including Hong Kong, is apparently inhabited by one of these populations, although preliminary genetic work has shown only equivocal evidence of population separation from dolphins in the Xiamen area. Human-related causes of mortality include entanglement in fishing nets and vessel collisions. Some environmental contaminants (especially the heavy metal mercury and the pesticide DDT) were found in high levels in some dolphins, and preliminary evidence suggests that these may be affecting the health of the animals. A series of recommendations for management and for further research have been made to aid in the conservation of these animals. Principles for the conservation of wild living resources should be followed, and information from both the natural and social sciences are needed for proper management. Research and longterm monitoring of the population must continue for management strategies to be evaluated and refined. Overall, the population of hump-backed dolphins that occurs in Hong Kong waters appears to be viable and should be able to survive with appropriate conservation efforts.
BibTeX:
@article{Jefferson2000,
  author = {Jefferson, Thomas A.},
  title = {Population biology of the Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin in Hong Kong waters},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {2000},
  number = {144},
  pages = {1--65}
}
Jefferson, T.A. Estimates of abundance of cetaceans in offshore waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1992– 1993 1996 Southwest Naturalist
Vol. 41, pp. 279-287 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Jef96,
  author = {Jefferson, T. A.},
  title = {Estimates of abundance of cetaceans in offshore waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1992– 1993},
  journal = {Southwest Naturalist},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {279--287}
}
Jefferson, T.A., Smultea, M.A., Ward, E.J. and Berejikian, B. Estimating the Stock Size of Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardii) in the Inland Waters of Washington State Using Line-Transect Methods 2021 PLOS ONE
Vol. 16(6), pp. e0241254 
article DOI  
Abstract: Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in the inland waters of Washington were reduced by predator control programs in the twentieth century, but stocks have rebounded since being protected in the 1970s. Three management stocks are recognized, but there is little information on their current abundance. We conducted 38,431 km of aerial line-transect surveys throughout the range of these stocks in 2013– 2016, sighting a total of 4,678 groups of harbor seals. Line-transect analysis with Beaufort sea state as a covariate provided estimates of the number of seals in the water. We then incorporated tagging data from 15 instrumented seals to develop correction factors, both for seals missed in the water while diving, and those that were on shore. Tagging data were modeled with generalized linear mixed models to provide estimates of the proportions diving and hauled out. After applying these correction factors, we estimated that the Hood Canal stock contained 1,368 seals (CV = 16.8%), the Southern Puget Sound stock contained 1,976 seals (CV = 20.5%), and the Washington Northern Inland Waters stock contained 7,513 seals (CV = 11.5%). This study presents a non-traditional approach to estimating the size of Washington inland waters harbor seal stocks, which may also be applicable to other species for which survey and tagging data are available.
BibTeX:
@article{Jefferson2021,
  author = {Jefferson, Thomas A. and Smultea, Mari A. and Ward, Eric J. and Berejikian, Barry},
  title = {Estimating the Stock Size of Harbor Seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardii) in the Inland Waters of Washington State Using Line-Transect Methods},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {16},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e0241254},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241254}
}
Jenkins, R.K.B., Brady, L.D., Huston, K., Kauffmann, J.L.D., Rabearivony, J., Raveloson, G. and Rowcliffe, J.M. The population status of chameleons within Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and recommendations for future monitoring 1999 Oryx
Vol. 33, pp. 38-46 
article DOI  
Abstract: Malagasy chameleons are threatened by the relentless pace of habitat destruction. Their great popularity amongst herpetoculturalists has also resulted in collection for international animal markets. Most previous fieldwork has focused on the compilation of much needed species inventories, but little attention has been given to estimating chameleon population densities. This lack of information prevents a reliable assessment of the effects of habitat loss and direct exploitation on wild populations. A simple and repeatable methodology for the monitoring of chameleon populations is therefore urgently required. The present study developed survey techniques based on distance sampling within an area of relatively undisturbed rain forest at Ranomafana National Park. In total 394 individuals from six species were recorded and population densities (±SE) of 27.2 ± 5.4/ha Brookesia spp. and 21.4±4.0/ha Calumma spp. were estimated using the computer program DISTANCE. The authors propose that monitoring of chameleons in areas subject to different threats should begin immediately using the methods outlined in this paper.
BibTeX:
@article{Jenkins1999,
  author = {Jenkins, R. K. B. and Brady, L. D. and Huston, K. and Kauffmann, J. L. D. and Rabearivony, J. and Raveloson, G. and Rowcliffe, J. M.},
  title = {The population status of chameleons within Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and recommendations for future monitoring},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {38--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00034.x}
}
Jensen, A. and Meilby, H. Assessing the population status of a tree species using distance sampling: Aquilaria crassna (thymelaeaceae) in northern Laos 2012 International Journal of Forestry Research
Vol. 2012 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jensen2012,
  author = {Jensen, Anders and Meilby, Henrik},
  title = {Assessing the population status of a tree species using distance sampling: Aquilaria crassna (thymelaeaceae) in northern Laos},
  journal = {International Journal of Forestry Research},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {2012},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/265831}
}
Jensen, A.L. Subsampling with line transects for estimation of animal abundance 1996 Environmetrics
Vol. 7, pp. 283-289 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jen96,
  author = {Jensen, A. L.},
  title = {Subsampling with line transects for estimation of animal abundance},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {283--289},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199605)7:3%3C283::AID-ENV212%3E3.0.CO;2-C}
}
Jepson, P., Brickle, N. and Chayadin, Y. The conservation status of tanimbar corella and blue-streaked lory on the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia: results of a rapid contextual survey 2001 Oryx
Vol. 35(3), pp. 224-233 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jepson2001,
  author = {Paul Jepson and Nick Brickle and Yusup Chayadin},
  title = {The conservation status of tanimbar corella and blue-streaked lory on the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia: results of a rapid contextual survey},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {224--233},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00179.x}
}
Jessop, T.S., Forsyth, D.M., Purwandana, D., Imansyah, J., Opat, D.S. and McDonald-Madden, E. Monitoring the ungulate prey of komodo dragons Varanus komodoensis using faecal counts 0   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Jessop,
  author = {Jessop, T. S. and Forsyth, D. M. and Purwandana, D. and Imansyah, J. and Opat, D. S. and McDonald-Madden, E.},
  title = {Monitoring the ungulate prey of komodo dragons Varanus komodoensis using faecal counts},
  year = {0}
}
Jett, D.A. and Nichols, J.D. A field comparison of nested grid and trapping web density estimators 1987 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 68, pp. 888-892 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JetNic87,
  author = {Jett, D. A. and Nichols, J. D.},
  title = {A field comparison of nested grid and trapping web density estimators},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {888--892},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1381576}
}
Jewell, R., Thomas, L., Harris, C.M., Kaschner, K., Wiff, R., Hammond, P.S. and Quick., N.J. Global analysis of cetacean line-transect surveys: detecting trends in cetacean density 2012 Marine Ecology Progress Series.
Vol. 453, pp. 227-240 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jewell2012,
  author = {Jewell, R. and Thomas, L. and Harris, C. M. and Kaschner, K. and Wiff, R. and Hammond, P. S. and Quick., N. J.},
  title = {Global analysis of cetacean line-transect surveys: detecting trends in cetacean density},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series.},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {453},
  pages = {227--240},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09636}
}
Jimenez, I., Londono, G.A. and Cadena, C.D. Efficiency, bias, and consistency of visual and aural surveys of curassows (Cracidae) in tropical forests 2003 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 74, pp. 210-216 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JIM03,
  author = {Jimenez, I. and Londono, G. A. and Cadena, C. D.},
  title = {Efficiency, bias, and consistency of visual and aural surveys of curassows (Cracidae) in tropical forests},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {74},
  pages = {210--216},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.3.210}
}
Jocqué, R., Samu, F. and Bird, T. Density of spiders (araneae: ctenidae) in Ivory Coast rainforests 2005 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 266, pp. 105-110 
article DOI  
Abstract: To monitor the biodiversity quality of rainforest fragments in the eastern region of the Ivory Coast, the density of at least one important invertebrate group needs to be determined. This has been possible for nocturnal hunting spiders from the family Ctenidae using a novel combination of sampling and census techniques. The reflective characteristics of the eyes of these spiders meant that individuals were readily located using headlamps. Collections were made along transects (total length 5.5 km), adopting a distance sampling protocol. Density was estimated using distance sampling models. More than 2600 ctenids (15 species) were captured and identified. Seven of these species were present in sufficient numbers for density assessment. The combined density of these seven most common species in degraded forest fragments (0.124 m -2) was only half that in less disturbed forest (0.240 m -2). Ctenidae are a promising candidate for future monitoring of invertebrate groups in the rainforest. textcopyright 2005 The Zoological Society of London.
BibTeX:
@article{Jocque2005,
  author = {Jocqué, R. and Samu, F. and Bird, T.},
  title = {Density of spiders (araneae: ctenidae) in Ivory Coast rainforests},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {266},
  pages = {105--110},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836905006746}
}
Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Joshua, J. Avifauna in 3 vegetation types on Mundanthurai Plateau, south India 1994 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 10, pp. 323-335 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JohJos94,
  author = {Johnsingh, A. J. T. and Joshua, J.},
  title = {Avifauna in 3 vegetation types on Mundanthurai Plateau, south India},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {323--335},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400007999}
}
Johnson, A.E., Knott, C.D., Pamungkas, B., Pasaribu, M. and Marshall, A.J. A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts 2005 Biological Conservation
Vol. 121(4), pp. 495-507 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Johnson2005,
  author = {Johnson, A. E. and Knott, C. D. and Pamungkas, B. and Pasaribu, M. and Marshall, A. J.},
  title = {A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {121},
  number = {4},
  pages = {495--507},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.002}
}
Johnson, B.K., Lindzey, F.G. and Guenzel, R.J. Use of aerial line transect surveys to estimate pronghorn populations in Wyoming 1991 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 19, pp. 315-321 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Johetal91,
  author = {Johnson, B. K. and Lindzey, F. G. and Guenzel, R. J.},
  title = {Use of aerial line transect surveys to estimate pronghorn populations in Wyoming},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {315--321},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782522}
}
Johnson, D., Laake, J.L. and Ver Hoef, J.M. Package DSpat 2009   techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Johnson2009a,
  author = {Johnson, Devin and Laake, Jeff L. and Ver Hoef, Jay M.},
  title = {Package DSpat},
  year = {2009}
}
Johnson, D.H. In defense of indices: the case of bird surveys 2008 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 72(4), pp. 857-868 
article DOI  
Abstract: Indices to population size have come under increasing criticism in recent years, on the grounds that indices might not faithfully represent the entire population. Most criticisms involve surveys of birds, particularly those based on point counts, which is my focus here. A variety of quantitative methods have been developed to reduce the bias of point counts, such as distance sampling, multiple-observer surveys, and time-of-detection methods. I argue that these developments are valuable, in that they enhance understanding of the detection process, but that their practical application may well be limited, likely to intensive studies focusing on a small number of species. These quantitative methods are not generally applicable to extensive, multiple-species surveys. Although criticism of the thoughtless use of indices is welcome, their wholesale rejection is not.
BibTeX:
@article{Johnson2008,
  author = {Douglas H. Johnson},
  title = {In defense of indices: the case of bird surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {72},
  number = {4},
  pages = {857--868},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-294}
}
Johnson, D.S., Laake, J.L. and Ver Hoef, J.M. A model-based approach for making ecological inference from distance sampling data 2010 Biometrics
Vol. 66, pp. 310-318 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Johnson2010a,
  author = {Johnson, Devin S. and Laake, Jeffrey L. and Ver Hoef, Jay M.},
  title = {A model-based approach for making ecological inference from distance sampling data},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {310--318},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01265.x}
}
Johnson, E.G. and Routledge, R.D. The line transect method: a nonparametric estimator based on shape restrictions 1985 Biometrics
Vol. 41, pp. 669-679 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JohRou85,
  author = {Johnson, E. G. and Routledge, R. D.},
  title = {The line transect method: a nonparametric estimator based on shape restrictions},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {669--679},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531287}
}
Johnson, F.A., Pollock, K.H. and Montalbano, F. Visibility bias in aerial surveys of mottled ducks 1989 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 17, pp. 222-227 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Johetal89,
  author = {Johnson, F. A. and Pollock, K. H. and Montalbano, F.},
  title = {Visibility bias in aerial surveys of mottled ducks},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {222--227},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782373}
}
Jones, A.R., Hosegood, P., Wynna, R.B., Boer, M.N.D., Butler-Cowdry, S. and Embling, C.B. Fine-scale hydrodynamics influence the spatio-temporal distribution of harbour porpoises at a coastal hotspot 2014 Progress in Oceanography
Vol. 128, pp. 30-48 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jones2014,
  author = {Jones, A. R. and Hosegood, P. and Wynna, R. B. and Boer, M. N. De and Butler-Cowdry, S. and Embling, C. B.},
  title = {Fine-scale hydrodynamics influence the spatio-temporal distribution of harbour porpoises at a coastal hotspot},
  journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {128},
  pages = {30--48},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.002}
}
Jones, J., McLeish, W.J. and Robertson, R.J. Density influences census technique accuracy for Cerulean Warblers in eastern Ontario 2000 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 71, pp. 46-56 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jonetal00,
  author = {Jones, J. and McLeish, W. J. and Robertson, R. J.},
  title = {Density influences census technique accuracy for Cerulean Warblers in eastern Ontario},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {46--56},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-71.1.46}
}
Jones, M.J., Sullivan, M.S., Marsden, S.J. and Linsley, M.D. Correlates of extinction risk of birds from two Indonesian islands 2001 Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
Vol. 73, pp. 65-79 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Jones2001,
  author = {Jones, M. J. and Sullivan, M. S. and Marsden, S. J. and Linsley, M. D.},
  title = {Correlates of extinction risk of birds from two Indonesian islands},
  journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {65--79},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01347.x}
}
Kadry, M., Arcilla, N., Goded, S. and Soultan, A. Estimating Bird Densities in Montane Deserts: A Methodological Comparison in South Sinai, Egypt 2021 Journal of Arid Environments
Vol. 189, pp. 104477 
article DOI  
Abstract: Montane desert birds are particularly vulnerable to population declines driven by global climate change that is accelerated at higher elevations. Providing reliable and accurate information about their populations is essential for effective conservation management plans. However, few studies have compared the effectiveness of different survey methods for birds in high altitude arid environments, particularly in the Middle East. Here, we compare the reliability and precision of two sampling methods to estimate densities for two resident bird species in Egypt's Sinai mountains, the white-crowned wheatear (Oenanthe leucopyga) and desert lark (Ammomanes deserti). We conducted surveys for both species in vegetated and unvegetated desert using fixed-width strip transects and line transects using the distance sampling approach, and employed several statistical approaches to compare density estimates. While both methods provided reliable density estimates given sufficient detections of target species, strip transects exhibited more flexibility overall for estimating cryptic and rare species, which comprise a large proportion of this and other montane desert bird communities. Strip transects also entail lower effort and costs, an important consideration given research funding constraints. We therefore recommend strip transects over distance sampling for estimating bird densities in this and other arid montane regions.
BibTeX:
@article{Kadry2021,
  author = {Kadry, Mohamed and Arcilla, Nico and Goded, Sandra and Soultan, Alaaeldin},
  title = {Estimating Bird Densities in Montane Deserts: A Methodological Comparison in South Sinai, Egypt},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {189},
  pages = {104477},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104477}
}
Kaiser, L. Unbiased estimation in line-intercept sampling 1983 Biometrics
Vol. 39, pp. 965-976 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kai83,
  author = {Kaiser, L.},
  title = {Unbiased estimation in line-intercept sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {965--976},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531331}
}
Kanaji, Y., Okazaki, M. and Miyashita, T. Spatial patterns of distribution, abundance, and species diversity of small Odontocetes estimated using density surface modeling with line transect sampling 2017 Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Vol. 140, pp. 151-162 
article DOI  
Abstract: Spatial patterns of distribution, abundance, and species diversity of small odontocetes including species in the Delphinidae and Phocoenidae families were investigated using long-term dedicated sighting survey data collected between 1983 and 2006 in the North Pacific. Species diversity indices were calculated from abundance estimated using density surface modeling of line-transect data. The estimated abundance ranged from 19,521 individuals in killer whale to 1,886,022 in pantropical spotted dolphin. The predicted density maps showed that the habitats of small odontocetes corresponded well with distinct oceanic domains. Species richness was estimated to be highest between 30 and 40textdegree N where warm- and cold-water currents converge. Simpson׳s Diversity Index showed latitudinal diversity gradients of decreasing species numbers toward the poles. Higher diversity was also estimated in the coastal areas and the zonal areas around 35– 42textdegree N. Coastal– offshore gradients and latitudinal gradients are known for many taxa. The zonal areas around 35textdegree N and 40textdegree N coincide with the Kuroshio Current and its extension and the subarctic boundary, respectively. These results suggest that the species diversity of small odontocetes primarily follows general patterns of latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, while the confluence of faunas originating in distinct water masses increases species diversify in frontal waters around 30– 40textdegree N. Population densities tended to be higher for the species inhabiting higher latitudes, but were highest for intermediate latitudes at approximately 35– 40textdegree N. According to latitudinal gradients in water temperature and biological productivity, the costs for thermoregulation will decrease in warmer low latitudes, while feeding efficiency will increase in colder high latitudes. These trade-offs could optimize population density in intermediate latitudes.
BibTeX:
@article{kanaji_spatial_2017,
  author = {Kanaji, Yu and Okazaki, Makoto and Miyashita, Tomio},
  title = {Spatial patterns of distribution, abundance, and species diversity of small Odontocetes estimated using density surface modeling with line transect sampling},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {140},
  pages = {151--162},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.014}
}
Kanamori, T., Kuze, N., Bernard, H., Malim, T.P. and Kohshima, S. Fluctuations of population density in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) related to fruit availability in the Danum valley, Sabah, Malaysia: a 10-year record including two mast fruitings and three other peak fruitings 2016 Primates
Vol. 58(1), pp. 225-235 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kanamori2016,
  author = {Kanamori, Tomoko and Kuze, Noko and Bernard, Henry and Malim, Titol Peter and Kohshima, Shiro},
  title = {Fluctuations of population density in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) related to fruit availability in the Danum valley, Sabah, Malaysia: a 10-year record including two mast fruitings and three other peak fruitings},
  journal = {Primates},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {225--235},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0584-5}
}
Karanth, K.U. and Nichols, J.D. Monitoring tigers and their prey - a manual for researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical asia 2002   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Karanth2002,
  author = {Karanth, K. U. and Nichols, J. D.},
  title = {Monitoring tigers and their prey - a manual for researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical asia},
  publisher = {Centre for Wildlife Studies},
  year = {2002}
}
Karanth, K.U. and Sunquist, M.E. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests 1995 Journal of Animal Ecology
Vol. 64, pp. 439-450 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KarSun95,
  author = {Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E.},
  title = {Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {439--450},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/5647}
}
Karanth, K.U. and Sunquist, M.E. Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India 1992 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 8, pp. 21-35 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KarSun92,
  author = {Karanth, K. U. and Sunquist, M. E.},
  title = {Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {21--35},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400006040}
}
Karunamuni, R.J. and Quinn, T.J. Bayesian estimation of animal abundance for the line transects sampling 1995 Biometrics
Vol. 51, pp. 1325-37 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KarQui95,
  author = {Karunamuni, R. J. and Quinn, T. J.},
  title = {Bayesian estimation of animal abundance for the line transects sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {1325--37},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533263}
}
Kasamatsu, F. and Joyce, G.G. Current status of odontocetes in the Antarctic 1995 Antarctic Science
Vol. 7, pp. 365-379 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KasJoy95,
  author = {Kasamatsu, F. and Joyce, G. G.},
  title = {Current status of odontocetes in the Antarctic},
  journal = {Antarctic Science},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {365--379},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102095000514}
}
Kaschner, K., Quick, N.J., Jewell, R., Williams, R. and Harris, C.M. Global coverage of cetacean line-transect surveys: status quo, data gaps and future challenges 2012 PLoS ONE
Vol. 7, pp. e44075 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kaschner2012,
  author = {Kaschner, Kristin and Quick, Nicola J. and Jewell, Rebecca and Williams, Rob and Harris, Catriona M.},
  title = {Global coverage of cetacean line-transect surveys: status quo, data gaps and future challenges},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {e44075},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044075}
}
Kastdalen, L., Pedersen, H.C. and Fjone G.and Andreassen, H.P. Combining resource selection functions and distance sampling: an example with willow ptarmigan Proceedings of the First International Conference on Resource Selection  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kastdalen,
  author = {Kastdalen, L. and Pedersen, H. C. and Fjone, G.and Andreassen, H. P.},
  title = {Combining resource selection functions and distance sampling: an example with willow ptarmigan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Resource Selection}
}
Katsanevakis, S. Density surface modelling with line transect sampling as a tool for abundance estimation of marine benthic species: the Pinna nobilis example in a marine lake 2007 Marine Biology
Vol. 152, pp. 77-85 
article DOI  
Abstract: Density estimation of marine benthic fauna is most often conducted with fishery surveys using dredges or trawls. These estimates are often unreliable due to low and variable efficiency and are inappropriate when dealing with rare or endangered species. In the marine Lake Vouliagmeni, a density surface modelling (DSM) approach using survey data from line transects, integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS), was used to estimate the population density of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis. This is the first time that such an approach has been applied for a marine benthic species. DSM was beneficial in relation to traditional distance sampling. Apart from providing a more precise total abundance estimate, it related the density of the species to spatial covariates of interest, gave a depiction of the species dispersion in the study area, and provided abundance estimates in any subregion of the study area. In Lake Vouliagmeni, a marked zonation of P. nobilis distribution was revealed, with the species being restricted in the shallow peripheral zone at depths ¡ 22 m. Two density peaks were observed, a major peak at depths between 12 and 13 m and a secondary peak at 4 m. A main hotspot of high density was also observed in the northeastern part of the lake. Total abundance of the species was estimated to be 6,770 individuals with a 95% confidence interval of 5,460– 8,393 individuals.
BibTeX:
@article{Katsanevakis2007,
  author = {Katsanevakis, Stelios},
  title = {Density surface modelling with line transect sampling as a tool for abundance estimation of marine benthic species: the Pinna nobilis example in a marine lake},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {77--85},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0659-3}
}
Katsanevakis, S. Population ecology of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis in a marine lake 2005 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 1, pp. 1-9 
article DOI  
Abstract: A substantial population of the endangered Mediterranean bivalve Pinna nobilis exists in the marine Lake Vouliagmeni (Korinthiakos Gulf, Greece). The population density of P. nobilis was estimated in the lake with line transect sampling. Individuals of the youngest age class (small) had peak densities in the 1 to 3 m bathymetric zone and their densities were higher in poorly sorted sediments. Older (large) individuals (belonging to all age classes except the first one, 9 to 11 mo) had peak densities in the 11 to 13 m bathymetric zone. No P. nobilis was found deeper than 22 m. The absence of large individuals in shallow waters may partly be explained by illegal fishing. There are several hypotheses proposed to explain the lack of small individuals in deeper areas, but no definitive explanation is offered. In Lake Vouliagmeni, P. nobilis densities were high, although marine seagrass was completely absent. Thus, P. nobilis does not actually require seagrass meadows, as stated by many authors, and it may exist in large numbers in bare soft-sediment areas as well. P. nobilis grew fast, mostly during the first 3 yr of life, and may live beyond 15 yr. By recording the exact location of each P. nobilis individual within 800 m2 transects, as a pair of coordinates, the exact spatial distribution was defined and aggregation indices were calculated. P. nobilis had an aggregated dispersion, but no evidence for preferential settlement near adults or previously-settled individuals was found. The aggregated dispersion of P. nobilis probably relates to the patchiness of the local environment. The size of P. nobilis population in Lake Vouliagmeni was estimated to be 8501 ± 4395 (mean ± 1 SD) individuals, of which 4355 ± 3460 belonged to the first age class and 4146 ± 1405 belonged to all other age classes.
BibTeX:
@article{Katsanevakis2005,
  author = {Katsanevakis, S.},
  title = {Population ecology of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis in a marine lake},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ESR001051}
}
Katsanevakis, S. Abundance and spatial distribution of the Mediterranean scallop, Pecten jacobaeus, in a marine lake 2005 Fisheries Research
Vol. 76(3), pp. 417-429 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kat05,
  author = {Katsanevakis, Stelios},
  title = {Abundance and spatial distribution of the Mediterranean scallop, Pecten jacobaeus, in a marine lake},
  journal = {Fisheries Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {76},
  number = {3},
  pages = {417--429},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.07.004}
}
Katsanevakis, S. and Thessalou-Legaki, M. Spatial distribution, abundance and habitat use of the protected fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Souda Bay, Crete 2009 Aquatic Biology
Vol. 8, pp. 45-54 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Katsanevakis2009,
  author = {Katsanevakis, Stelios and Thessalou-Legaki, Maria},
  title = {Spatial distribution, abundance and habitat use of the protected fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Souda Bay, Crete},
  journal = {Aquatic Biology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {45--54},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00204}
}
Katsanevakis, S. and Thessalou-Legaki, M. First record of Alicia mirabilis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Aegean Sea and density assessment with distance sampling in a site of high abundance 2007 Marine Biology Research
Vol. 3, pp. 468-472 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Katsanevakis2007a,
  author = {Katsanevakis, S. and Thessalou-Legaki, M.},
  title = {First record of Alicia mirabilis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the Aegean Sea and density assessment with distance sampling in a site of high abundance},
  journal = {Marine Biology Research},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {468--472},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000701695379}
}
Katsanevakis, S., Weber, A., Pipitone, C., Leopold, M., Cronin, M., Scheidat, M., Doyle, T.K., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., D'Anna, G., de Boois, I., Dalpadado, P., Damalas, D., Fiorentino, F., Garofalo, G., Giacalone, V.M., Hawley, K.L., Issaris, Y., Jansen, J., Knight, C.M., Knittweis, L., Kröncke, I., Mirto, S., Muxika, I., Reiss, H., Skjoldal, H.R. and Vöge, S. Monitoring marine populations and communities: methods dealing with imperfect detectability 2012 Aquatic Biology
Vol. 16, pp. 31-52 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KatsanevakisS2012,
  author = {Katsanevakis, S. and Weber, A. and Pipitone, C. and Leopold, M. and Cronin, M. and Scheidat, M. and Doyle, T. K. and Buhl-Mortensen, L. and Buhl-Mortensen, P. and D'Anna, G. and de Boois, I. and Dalpadado, P. and Damalas, D. and Fiorentino, F. and Garofalo, G. and Giacalone, V. M. and Hawley, K. L. and Issaris, Y. and Jansen, J. and Knight, C. M. and Knittweis, L. and Kröncke, I. and Mirto, S. and Muxika, I. and Reiss, H. and Skjoldal, H. R. and Vöge, S.},
  title = {Monitoring marine populations and communities: methods dealing with imperfect detectability},
  journal = {Aquatic Biology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {31--52},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00426}
}
Keeping, D., Burger, J.H., Keitsile, A.O., Gielen, M.-C., Mudongo, E., Wallgren, M., Skarpe, C. and Foote, A.L. Can trackers count free-ranging wildlife as effectively and efficiently as conventional aerial survey and distance sampling? Implications for citizen science in the Kalahari, Botswana 2018 Biological Conservation
Vol. 223, pp. 156-169 
article DOI  
Abstract: Estimating wildlife abundance is central to conservation. We compared two widely practiced standards for counting animals - aerial strip surveys and ground line transects - with interpreted counts of animal tracks. At equal sampling intensity in semiarid savanna with good visibility all three methods produced similar population estimates and precision for six large herbivores. This comparison adds empirical support for the use of track count data to estimate population density rather than being restricted to ambiguous indices of relative abundance. Although expected to capture more species than aerial surveys, we found line transects limiting because encounter rates by direct sightings were relatively low; a minimum threshold 40 observations was achieved for only 1/3 of antelope species in 648.4 km of transect. By contrast, animal track counts returned exceedingly high encounter rates that allowed estimation of abundance for the entire large predator-prey community and mapping density-distributions more completely. Unlike aerial surveys conducted by Botswana's wildlife authority, the track survey provided opportunity to involve local people in the research process. The track survey cost 40% less than the aerial survey, and could be reduced a further 3-fold if trackers collected data autonomously without motor vehicles. Counting animals by their tracks is ultimately constrained to regions with appropriate substrates. However, in suitable environments like the Kalahari, we suggest that a citizen science driven by expert local trackers could ultimately replace conventional wildlife counts, generating knock-on benefits to conservation beyond improved data.
BibTeX:
@article{keeping_can_2018,
  author = {Keeping, Derek and Burger, Julia H. and Keitsile, Amo O. and Gielen, Marie-Charlotte and Mudongo, Edwin and Wallgren, Martha and Skarpe, Christina and Foote, A. Lee},
  title = {Can trackers count free-ranging wildlife as effectively and efficiently as conventional aerial survey and distance sampling? Implications for citizen science in the Kalahari, Botswana},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {223},
  pages = {156--169},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.027}
}
Keeping, D. and Pelletier, R. Animal density and track counts: understanding the nature of observations based on animal movements 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9, pp. e96598 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Keeping2014,
  author = {Keeping, D. and Pelletier, R.},
  title = {Animal density and track counts: understanding the nature of observations based on animal movements},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e96598},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096598}
}
Kelker, G.H. Measurement and interpretation of forces that determine populations of managed deer 1945 School: University of Michigan  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Kel45,
  author = {Kelker, G. H.},
  title = {Measurement and interpretation of forces that determine populations of managed deer},
  school = {University of Michigan},
  year = {1945}
}
Kelley, J.R. Line transect sampling for estimating breeding wood duck density in forested wetlands 1996 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 24, pp. 32-36 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Kel96,
  author = {Kelley, J. R.},
  title = {Line transect sampling for estimating breeding wood duck density in forested wetlands},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {32--36},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782829}
}
Kellner, K.F. and Swihart, R.K. Accounting for imperfect detection in ecology: a quantitative review 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9(10), pp. e111436 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ Detection in studies of species abundance and distribution is often imperfect. Assuming perfect detection introduces bias into estimation that can weaken inference upon which understanding and policy are based. Despite availability of numerous methods designed to address this assumption, many refereed papers in ecology fail to account for non-detection error. We conducted a quantitative literature review of 537 ecological articles to measure the degree to which studies of different taxa, at various scales, and over time have accounted for imperfect detection. Overall, just 23% of articles accounted for imperfect detection. The probability that an article incorporated imperfect detection increased with time and varied among taxa studied; studies of vertebrates were more likely to incorporate imperfect detection. Among articles that reported detection probability, 70% contained per-survey estimates of detection that were less than 0.5. For articles in which constancy of detection was tested, 86% reported significant variation. We hope that our findings prompt more ecologists to consider carefully the detection process when designing studies and analyzing results, especially for sub-disciplines where incorporation of imperfect detection in study design and analysis so far has been lacking./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Kellner2014,
  author = {Kellner, Kenneth F. and Swihart, Robert K.},
  title = {Accounting for imperfect detection in ecology: a quantitative review},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e111436},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111436}
}
Kelt, D.A., Cofré, H., Cornelius, C., Engilis, A., Gutiérrez, J.R., Marquet, P.A., Medel, R., Meserve, P.L., Quirici, V., Samaniego, H. and Vásquez, R.A. The avifauna of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park and Chiles Norte Chico 2016 Journal of Arid Environments
Vol. 126, pp. 23-36 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kelt2016,
  author = {Kelt, Douglas A. and Cofré, Hernán and Cornelius, Cintia and Engilis, Andrew and Gutiérrez, Julio R. and Marquet, Pablo A. and Medel, Rodrigo and Meserve, Peter L. and Quirici, Verónica and Samaniego, Horacio and Vásquez, Rodrigo A.},
  title = {The avifauna of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park and Chiles Norte Chico},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {126},
  pages = {23--36},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.018}
}
Kenneth, B.H. Temporal variation in fall bird density at high elevation habitats in southern British Columbia: an analisys using distance sampling 2001 School: Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Kenneth2001,
  author = {Kenneth, B. H.},
  title = {Temporal variation in fall bird density at high elevation habitats in southern British Columbia: an analisys using distance sampling},
  school = {Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia},
  year = {2001}
}
Kéry, M., Royle, J.A. and Schmid, H. Modeling avian abundance from replicated counts using binomial mixture models 2005 Ecological Applications
Vol. 15(4), pp. 1450-1461 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abundance estimation in ecology is usually accomplished by capture-recapture, removal, or distance sampling methods. These may be hard to implement at large spatial scales. In contrast, binomial mixture models enable abundance estimation without individual identification, based simply on temporally and spatially replicated counts. Here, we evaluate mixture models using data from the national breeding bird monitoring program in Switzerland, where some 250 1-km2 quadrats are surveyed using the territory mapping method three times during each breeding season. We chose eight species with contrasting distribution (wide-narrow), abundance (high-low), and detectability (easy-difficult). Abundance was modeled as a random effect with a Poisson or negative binomial distribution, with mean affected by forest cover, elevation, and route length. Detectability was a logit-linear function of survey date, survey date-by-elevation, and sampling effort (time per transect unit). Resulting covariate effects and parameter estimates were consistent with expectations. Detectability per territory (for three surveys) ranged from 0.66 to 0.94 (mean 0.84) for easy species, and from 0.16 to 0.83 (mean 0.53) for difficult species, depended on survey effort for two easy and all four difficult species, and changed seasonally for three easy and three difficult species. Abundance was positively related to route length in three high-abundance and one low-abundance (one easy and three difficult) species, and increased with forest cover in five forest species, decreased for two nonforest species, and was unaffected for a generalist species. Abundance estimates under the most parsimonious mixture models were between 1.1 and 8.9 (median 1.8) times greater than estimates based on territory mapping; hence, three surveys were insufficient to detect all territories for each species. We conclude that binomial mixture models are an important new approach for estimating abundance corrected for detectability when only repeated-count data are available. Future developments envisioned include estimation of trend, occupancy, and total regional abundance. textcopyright 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Kery2005,
  author = {Kéry, M. and Royle, J. A. and Schmid, H.},
  title = {Modeling avian abundance from replicated counts using binomial mixture models},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1450--1461},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1120}
}
Khan, J.A. Conservation and management of Gir Lion Sanctuary and National Park, Gujarat, India 1995 Biological Conservation
Vol. 73, pp. 183-188 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kha95,
  author = {Khan, J. A.},
  title = {Conservation and management of Gir Lion Sanctuary and National Park, Gujarat, India},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {183--188},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00107-2}
}
Kidney, D. Line transect sampling using triangulation: investigating the effect of bearing error on density estimation 2009 School: University of St Andrews  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Kidney2009,
  author = {Kidney, Darren},
  title = {Line transect sampling using triangulation: investigating the effect of bearing error on density estimation},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2009}
}
Kie, J.G. and Boroski, B.B. Using spotlight counts to estimate mule deer population size and trends 1995 California Fish and Game
Vol. 81, pp. 55-70 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{KieBor95,
  author = {Kie, J. G. and Boroski, B. B.},
  title = {Using spotlight counts to estimate mule deer population size and trends},
  journal = {California Fish and Game},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {55--70}
}
Kiffner, C., Meyer, B., Muhlenberg, M. and Waltert, M. Plenty of prey, few predators: what limits lions Panthera leo in Katavi National Park, western Tanzania? 2009 Oryx
Vol. 43, pp. 52-59 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kiffner2009,
  author = {Kiffner, Christian and Meyer, Britta and Muhlenberg, Michael and Waltert, Matthias},
  title = {Plenty of prey, few predators: what limits lions Panthera leo in Katavi National Park, western Tanzania?},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {52--59},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307002335}
}
Kiffner, C., Paciência, F.M.D., Henrich, G., Kaitila, R., Chuma, I.S., Mbaryo, P., Knauf, S., Kioko, J. and Zinner, D. Road-Based Line Distance Surveys Overestimate Densities of Olive Baboons 2022 PLOS ONE
Vol. 17(2), pp. e0263314 
article DOI  
Abstract: Estimating population density and population dynamics is essential for understanding primate ecology and relies on robust methods. While distance sampling theory provides a robust framework for estimating animal abundance, implementing a constrained, non-systematic transect design could bias density estimates. Here, we assessed potential bias associated with line distance sampling surveys along roads based on a case study with olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Lake Manyara National Park (Tanzania). This was achieved by comparing density estimates of olive baboons derived from road transect surveys with density estimates derived from estimating the maximum number of social groups (via sleeping site counts) and multiplying this metric with the estimated average size of social groups. From 2011 to 2019, we counted olive baboons along road transects, estimated survey-specific densities in a distance sampling framework, and assessed temporal population trends. Based on the fitted half-normal detection function, the mean density was 132.5 baboons km-2 (95% CI: 110.4– 159.2), however, detection models did not fit well due to heaping of sightings on and near the transects. Density estimates were associated with relatively wide confidence intervals that were mostly caused by encounter rate variance. Based on a generalized additive model, baboon densities were greater during the rainy seasons compared to the dry seasons but did not show marked annual trends. Compared to estimates derived from the alternative method (sleeping site survey), distance sampling along road transects overestimated the abundance of baboons more than threefold. Possibly, this overestimation was caused by the preferred use of roads by baboons. While being a frequently used technique (due to its relative ease of implementation compared to spatially randomized survey techniques), inferring population density of baboons (and possibly other species) based on road transects should be treated with caution. Beyond these methodological concerns and considering only the most conservative estimates, baboon densities in LMNP are among the highest across their geographic distribution range.
BibTeX:
@article{Kiffner2022,
  author = {Kiffner, Christian and Paciência, Filipa M. D. and Henrich, Grace and Kaitila, Rehema and Chuma, Idrissa S. and Mbaryo, Pay and Knauf, Sascha and Kioko, John and Zinner, Dietmar},
  title = {Road-Based Line Distance Surveys Overestimate Densities of Olive Baboons},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0263314},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263314}
}
King, D.I., Chandler, R.B., Schlossberg, S. and Chandler, C.C. Habitat use and nest success of scrub-shrub birds in wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts, USA 2009 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 257(2), pp. 421-426 
article DOI  
Abstract: Many conservationists are concerned about reports of declining populations of scrub-shrub birds. Wildlife opening management, involving repeatedly burning or mechanically treating early-successional stands, is one strategy for creating habitat for these species, but this practice is costly. Some silvicultural treatments also create scrub-shrub habitat and have the advantage of potentially generating revenue, but the relative effectiveness of wildlife opening management and silviculture for creating bird habitat is not known. During 2004 and 2005, we compared scrub-shrub bird abundance, nest success, and habitat characteristics between wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts to determine whether the habitats created by these practices are equivalent for birds. We recorded 1927 detections of 31 scrub-shrub bird species during the course of the study and monitored 368 nests. We found that although most species were present in both treatments, many differed in abundance between wildlife and silvicultural openings, including several species of high conservation concern. These differences were attributable to differences in habitat characteristics between treatments. The overall probability of a nest surviving to fledging was 0.43, and did not differ between wildlife and silvicultural openings. Our results indicate that the habitat quality of wildlife and silvicultural openings is not equivalent for scrub-shrub birds, but the two management approaches serve as complementary strategies for maintaining these declining species.
BibTeX:
@article{King2009a,
  author = {King, David I. and Chandler, Richard B. and Schlossberg, Scott and Chandler, Carlin C.},
  title = {Habitat use and nest success of scrub-shrub birds in wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts, USA},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {257},
  number = {2},
  pages = {421--426},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.09.014}
}
Kingsley, M.C.S. and Reeves, R.R. Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996 1998 Canadian Journal of Zoology
Vol. 76, pp. 1529-1550 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KinRee98,
  author = {Kingsley, M. C. S. and Reeves, R. R.},
  title = {Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {1529--1550},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-054}
}
Kint, V., Robert, D.W. and Noël, L. Evaluation of sampling methods for the estimation of structural indices in forest stands 2004 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 180(4), pp. 461-476 
article DOI  
Abstract: The paper is about the accurate (i.e. unbiased and precise) and efficient estimation of structural indices in forest stands. We present SIAFOR, a computer programme for the calculation of four nearest-neighbour indices, which describe the spatial arrangement of tree positions, the distribution pattern of species, and the size differentiation between trees. The study uses SIAFOR as a sampling simulator in eight completely stem-mapped forest stands of varying area and structural complexity. We statistically evaluate two sample types (distance and plot sampling), comparing sampling error, bias and minimum sample size for index estimation. We introduce the concepts of measurement expansion factor (MEF) and design expansion factor (DEF) for the technical evaluation of sample type efficiency (optimal sample type). Results indicate that sampling error can reach high levels and that minimum sample sizes for index estimation often amply exceed the limit of 20% of tree density or 20 trees per species per hectare, that we set as the highest feasible sample size in normal situations. We found clear feasibility limits (in terms of minimal tree densities and reachable accuracy levels) for the estimation of all investigated indices. Generally, equal or higher sample sizes are needed for plot sampling than for distance sampling to reach equal accuracy levels. Nevertheless, plot sampling resulted more efficient for the estimation of tree size differentiation at low to medium accuracy levels. For all other investigated indices distance sampling resulted more efficient than plot sampling. Minimum sample size increases with accuracy and is negatively correlated with tree density. At a given accuracy level minimum sample size is highest for the estimation of relative mingling and lowest for tree size differentiation; furthermore it is generally lower in large stands than in small ones. Because of the consistency of our conclusions in all of the investigated stands, we think they apply in most stands of similar area (between 1 and 10 ha) and species diversity (not more than four species). textcopyright 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Kint2004,
  author = {Kint, V. and Robert, D. W. and Noël, L.},
  title = {Evaluation of sampling methods for the estimation of structural indices in forest stands},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {180},
  number = {4},
  pages = {461--476},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.032}
}
Kinzey, D. and Gerrodette, T. Distance measurements using binoculars from ships at sea: accuracy, precision and effects of refraction 2003 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 5, pp. 159-171 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Kinzey2003,
  author = {Kinzey, Douglas and Gerrodette, Tim},
  title = {Distance measurements using binoculars from ships at sea: accuracy, precision and effects of refraction},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {159--171}
}
Kinzey, D., Gerrodette, T. and Fink, D. Accuracy and precision of perpendicular distance measurements in shipboard line-transect sighting surveys 2002 (LJ-02-09)School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Kinetal2002,
  author = {Kinzey, Douglas and Gerrodette, Tim and Fink, Daniel},
  title = {Accuracy and precision of perpendicular distance measurements in shipboard line-transect sighting surveys},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA},
  year = {2002},
  number = {LJ-02-09}
}
Kinzey, D., Olson, P. and Gerrodette, T. Marine mammal data collection procedures on research ship line-transect surveys School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Kinzey,
  author = {Kinzey, Douglas and Olson, Paula and Gerrodette, Tim},
  title = {Marine mammal data collection procedures on research ship line-transect surveys},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center}
}
Kishino, H., Kasamatsu, F. and Toda, T. On the double line transect method 1988 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 38, pp. 273-279 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Kisetal88,
  author = {Kishino, H. and Kasamatsu, F. and Toda, T.},
  title = {On the double line transect method},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {273--279}
}
Kishino, H., Kato, H., Kasamatsu, F. and Fujise, Y. Detection of heterogeneity and estimation of population characteristics from the field survey data: 1987/88 Japanese feasibility study of the Southern Hemisphere minke whales 1991 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics
Vol. 43, pp. 435-453 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kisetal91,
  author = {Kishino, H. and Kato, H. and Kasamatsu, F. and Fujise, Y.},
  title = {Detection of heterogeneity and estimation of population characteristics from the field survey data: 1987/88 Japanese feasibility study of the Southern Hemisphere minke whales},
  journal = {Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {435--453},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053365}
}
Kissa, D.O. and Sheil, D. Visual detection based distance sampling offers efficient density estimation for distinctive low abundance tropical forest tree species in complex terrain 2012 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 263, pp. 114-121 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kissa2012,
  author = {Kissa, D. O. and Sheil, D.},
  title = {Visual detection based distance sampling offers efficient density estimation for distinctive low abundance tropical forest tree species in complex terrain},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {263},
  pages = {114--121},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.020}
}
Kissling, M.L. and Garton, E.O. Estimating detection probability and density from point-count surveys: a combination of distance and double-observer sampling 2006 Auk, The
Vol. 123(3), pp. 735-752 
article DOI  
Abstract: Point counts are the method most commonly used to estimate abundance of birds, but they often fail to account properly for incomplete and variable detection probabilities. We developed a technique that combines distance and double-observer sampling to estimate detection probabilities and effective area surveyed. We applied this paired-observer, variable circular-plot (POVCP) technique to point-count surveys (n = 753) conducted in closed-canopy forests of southeast Alaska. Distance data were analyzed for each species to model a detection probability for each observer and calculate an estimate of density. We then multiplied each observer's density estimates by a correction factor to adjust for detection probabilities ¡ 1 at plot center. We compared analytical results from four survey methods: single-observer fixed-radius (50-m) plot; single-observer, variable circular-plot (SOVCP); double-observer fixed-radius (50-m) plot; and POVCP. We examined differences in detection probabilities at plot center, effective area surveyed, and densities for five bird species: Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis), Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa), Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), and Townsend's Warbler (Dendroica townsendi). Average detection probabilities for paired observers increased ?8% (SE = 2.9) for all species once estimates were corrected for birds missed at plot center. Density estimators of fixed-radius survey methods were likely negatively biased, because the key assumption of perfect detection was not met. Density estimates generated using SOVCP and POVCP were similar, but standard errors were much lower for the POVCP survey method. We recommend using POVCP when study objectives require precise estimates of density. Failure to account for differences in detection probabilities and effective area surveyed results in biased population estimators and, therefore, faulty inferences about the population in question. textcopyright The American Ornithologists' Union, 2006.
BibTeX:
@article{Kissling2006,
  author = {Kissling, M. L. and Garton, E. O.},
  title = {Estimating detection probability and density from point-count surveys: a combination of distance and double-observer sampling},
  journal = {Auk, The},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {123},
  number = {3},
  pages = {735--752},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.735}
}
Kissling, M.L., Reid, M., Lukacs, P.M., Gende, S.M. and Lewis, S.B. Understanding abundance patterns of a declining seabird: implications for monitoring 2007 Ecological Applications
Vol. 17, pp. 2164-2174 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kissling2007,
  author = {Kissling, Michelle L. and Reid, Mason and Lukacs, Paul M. and Gende, Scott M. and Lewis, Stephen B.},
  title = {Understanding abundance patterns of a declining seabird: implications for monitoring},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {2164--2174},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1990.1}
}
Kitahara, M. and Fujii, K. Biodiversity and community structure of temperate butterfly species within a gradient of human disturbance — an analysis based on the concept of generalist vs specialist strategies 1994 Researches on Population Ecology
Vol. 36, pp. 187-199 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KitFuj94,
  author = {Kitahara, M. and Fujii, K.},
  title = {Biodiversity and community structure of temperate butterfly species within a gradient of human disturbance — an analysis based on the concept of generalist vs specialist strategies},
  journal = {Researches on Population Ecology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {187--199},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02514935}
}
Klavitter, J.L. Survey methodology, abundance and demography of the endangered Hawaiian hawk: is delisting warranted? 2000 School: University of Washington  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Kla00,
  author = {Klavitter, J. L.},
  title = {Survey methodology, abundance and demography of the endangered Hawaiian hawk: is delisting warranted?},
  school = {University of Washington},
  year = {2000}
}
Klavitter, J.L., Marzluff, J.M. and Vekasy, M.S. Abundance and demography of the Hawaiian hawk: is delisting warranted? 2003 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 67, pp. 165-176 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Klaetal03,
  author = {Klavitter, J. L. and Marzluff, J. M. and Vekasy, M. S.},
  title = {Abundance and demography of the Hawaiian hawk: is delisting warranted?},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {165--176},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3803072}
}
Knights, K., McCarthy, M.A., Camac, J. and Guillera-Arroita, G. Efficient effort allocation in line-transect distance sampling of high-density species: When to walk further, measure less-often and gain precision 2021 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 12(6), pp. 962-970 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line-transect distance sampling is widely used to estimate population densities using distances of observed targets from transect lines to model detectability. When the target taxa are high density, the frequent measuring of distances may make the method seem impractical. We present a method that improves the efficiency of distance sampling when the target species occurs at high density. Only a proportion of targets are measured to model the detection function, and the time saved on the survey is then used to cover a longer total length of transect and accrue a larger `count only' sample. This approach can improve the precision of the population density estimate when the cost of measuring the distance to a detected target is more than half the cost of walking to the next target. We find the optimal proportion of distances to measure that minimises the variance of the density estimate for a fixed survey budget. We quantify how much this optimised strategy increases the precision of the density estimate compared with conventional line-transect distance sampling. We then use simulated distance sampling data to test our expressions, and illustrate circumstances under which the optimised approach would be beneficial using distance sampling data on high-density plants. The simulations indicate that the optimised method delivers benefits in precision, but the magnitude of the benefit is lower than predicted from our expressions, which are based on an asymptotic approximation of the variance. We apply an adjustment to the predicted benefit equation to account for this difference, and show that, in all three plant case studies, the optimised approach could improve the precision gained from a distance sampling survey between 20% and 50%. This new approach could broaden the ecological contexts in which distance sampling is applied, to include estimation of densities of abundant taxa where plots are conventionally used. The method may have interesting applications for other survey types, including multispecies surveys or those using cues or signs that occur at high density.
BibTeX:
@article{Knights2021,
  author = {Kathryn Knights and Michael A. McCarthy and James Camac and Gurutzeta Guillera-Arroita},
  title = {Efficient effort allocation in line-transect distance sampling of high-density species: When to walk further, measure less-often and gain precision},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {962--970},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13589}
}
Knopf, F.L. Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna 1986 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 14, pp. 132-142 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Kno86,
  author = {Knopf, F. L.},
  title = {Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {132--142},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782060}
}
Knopf, F.L., Sedgwick, J.A. and Cannon, R.W. Guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal cattle grazing 1988 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 52, pp. 280-290 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Knoetal88,
  author = {Knopf, F. L. and Sedgwick, J. A. and Cannon, R. W.},
  title = {Guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal cattle grazing},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {280--290},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801235}
}
Koenen, K.K.G., DeStefano, S. and Krausman, P.R. Using distance sampling to estimate seasonal densities of desert mule deer in a semidesert grassland 2002 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 30(1), pp. 53-63 
article URL 
Abstract: Wildlife managers need to be able to assess density, distribution, and status of wildlife populations with reliable techniques. We used distance sampling from 971 point transects to estimate density and examine herd composition of desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Arizona during 4 seasons in 1996. We first conducted a pilot study to refine survey design and train observers. We also evaluated our ability to meet 4 major assumptions of distance sampling (random placement of points, objects on points always detected, objects detected at initial location, distances measured accurately). Densities varied from 0.9 (SE=0.3) deer/km2 in summer to 2.5 (1.3) in winter. Herd size varied from 1.5 (0.1) deer/group in summer to 9.7 (2.0) in winter. Density of females was greater than males (0.9 [0.3] and 0.03 [0.04], respectively) for all seasons combined. We found that placement of points, detecting deer at points, and not forcing deer to move from their initial location were interrelated and a function of mule deer behavior and how we approached points. Our ability to measure distances accurately was improved greatly by using distance test courses and calibration points throughout the refuge. Important considerations in using distance sampling include: 1) careful evaluation of study design; 2) establishment of permanent survey points to be used throughout time, which aids in field operations and analysis; 3) development and use of a distance test course and calibration points to train observers, practice measuring distances, and calibrate equipment; 4) development of standardized protocol to maintain consistent data collection among observers and over time; and 5) incorporation of a thorough understanding of the target species' behavior and ecology into the survey design.
BibTeX:
@article{Koenen2002,
  author = {Koenen, K. K. G. and DeStefano, S. and Krausman, P. R.},
  title = {Using distance sampling to estimate seasonal densities of desert mule deer in a semidesert grassland},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {53--63},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784635}
}
Kolowski, J.M., Oley, J. and McShea, W.J. High-Density Camera Trap Grid Reveals Lack of Consistency in Detection and Capture Rates across Space and Time 2021 Ecosphere
Vol. 12(2), pp. e03350 
article DOI  
Abstract: Counts of independent photo events from camera traps are commonly used to make inference about species occupancy, the density of unmarked populations, and the relative abundance of species across time and space. These applications rest on the untested assumption that data collected from individual cameras are representative of the landscape location in which they are placed, and that nearby cameras would record similar data when any additional micro-site differences are accounted for. We established a high-density camera trapping grid (100 texttimes 100 m; 27 cameras) in Virginia, USA, to explicitly test these assumptions, investigating variation in capture rates and detection probabilities for a range of terrestrial mammals during four 2-month seasonal surveys. Despite controlling for numerous habitat and placement factors, we documented, across all 5 focal species, large ranges and coefficients of variation in both capture rate and detection probabilities, which were similar to those seen across 2 sets of independent forest sampling sites from a larger, more typical camera trap sampling design. We also documented a lack of spatial autocorrelation in capture rate at any distance. Measured local covariates relevant to the camera viewshed (stem density, camera height, log presence, effective detection distance [EDD], total dbh of oak trees) rarely explained any significant portion of observed variation in capture rates or detection probabilities across the grid. The influence of EDD, measured here for the first time for individual camera stations, was inconsistently important and varied in direction of effect depending on species and season. Our study indicates single-camera stations may fail to sample animal presence and frequency of use in a robust and repeatable way, primarily resulting from the influence of both idiosyncrasies in animal movement and measured and unknown micro-site characteristics. We recommend spatial replication within sites (e.g., small-scale shifting of cameras or use of multiple stations) should be considered to minimize impacts of relevant micro-site characteristics, some of which may be difficult to identify.
BibTeX:
@article{Kolowski2021,
  author = {Kolowski, Joseph M. and Oley, Josephine and McShea, William J.},
  title = {High-Density Camera Trap Grid Reveals Lack of Consistency in Detection and Capture Rates across Space and Time},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e03350},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3350}
}
Koopman, B.O. The theory of search II. Target detection 1956 Operations Research
Vol. 4, pp. 503-531 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Koo56,
  author = {Koopman, B. O.},
  title = {The theory of search II. Target detection},
  journal = {Operations Research},
  year = {1956},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {503--531},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.4.5.503}
}
Koster, S.H. An evaluation of line transect census methods in West African wooded savanna 1985 School: Michigan State University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Kos85,
  author = {Koster, S. H.},
  title = {An evaluation of line transect census methods in West African wooded savanna},
  school = {Michigan State University},
  year = {1985}
}
Kouakou, C.Y., Boesch, C. and Kuehl, H. Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Tai National Park 2009 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 71, pp. 447-457 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kouakou2009,
  author = {Kouakou, Celestin Yao and Boesch, Christophe and Kuehl, Hjalmar},
  title = {Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Tai National Park},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {447--457},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20673}
}
Kovner, J.L. and Patil, S.A. Properties of estimators of wildlife population density for the line transect method 1974 Biometrics
Vol. 30(2), pp. 225-230 
article DOI  
Abstract: The variance of several estimators of the population density based on the line transect method of distance sampling are studied under exponential sighting probability. The estimator suggested by Gates [1969] is shown to be minimum variance unbiased estimator. Efficiency of other estimators is obtained with respect to this estimator.
BibTeX:
@article{Kovner1974,
  author = {Kovner, J. L. and Patil, S. A.},
  title = {Properties of estimators of wildlife population density for the line transect method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {225--230},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2529644}
}
Kraus, J. Counting furtive beasts by computer 1997 Communications of the ACM
Vol. 40(6), pp. 20-23 
article DOI  
Abstract: Counting Furtive Beasts by Computer. Where have all the rhinos gone?
BibTeX:
@article{Kraus1997,
  author = {Kraus, J.},
  title = {Counting furtive beasts by computer},
  journal = {Communications of the ACM},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {40},
  number = {6},
  pages = {20--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/255656.255675}
}
Kruger, J.M., Reilly, B.K. and Whyte, I.J. Application of distance sampling to estimate population densities of large herbivores in Kruger National Park 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 371-376 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kruger2008,
  author = {Kruger, J. M. and Reilly, B. K. and Whyte, I. J.},
  title = {Application of distance sampling to estimate population densities of large herbivores in Kruger National Park},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {371--376},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07084}
}
Krzysik, J.A., Woodman, A.P. and Hagan, M. A field evaluation of four methods for estimating desert tortoise densities 1995 Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council
Vol. 1995, pp. 92 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Krzetal95,
  author = {Krzysik, J. A. and Woodman, A. P. and Hagan, M.},
  title = {A field evaluation of four methods for estimating desert tortoise densities},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Desert Tortoise Council},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {1995},
  pages = {92}
}
Kuehl, H.S., Nzeingui, C., Yeno, S.L.D., Huijbregts, B., Boesch, C. and Walsh, P.D. Discriminating between village and commercial hunting of apes 2009 Biological Conservation
Vol. 142(7), pp. 1500-1506 
article DOI  
Abstract: Hunting is the major driver of large mammal decline in Central African forests. In slowly reproducing species even low hunting pressure leaves spatial gradients with wildlife density increasing with distance from transport routes and human settlements. Park management can use this pattern formation to identify sources of threats, but also to discriminate between different threat scenarios, such as the impact of subsistence vs. commercial hunting. We conducted an ape survey in the mountainous Moukalaba Doudou National Park, Gabon, to evaluate whether potential population gradients would emanate from the three human population centers in the region or the villages surrounding the park. Using generalized linear modeling we found hill slope as a good predictor of ape nest occurrence probability and the distance to human population centers a better predictor of ape nest density and ape nest group size than distance to villages. In fact ape nest density was three times lower at the park borders close to the human population centers than in the park's interior. The results indicate that Moukalaba's ape population is more impacted by commercial than subsistence hunting and suggest that park management should focus conservation efforts on the human population centers. We conclude that in particular for slowly reproducing species geographic information on wildlife population gradients are of additional value for guiding protected area management. The hunting impact on those species might be easily underestimated, if derived only from market surveys or transport route controls, where they are only rarely found.
BibTeX:
@article{Kuehl2009,
  author = {Kuehl, Hjalmar S. and Nzeingui, Christian and Yeno, Stephane Le Duc and Huijbregts, Bas and Boesch, Christophe and Walsh, Peter D.},
  title = {Discriminating between village and commercial hunting of apes},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {142},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1500--1506},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.032}
}
Kühl, H., Maisels, F., Ancrenaz, M. and Williamson, E.A. Best practice guidelines for surveys and monitoring of great ape populations 2008 School: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Kuehl2008,
  author = {Kühl, H. and Maisels, F. and Ancrenaz, M. and Williamson, E. A.},
  title = {Best practice guidelines for surveys and monitoring of great ape populations},
  school = {IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland},
  year = {2008}
}
Kuitunen, M., Rossi, E. and Stenroos, A. Do highways influence density of land birds? 1998 Environmental Management
Vol. 22, pp. 297-302 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kuietal98,
  author = {Kuitunen, M. and Rossi, E. and Stenroos, A.},
  title = {Do highways influence density of land birds?},
  journal = {Environmental Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {297--302},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900105}
}
Kulbicki, M., Cornuet, N., Vigliola, L., Wantiez, L., Moutham, G. and Chabanet, P. Counting coral reef fishes: interaction between fish life-history traits and transect design 2010 Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Vol. 387(1-2), pp. 15-23 
article DOI  
Abstract: Underwater visual censuses are the most commonly used methods to estimate the density of reef fish populations and assemblages. One basic assumption is that the observer will always detect fish in the same way from one sampling unit to the next, implying that, on average, the spatial distribution pattern of fish abundance or occurrence remains the same from one transect to the next (H0). The present work tested H0 using data from 730 transects covering two regions (New Caledonia and French Polynesia), 604 species and 504Â 000 fish. Within transect variations in reef fish abundance and occurrence were studied according to site factors (region, reef type), life-history traits (adult size, home range, schooling behaviour, color, pattern, swimming speed, level in the water column, inquisitiveness, crypticity), and observations characteristics (distance of observation, size of the observed fishes, number of fishes within an observation, observer identity). Two general trends were detected: 1 – at the start of transects, both fish occurrence and abundance were higher than the values expected under H0; 2 – a similar trend was also observed at the end of transects, but at a much lower magnitude. These effects were observed with varying degrees of magnitude for all regions, reef types and observers, varied significantly according to three life-history traits (size, home range, and behaviour), but were not influenced by species richness or abundance. These results indicate that datasets gathered from transects of various lengths cannot be pooled without correction. They also shed light on some of the known differences between transects and point counts.
BibTeX:
@article{Kulbicki2010,
  author = {Kulbicki, Michel and Cornuet, Nathaniel and Vigliola, Laurent and Wantiez, Laurent and Moutham, Gerard and Chabanet, Pascale},
  title = {Counting coral reef fishes: interaction between fish life-history traits and transect design},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {387},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {15--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.03.003}
}
Kulbicki, M. and Sarramégna, S. Comparison of density estimates derived from strip transect and distance sampling for underwater visual censuses: a case study of Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae 1999 Aquatic Living Resources
Vol. 12, pp. 315-325 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{KulSar99,
  author = {Kulbicki, M. and Sarramégna, S.},
  title = {Comparison of density estimates derived from strip transect and distance sampling for underwater visual censuses: a case study of Chaetodontidae and Pomacanthidae},
  journal = {Aquatic Living Resources},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {315--325},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(99)00116-3}
}
Kumar, N.S. Ungulate density and biomass in the tropical semi-arid forest of ranthambore, india 2000 School: Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Kumar2000,
  author = {Kumar, N. S.},
  title = {Ungulate density and biomass in the tropical semi-arid forest of ranthambore, india},
  school = {Salim Ali School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University},
  year = {2000}
}
Kun-Rodrigues, C., Salmona, J., Besolo, A., Rasolondraibe, E., Rabarivola, C., Marques, T.A. and Chikhi, L. New density estimates of a threatened sifaka species (Propithecus coquereli) in Ankarafantsika National Park 2014 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 76, pp. 515-528 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Kun-Rodrigues2013,
  author = {Kun-Rodrigues, Célia and Salmona, Jordi and Besolo, Aubin and Rasolondraibe, Emmanuel and Rabarivola, Clément and Marques, Tiago A. and Chikhi, Lounès},
  title = {New density estimates of a threatened sifaka species (Propithecus coquereli) in Ankarafantsika National Park},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {515--528},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22243}
}
Kyhn, L. Passive acoustic monitoring of toothed whales, with implications for mitigation, management and biology 2010 School: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Kyhn2010,
  author = {Kyhn, Line},
  title = {Passive acoustic monitoring of toothed whales, with implications for mitigation, management and biology},
  school = {Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark},
  year = {2010}
}
Kyhn, L.A., Tougaard, J., Thomas, L., Duve, L.R., Steinback, J., Amundin, M., Desportes, G. and Teilmann, J. From echolocation clicks to animal density — acoustic sampling of harbour porpoises with static dataloggers 2012 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 131, pp. 550-560 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{L.A.2012,
  author = {Kyhn, L. A. and Tougaard, J. and Thomas, L. and Duve, L. R. and Steinback, J. and Amundin, M. and Desportes, G. and Teilmann, J.},
  title = {From echolocation clicks to animal density — acoustic sampling of harbour porpoises with static dataloggers},
  journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {131},
  pages = {550--560},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3662070}
}
La Morgia, V., Calmanti, R., Calabrese, A. and Focardi, S. Cost-effective nocturnal distance sampling for landscape monitoring of ungulate populations 2015 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 61(2), pp. 285-298 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LaMorgia2015,
  author = {La Morgia, Valentina and Calmanti, Roberta and Calabrese, Alessandro and Focardi, Stefano},
  title = {Cost-effective nocturnal distance sampling for landscape monitoring of ungulate populations},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  pages = {285--298},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0898-9}
}
Laake, J. A biologist's nightmare fairy tale of mark-recapture distance sampling 2006   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Laake2006,
  author = {Laake, Jeff},
  title = {A biologist's nightmare fairy tale of mark-recapture distance sampling},
  year = {2006}
}
Laake, J., Dawson, M.J. and Hone, J. Visibility bias in aerial survey: mark-recapture, line-transect or both? 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 299-309 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laake2008,
  author = {Laake, J. and Dawson, M. J. and Hone, J.},
  title = {Visibility bias in aerial survey: mark-recapture, line-transect or both?},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {299--309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07034}
}
Laake, J., Guenzel, R.J., Bengtson, J.L., Boveng, P., Cameron, M. and Hanson, M.B. Coping with variation in aerial survey protocol for line-transect sampling 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 289-299 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laake2008a,
  author = {Laake, J. and Guenzel, R. J. and Bengtson, J. L. and Boveng, P. and Cameron, M. and Hanson, M. B.},
  title = {Coping with variation in aerial survey protocol for line-transect sampling},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {289--299},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07065}
}
Laake, J.L. Distance sampling with independent observers: reducing bias from heterogeneity by weakening the conditional independence assumption 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 137-148  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Laa99,
  author = {Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Distance sampling with independent observers: reducing bias from heterogeneity by weakening the conditional independence assumption},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {137--148}
}
Laake, J.L. Abundance estimation of dolphins in the eastern Pacific with line transect sampling — a comparison of the techniques and suggestions for future research 1981 Report of the Workshop on Tuna– Dolphin Interactions, pp. 56-95  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Laa81,
  author = {Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Abundance estimation of dolphins in the eastern Pacific with line transect sampling — a comparison of the techniques and suggestions for future research},
  booktitle = {Report of the Workshop on Tuna– Dolphin Interactions},
  publisher = {Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Special Report Number 4},
  year = {1981},
  pages = {56--95}
}
Laake, J.L. Line transect sampling estimators robust to animal movement 1978 School: Utah State University  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{LAA78,
  author = {Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Line transect sampling estimators robust to animal movement},
  school = {Utah State University},
  year = {1978}
}
Laake, J.L. and Borchers, D.L. Methods for incomplete detection at distance zero 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 108-189  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{LAABOR04,
  author = {Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Methods for incomplete detection at distance zero},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {108--189}
}
Laake, J.L., Calambokidis, J.C., Osmek, S.D. and Rugh, D.J. Probability of detecting harbor porpoise from aerial surveys: estimating g(0) 1997 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 61, pp. 63-75 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laa97,
  author = {Laake, J. L. and Calambokidis, J. C. and Osmek, S. D. and Rugh, D. J.},
  title = {Probability of detecting harbor porpoise from aerial surveys: estimating g(0)},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {63--75},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802415}
}
Laake, J.L., Collier, B.A., Morrison, M.L. and Wilkins, R.N. Point-based mark-recapture distance sampling 2011 Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 16, pp. 389-408 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laake2011,
  author = {Laake, J. L. and Collier, B. A. and Morrison, M. L. and Wilkins, R. N.},
  title = {Point-based mark-recapture distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {389--408},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-011-0059-5}
}
Labra-Hernández, M.Á.D. and Renton, K. Factors influencing density of the Northern Mealy Amazon in three forest types of a modified rainforest landscape in Mesoamerica 2017 Avian Conservation and Ecology
Vol. 12(1) 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Labra-Hernandez2017,
  author = {Miguel Ángel De Labra-Hernández and Katherine Renton},
  title = {Factors influencing density of the Northern Mealy Amazon in three forest types of a modified rainforest landscape in Mesoamerica},
  journal = {Avian Conservation and Ecology},
  publisher = {Resilience Alliance, Inc.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5751/ace-00957-120105}
}
Labrosse, P., Kulbicki, M. and Ferraris, J. Underwater visual fish census surveys: proper use and implementation 2002 School: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Labrosse2002,
  author = {Labrosse, Pierre and Kulbicki, Michel and Ferraris, Jocelyne},
  title = {Underwater visual fish census surveys: proper use and implementation},
  school = {Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia},
  year = {2002}
}
Labrosse, P., Kulbicki, M. and Ferraris, J. Comptage visuel de poissons en plongée 2001   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Labrosse2001,
  author = {Labrosse, P. and Kulbicki, M. and Ferraris, J.},
  title = {Comptage visuel de poissons en plongée},
  publisher = {Secrétariat Général de la Communauté du Pacifique},
  year = {2001}
}
Lacki, M.J., Hummer, J.W. and Fitzgerald, J.L. Application of line transects for estimating population density of the endangered copperbelly water snake in southern Indiana 1994 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 28, pp. 241-245 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lacetal94,
  author = {Lacki, M. J. and Hummer, J. W. and Fitzgerald, J. L.},
  title = {Application of line transects for estimating population density of the endangered copperbelly water snake in southern Indiana},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {241--245},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1564627}
}
Laguardia, A., Gobush, K.S., Bourgeois, S., Strindberg, S., Abitsi, G., Ebouta, F., Fay, J.M., Gopalaswamy, A.M., Maisels, F., Ogden, R., White, L.J.T. and Stokes, E.J. Assessing the Feasibility of Density Estimation Methodologies for African Forest Elephant at Large Spatial Scales 2021 Global Ecology and Conservation, pp. e01550  article DOI  
Abstract: Effective wildlife management requires information on population status and distribution. Survey methods that provide estimates of these population parameters can vary greatly in effort required, area covered, precision of estimates, and cost. Trade-offs are required, because increasing precision and area coverage generally requires increasing field effort and incurs a higher cost. We compare DNA- and camera trap based-spatial capture-recapture approaches (DNA-SCR and CT-SCR) to the widely-used, dung-based line transect distance sampling (LTDS) method to assess their performance when applied to three relatively large populations of forest elephant Loxodonta cyclotis (>500 individuals), in order to evaluate their feasibility for future use at national and regional scales. Six of the nine surveys had a coefficient of variation below 20%; area coverage via DNA-SCR and LTDS was comparable and greatly exceeded that of the CT-SCR as applied; overall cost was highest for the LTDS surveys compared to the other two methods. We designed a new metric with which to compare survey methods: an integrated feasibility index (IFI). This combines three typical survey components: total area covered, level of precision achieved, and cost. The IFI suggests that DNA-SCR and LTDS are equally acceptable in terms of the combination of the three survey components, and that either survey method is suitable for large (national or regional) spatial scales for forest elephant density estimation. CT-SCR provides more precise estimates, but has double the IFI, due to the high cost per km2. DNA-SCR in particular, given the improvements highlighted in this study, is now being used at a national scale in Gabon. In conclusion, we recommend that the use of these spatial capture-recapture (SCR) methods, and their development, continue. Future findings and improvements should be compiled across studies to ensure their robust evolution as an option for monitoring the African forest elephant across its range and inform strategies and action for its conservation.
BibTeX:
@article{Laguardia2021,
  author = {Laguardia, A. and Gobush, K. S. and Bourgeois, S. and Strindberg, S. and Abitsi, G. and Ebouta, F. and Fay, J. M. and Gopalaswamy, A. M. and Maisels, F. and Ogden, R. and White, L. J. T. and Stokes, E. J.},
  title = {Assessing the Feasibility of Density Estimation Methodologies for African Forest Elephant at Large Spatial Scales},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {e01550},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01550}
}
Laidre, K.L. and Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. Life in the lead: extreme densities of narwhals Monodon monoceros in the offshore pack ice 2011 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 423, pp. 269-278 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laidre2011,
  author = {Laidre, Kristin L. and Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter},
  title = {Life in the lead: extreme densities of narwhals Monodon monoceros in the offshore pack ice},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {423},
  pages = {269--278},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08941}
}
Laing, S.E., Buckland, S.T., Burn, R.W., Lambie, D. and Amphlett, A. Dung and nest surveys: estimating decay rate 2003 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 40, pp. 1102-1111 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laietal03,
  author = {Laing, S. E. and Buckland, S. T. and Burn, R. W. and Lambie, D. and Amphlett, A.},
  title = {Dung and nest surveys: estimating decay rate},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {1102--1111},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2003.00861.x}
}
Langbein, J., Hutchings, M.R., Harris, S., Stoate, C., Tapper, S.C. and Wray, S. Techniques for assessing the abundance of brown hares Lepus europaeus 1999 Mammal Review
Vol. 29, pp. 93-116 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LAN99,
  author = {Langbein, J. and Hutchings, M. R. and Harris, S. and Stoate, C. and Tapper, S. C. and Wray, S.},
  title = {Techniques for assessing the abundance of brown hares Lepus europaeus},
  journal = {Mammal Review},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {93--116},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00040.x}
}
Langrock, R., Borchers, D.L. and Skaug, H.J. Markov-modulated nonhomogeneous Poisson processes for unbiased estimation of marine mammal abundance 2013 Journal of the American Statistical Association
Vol. 108, pp. 840-851 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Langrocksubmitted,
  author = {Langrock, Roland and Borchers, David L. and Skaug, Hans J.},
  title = {Markov-modulated nonhomogeneous Poisson processes for unbiased estimation of marine mammal abundance},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {108},
  pages = {840--851},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2013.797356}
}
Laran, S., Authier, M., Van Canneyt, O., Dorémus, G., Watremez, P. and Ridoux, V. A comprehensive survey of pelagic megafauna: their distribution, densities, and taxonomic richness in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean 2017 Frontiers in Marine Science
Vol. 4, pp. 139 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Laran2017,
  author = {Laran, Sophie and Authier, Matthieu and Van Canneyt, Olivier and Dorémus, Ghislain and Watremez, Pierre and Ridoux, Vincent},
  title = {A comprehensive survey of pelagic megafauna: their distribution, densities, and taxonomic richness in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean},
  journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {139},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00139}
}
Lardner, B., Rodda, G.H., Adams, A.A.Y., Savidge, J.A. and Reed, R.N. Detection rates of geckos in visual surveys: turning confounding variables into useful knowledge 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 522-532 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lardner2015,
  author = {Lardner, BjÃtextparagraphrn and Rodda, Gordon H. and Adams, Amy A. Yackel and Savidge, Julie A. and Reed, Robert N.},
  title = {Detection rates of geckos in visual surveys: turning confounding variables into useful knowledge},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {522--532},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/14-048}
}
Larsen, F., Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Martin, A.R. and Born, E.W. Line-transect estimation of abundance of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Scoresby Sund and adjacent waters 1994 Meddr Grø nland, Bioscience
Vol. 39, pp. 87-91 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Larsen1994,
  author = {Larsen, F. and Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. and Martin, A. R. and Born, E. W.},
  title = {Line-transect estimation of abundance of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Scoresby Sund and adjacent waters},
  journal = {Meddr Grø nland, Bioscience},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {87--91}
}
LaRue, M.A., Nielsen, C.K. and Grun, M.D. Using distance sampling to estimate densities of white-tailed deer in south-central Minnesota 2007 The Prairie Naturalist
Vol. 39, pp. 39-52 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{LaRue2007,
  author = {LaRue, M. A. and Nielsen, C. K. and Grun, M. D.},
  title = {Using distance sampling to estimate densities of white-tailed deer in south-central Minnesota},
  journal = {The Prairie Naturalist},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {39--52}
}
Lauerman, L.M.L., Kaufmann, R.S. and Smith, K.L. Distribution and abundance of epibenthic megafauna at a long time-series station in the abyssal northeast Pacific 1996 Deep Sea Research I
Vol. 43, pp. 1075-1103 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lauetal,
  author = {Lauerman, L. M. L. and Kaufmann, R. S. and Smith, K. L.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of epibenthic megafauna at a long time-series station in the abyssal northeast Pacific},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research I},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {1075--1103},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(96)00045-3}
}
Lauriano, G., Pierantonio, N., Donovan, G. and Panigada, S. Abundance and distribution of Tursiops truncatus in the Western Mediterranean Sea: An assessment towards the Marine Strategy Framework Directive requirements 2014 Marine Environmental Research
Vol. 100(0), pp. 86-93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lauriano2014,
  author = {Lauriano, Giancarlo and Pierantonio, Nino and Donovan, Greg and Panigada, Simone},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of Tursiops truncatus in the Western Mediterranean Sea: An assessment towards the Marine Strategy Framework Directive requirements},
  journal = {Marine Environmental Research},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {100},
  number = {0},
  pages = {86--93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.04.001}
}
Lauth, R.R., Ianelli, J. and Wakefield, W.W. Estimating the size selectivity and catching efficiency of a survey bottom trawl for thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp., using a towed video camera sled 2004 Fisheries Research
Vol. 70, pp. 27-37 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lauth2004,
  author = {Lauth, R. R. and Ianelli, J. and Wakefield, W. W.},
  title = {Estimating the size selectivity and catching efficiency of a survey bottom trawl for thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp., using a towed video camera sled},
  journal = {Fisheries Research},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {27--37}
}
Lauth, R.R., Wakefield, W.W. and Smith., K. Estimating the density of thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp., using a towed video camera sled 2004 Fisheries Research
Vol. 70, pp. 39-48 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lauth2004a,
  author = {Lauth, R. R. and Wakefield, W. W. and Smith., K.},
  title = {Estimating the density of thornyheads, Sebastolobus spp., using a towed video camera sled},
  journal = {Fisheries Research},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {39--48}
}
Lawton, K., Robertson, G., Kirkwood, R., Valencia, J., Schlatter, R. and Smith, D. An estimate of population sizes of burrowing seabirds at the Diego Ramirez archipelago, Chile, using distance sampling and burrow-scoping 2005 Polar Biology
Vol. 29(3), pp. 229-238 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Diego Ramirez Islands lie 60 nautical miles southwest of Cape Horn and are the breeding site for three species of burrowing seabirds: blue petrels (Halobaena caerulea), common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix) and sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus). Burrowing seabirds are highly vulnerable to predation by introduced vertebrate pests, and Diego Ramirez is an important breeding site because it is one of a few remaining subantarctic island groups with no introduced predators. Diego Ramirez is the only known breeding site for blue petrels in the southeast Pacific region, holding about 80% of the global population of that species, and with a population ten times larger than any other population in the world. We estimated the population size in 2002, using a novel application of the distance sampling technique to determine burrow density, and a burrow-scope with excavations to determine occupying species. We found that density was correlated with slope angle and soil wetness. Burrow densities in flatter terrain with drier soils were 2.03 burrows/m2 (95% confidence intervals: 1.82-2.27) and 1.11 burrows/m2 (0.84-1.48) in steeper terrain with wetter soils. The occupation rate of burrows were significantly different between habitat types (t = 2.74, d.f. 11, P ¡ 0.05); in flatter drier habitats the proportion of burrows that led to a nest was 0.85 (0.74-0.96), in steeper wetter habitats this decreased to 0.64 (0.50-0.78). We used a digital elevation model to calculate true area rather than planar area for the two habitat types on the main island of Bartolome, and charts to calculate planar area for the remainder of the archipelago. There were 1.35 (1.15-1.54) million pairs of blue petrels and 99,000 (65,000-134,000) pairs of common diving petrels on the archipelago. These are similar figures to those from the only previous estimate, made in 1980. We found breeding sooty shearwaters for the first time, and estimated a population of several thousand pairs. We emphasise the facility of distance sampling as an unbiased technique with practical advantages over commonly used area search methods for monitoring populations of burrowing seabirds. These advantages include increased survey efficiency allowing a larger sample size for a given effort and a correspondingly tighter estimation of density. textcopyright Springer-Verlag 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{Lawton2006,
  author = {Kieran Lawton and Graham Robertson and Roger Kirkwood and José Valencia and Roberto Schlatter and David Smith},
  title = {An estimate of population sizes of burrowing seabirds at the Diego Ramirez archipelago, Chile, using distance sampling and burrow-scoping},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {229--238},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-005-0043-z}
}
Leaper, R., Gillespie, D. and Papastavrou, V. Results of passive acoustic surveys for Odontocetes in the Southern Ocean 2000 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 2, pp. 187-196 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leaper2000,
  author = {Leaper, Russell and Gillespie, D. and Papastavrou, Vassili},
  title = {Results of passive acoustic surveys for Odontocetes in the Southern Ocean},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {187--196}
}
Leatherwood, S., Gilbert, J.R. and Chapman, D.G. An evaluation of some techniques for aerial censuses of bottlenosed dolphins 1978 Journal of Wildife Management
Vol. 42, pp. 239-250 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Leaetal78,
  author = {Leatherwood, S. and Gilbert, J. R. and Chapman, D. G.},
  title = {An evaluation of some techniques for aerial censuses of bottlenosed dolphins},
  journal = {Journal of Wildife Management},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {239--250},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800261}
}
Leatherwood, S. and Show I. T., J. Effects of varying altitude on aerial surveys of bottlenose dolphins 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 569-575 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{LeaSho82,
  author = {Leatherwood, S. and Show, I. T., Jr},
  title = {Effects of varying altitude on aerial surveys of bottlenose dolphins},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {569--575}
}
Leatherwood, S., Show I. T., J., Reeves, R.R. and Wright, M.B. Proposed modification of transect models to estimate population size from aircraft with obstructed downward visibility 1982 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 32, pp. 577-579 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Leaetal82,
  author = {Leatherwood, S. and Show, I. T., Jr and Reeves, R. R. and Wright, M. B.},
  title = {Proposed modification of transect models to estimate population size from aircraft with obstructed downward visibility},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {577--579}
}
Lee, A.T.K. and Barnard, P. How well do bird atlas reporting rates reflect bird densities? Correlates of detection from the Fynbos biome, South Africa, with applications for population estimation 2017 Ostrich
Vol. 88(1), pp. 9-17 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lee2017,
  author = {Lee, Alan T. K. and Barnard, Phoebe},
  title = {How well do bird atlas reporting rates reflect bird densities? Correlates of detection from the Fynbos biome, South Africa, with applications for population estimation},
  journal = {Ostrich},
  publisher = {National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9--17},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2016.1219413}
}
Lee, D.C. and Marsden, S.J. Adjusting count period strategies to improve the accuracy of forest bird abundance estimates from point transect distance sampling surveys 2008 Ibis
Vol. 150, pp. 315-325 
article DOI  
Abstract: Although point transect distance sampling methods have become widely used in surveys of forest birds, there has been no attempt to tailor field methods to maximize the accuracy of abundance estimates by minimizing the effects of violations of the method's critical assumptions, which are: (1) birds at distance 0 m are detected with certainty, (2) birds are detected at their initial location and (3) distances to objects are measured accurately. We investigate the effects on abundance estimates for Philippine forest birds of varying the count period from 2 to 10 min, and of including and excluding a pre-count settling down period. Encounter rates were highly sensitive to count period length but density estimates from 10-min count periods were, on average, only 13% higher than those from 2-min periods, and in several cases were actually lower than those from periods of 6-8 min. This was because birds tended to be recorded at greater distances from the recorder as the count period went on, thus â€texttildelow stretching out’ detection functions while having little effect on detection rates close to the recorder. For some bird groups, including canopy frugivores and upperstorey gleaning insectivores, density estimates were more than twice as high without than with a settling down period. We suggest that movement away from the recorder is more common than attraction to the recorder, and that unless pilot studies show otherwise, similar studies should not use a settling down period for surveying many species. Count periods that maximized probability of bird detection close to the central point while minimizing the unwanted effects of bird movement during the count period were: 4 min for omnivores, 6 min for nectarivores and upperstorey gleaning insectivores, 8 min for understorey insectivores and canopy frugivores, and a full 10 min for sallying insectivores, ground-dwellers, carnivores and coucals/koels. We use the results to suggest â€texttildelow group-specific’ count period regimes that could help maximize the accuracy of density estimates from similar studies of tropical forest birds.
BibTeX:
@article{LEE2008,
  author = {Lee, David C. and Marsden, Stuart J.},
  title = {Adjusting count period strategies to improve the accuracy of forest bird abundance estimates from point transect distance sampling surveys},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {150},
  pages = {315--325},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00790.x}
}
Lee, D.E. and Bond, M.L. Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis 2016 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 97, pp. 940-948 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lee2016,
  author = {Lee, Derek E. and Bond, Monica L.},
  title = {Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {940--948},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw025}
}
Lehmkuhl, J.F., Burger, E.D., Drewc, E.K., Lindsey, J.P., Haggard, M. and Woodruff, K.Z. Breeding birds in riparian and upland dry forests of the cascade range 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 71, pp. 2632-2643 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lehmkuhla2007,
  author = {Lehmkuhl, John F. and Burger, E. Dorsey and Drewc, Emily K. and Lindsey, John P. and Haggard, Maryellen and Woodruff, Kent Z.},
  title = {Breeding birds in riparian and upland dry forests of the cascade range},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {2632--2643},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-004}
}
Lehouck, V., Spanhove, T., Vangestel, C., Cordeiro, N.J. and Lens, L. Does landscape structure affect resource tracking by avian frugivores in a fragmented Afrotropical forest? 2009 Ecography
Vol. 32(5), pp. 789-799 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lehouck2009789,
  author = {Valérie Lehouck and Toon Spanhove and Carl Vangestel and Norbert J. Cordeiro and Luc Lens},
  title = {Does landscape structure affect resource tracking by avian frugivores in a fragmented Afrotropical forest?},
  journal = {Ecography},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {32},
  number = {5},
  pages = {789--799},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05666.x}
}
Lennert-Cody, C.E., Buckland, S.T. and Marques, F.F.C. Trends in dolphin abundance estimated from fisheries data: a cautionary note 2001 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 3, pp. 305-319 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lennert-Cody2001,
  author = {Lennert-Cody, C. E. and Buckland, S. T. and Marques, F. F. C.},
  title = {Trends in dolphin abundance estimated from fisheries data: a cautionary note},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {305--319}
}
Leo, B.T. Evaluating unmarked abundance estimators using remote cameras and aerial surveys 2022 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 46(3), pp. e1312 
article DOI  
Abstract: Reliable population abundance estimates are invaluable to wildlife management programs. Mark-recapture techniques are regarded as the gold standard for estimating abundance but can be financially or logistically prohibitive. Recent developments in remote camera analytical approaches have provided alternative methods to estimate unmarked populations efficiently but have undergone limited field testing. In September and October 2020, I assessed 2 camera methods that use the same set of time-lapse photographs; a space to event (STE) model and instantaneous sampling (IS), applied to a case study of feral sheep (Ovis aries) at the US Army's P&omacro;hakuloa Training Area (PTA) on Hawai`i Island. Results of the camera methods were compared to an abundance estimate calculated from an aerial distance sampling survey completed concurrently with camera sampling. A comparison of confidence intervals indicated no statistical difference between estimates, but the relative imprecision of IS suggested the STE model to be a more reliable estimator. The cost of camera sampling was approximately 3 times that of the aerial survey, but camera sampling became more economical if the area was resurveyed 3 or more times. My study showed the STE model to be a cost effective, practical abundance estimator of feral sheep when compared to well-established aerial distance sampling techniques, and therefore should offer considerable potential for the conservation and management of other easily identifiable species.
BibTeX:
@article{Leo2022,
  author = {Leo, Brian T.},
  title = {Evaluating unmarked abundance estimators using remote cameras and aerial surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {46},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e1312},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1312}
}
Leopold, M.F., vanderWerf , B., Ries, E.H. and Reijnders, P.J.H. The importance of the North Sea for winter dispersal of harbour seals Phoca Vitulina from the Wadden Sea 1997 Biological Conservation
Vol. 81, pp. 97-102 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Leo97,
  author = {Leopold, M. F. and vanderWerf, B. and Ries, E. H. and Reijnders, P. J. H.},
  title = {The importance of the North Sea for winter dispersal of harbour seals Phoca Vitulina from the Wadden Sea},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {97--102},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00092-4}
}
Lerczak, J.A. and Hobbs, R.C. Calculating sighting distances from angle readings during ship-board, aerial and shore-based marine mammal surveys 1998 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 14, pp. 590-598 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LerHob98,
  author = {Lerczak, J. A. and Hobbs, R. C.},
  title = {Calculating sighting distances from angle readings during ship-board, aerial and shore-based marine mammal surveys},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {590--598},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00745.x}
}
LeResche, R.E. and Rausch, R.A. Accuracy and precision of aerial moose censusing 1974 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 38, pp. 175-182 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LerRau74,
  author = {LeResche, R. E. and Rausch, R. A.},
  title = {Accuracy and precision of aerial moose censusing},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {175--182},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800722}
}
Lescrauwaet, A.-C., Gibbons, J., Guzman, L. and Schiavini, A. Abundance estimation of Commerson's dolphin in the eastern area of the Strait of Magallan-Chile 2000 Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
Vol. 73(3), pp. 473-478 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lescrauwaet2000,
  author = {Lescrauwaet, Anne-Catherine and Gibbons, Jorge and Guzman, Leonardo and Schiavini, A.},
  title = {Abundance estimation of Commerson's dolphin in the eastern area of the Strait of Magallan-Chile},
  journal = {Revista Chilena de Historia Natural},
  publisher = {SciELO Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID)},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {473--478},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2000000300010}
}
Lessard, V.C., Drummer, T.D. and Reed, D.D. Precision of density estimates from fixed-radius plots compared to n-tree distance sampling 2002 Forest Science
Vol. 48(1), pp. 1-6 
article  
Abstract: We computed and compared the statistical properties of the estimators for the number of trees/ha (density) for fixed-radius plot and n-tree distance sampling. In forests with random spatial patterns, n-tree distance sampling density estimators are at least as precise as those of plot sampling if the fixed-radius plot size is less than the ratio of (n - 2) and the expected density, where n is the number of trees included at an n-tree location. A similar result holds for the clustered forest, where the ratio is multiplied by a factor involving a constant of heterogeneity. If the expected number of trees per plot and the plot sizes are the same for both the random and clustered spatial patterns, the variance of the plot sampling density estimator for the clustered pattern will always be greater than for that of the random spatial pattern.
BibTeX:
@article{Lessard2002,
  author = {Lessard, V. C. and Drummer, T. D. and Reed, D. D.},
  title = {Precision of density estimates from fixed-radius plots compared to n-tree distance sampling},
  journal = {Forest Science},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--6}
}
Leuteritz, T.E.J., Lamb, T. and Limberaza, J.C. Distribution, status, and conservation of radiated tortoises (Geochelone radiata) in Madagascar 2005 Biological Conservation
Vol. 124(4), pp. 451-461 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Leuteritz2005,
  author = {Leuteritz, T. E. J. and Lamb, T. and Limberaza, J. C.},
  title = {Distribution, status, and conservation of radiated tortoises (Geochelone radiata) in Madagascar},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {124},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--461},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.02.003}
}
Lewis, T., Gillespie, D., Lacey, C., Matthews, J., Danbolt, M., Leaper, R., McLanaghan, R. and Moscrop, A. Sperm whale abundance estimates from acoustic surveys of the Ionian Sea and Straits of Sicily in 2003 2007 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Vol. 87, pp. 353-357 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lewis,
  author = {Lewis, T. and Gillespie, D. and Lacey, C. and Matthews, J. and Danbolt, M. and Leaper, R. and McLanaghan, R. and Moscrop, A.},
  title = {Sperm whale abundance estimates from acoustic surveys of the Ionian Sea and Straits of Sicily in 2003},
  journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {353--357},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407054896}
}
Link, W.A. and Barker, R.J. Density estimation using the trapping web design — a geometric analysis 1994 Biometrics
Vol. 50, pp. 733-745 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LinBar94,
  author = {Link, W. A. and Barker, R. J.},
  title = {Density estimation using the trapping web design — a geometric analysis},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {733--745},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532787}
}
Link, W.A. and Sauer, J.R. Estimation of population trajectories from count data 1997 Biometrics
Vol. 53, pp. 488-497 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{LinSau97,
  author = {Link, W. A. and Sauer, J. R.},
  title = {Estimation of population trajectories from count data},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {488--497},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2533952}
}
Linklater, W.L., Cameron, E.Z., Stafford, K.J. and Minot, E.O. Estimating kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth 2001 (185)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Linklater2001,
  author = {Linklater, W. L. and Cameron, E. Z. and Stafford, K. J. and Minot, E. O.},
  title = {Estimating kaimanawa feral horse population size and growth},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  number = {185}
}
Lipsey, M.K. and Hockey, P.A.R. Do ecological networks in South African commercial forests benefit grassland birds? A case study of a pine plantation in KwaZulu-Natal 2010 Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Vol. 137(1-2), pp. 133-142 
article DOI  
Abstract: Grasslands in South Africa have been extensively transformed and fragmented, but are poorly protected. Commercial afforestation poses a particular threat to grassland biodiversity because areas suitable for forestry coincide with those supporting the greatest richness of endemic and threatened biota. To comply with international forestry standards, commercial timber growers leave "ecological networks" of interconnected open corridors within plantations: however, the value of these networks for conservation is unclear. This study investigated how bird community composition, richness and density were influenced by habitat extent, connectivity and quality in a grassland ecological network in a forestry plantation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We surveyed birds and measured local vegetation characteristics throughout the network. There were at least five open habitat types within the network and bird communities responded clearly to differences between these habitats: all network communities showed a distinct shift away from those typical of control grasslands. There were three distinct groups of species in the network: (1) grassland specialists, (2) habitat generalists and (3) non-grassland species. Grassland specialists were restricted to areas that are burned regularly and to large, contiguous open areas or wide grassland corridors. We found no evidence for the importance of physical connectivity among open habitats for birds in the study area. Instead, it appears that the establishment of so-called ecological networks at this scale has created much unsuitable habitat for grassland specialist species. We suggest consolidation of open areas and a rotational, biennial burning regime as a more appropriate management strategy for commercial plantations in these Critically Endangered montane grasslands.
BibTeX:
@article{Lipsey2010,
  author = {Lipsey, Marisa K. and Hockey, Philip A. R.},
  title = {Do ecological networks in South African commercial forests benefit grassland birds? A case study of a pine plantation in KwaZulu-Natal},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {137},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {133--142},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.01.013}
}
Liu, Z., Wang, X., Teng, L., Cui, D. and Li, X. Estimating seasonal density of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Helan Mountain region using distance sampling methods 2008 Ecological Research
Vol. 23, pp. 393-400 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Liu2008,
  author = {Liu, Z. and Wang, X. and Teng, L. and Cui, D. and Li, X.},
  title = {Estimating seasonal density of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Helan Mountain region using distance sampling methods},
  journal = {Ecological Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {393--400},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0394-8}
}
Lloyd, H. Habitat and population estimates of some threatened lowland forest bird species in Tambopata, south-east Peru 2004 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 14(4), pp. 261-277 
article DOI  
Abstract: Surveys of threatened lowland forest bird species and forest habitats were conducted during a 21-month census of lowland bird communities in Tambopata, Department of Madre de Dios, south-east Peru. A combination of distance sampling census methods and direct counts was used for the census in five sites located along the Rio Madre de Dios and Rio Tambopata. All five sites consisted of different forest types with significantly different habitat components. Three of these sites were classified as primary forest habitats whilst the remaining two were classified as disturbed forests. Population densities were calculated for eight of the threatened species recorded during the census. Density estimates of non-bamboo specialists were higher in primary forest habitats than in disturbed forest habitats. Density estimates of most bamboo specialists were higher in primary Old Floodplain forest with extensive bamboo understorey than in primary Middle/Upper Floodplain forest with smaller, patchy areas of bamboo understorey. Calculation of regional population estimates based on the amount of forest cover from satellite photographs shows that only two of the threatened bird species have substantial populations currently protected by the Parque Nacional Bahuaja-Sonene and Reservada Nacional de Tambopata. Selective logging operations that reduce overall tree biomass and remove a large proportion of palm tree species from primary forest habitats will have an adverse affect on local populations of four of the threatened bird species in the region. textcopyright BirdLife International 2004.
BibTeX:
@article{Lloyd2004,
  author = {Lloyd, H.},
  title = {Habitat and population estimates of some threatened lowland forest bird species in Tambopata, south-east Peru},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {261--277},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270904000334}
}
Lloyd, H. Population densities of some nocturnal raptor species (Strigidae) in southeastern Peru 2003 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 74(4), pp. 376-380 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transects based on distance sampling methodology were used to census nocturnal raptor species in three different primary lowland forest habitats in the Tambopata region, southeastren Peru. Density estimates were calculated for five owl species in these forest habitats. In general, species were more abundant in primary old floodplain or primary middle/upper floodplain forests than in primary seasonally flooded swamp forest. Density estimates were also higher than those calculated from traditional spot-mapping methods in other lowland forest sites in southeastern Peru and French Guiana. There was no significant difference in the number of individual owls recorded during nights with different cloud cover or during different phases of the moon. Problems of distance estimation at night and unfamiliarity with a range of vocalizations, particularly with Strix owls, may be overcome by conducting a practice period before surveys are undertaken, with transect routes and distance markers adequately set out. Walking transect routes during daylight hours in a practice period also helps to overcome concerns of observer safety.
BibTeX:
@article{Lloyd2003,
  author = {Lloyd, H.},
  title = {Population densities of some nocturnal raptor species (Strigidae) in southeastern Peru},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  publisher = {Association of Field Ornithologists},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {74},
  number = {4},
  pages = {376--380},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.4.376}
}
Lochmiller, R.L., Boggs, J.F., McMurry, S.T., Leslie, D.M. and Engle, D.M. Response of cottontail rabbit populations to herbicide and fire applications on Cross Timbers rangeland 1991 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 44, pp. 150-155 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Locetal,
  author = {Lochmiller, R. L. and Boggs, J. F. and McMurry, S. T. and Leslie, D. M. and Engle, D. M.},
  title = {Response of cottontail rabbit populations to herbicide and fire applications on Cross Timbers rangeland},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {150--155},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4002314}
}
Low, M., Meyer, L. and Southwell, C. Experimental evaluation of a new ground-based survey method for estimating the density and abundance of nesting Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae 2008 Polar Biology
Vol. 31, pp. 309-315 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Low2008,
  author = {Low, Matthew and Meyer, Lisa and Southwell, Colin},
  title = {Experimental evaluation of a new ground-based survey method for estimating the density and abundance of nesting Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {309--315},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0359-y}
}
Lowin, A.J. Line-transect distance sampling versus a new vocalisation method to estimate crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus) and sanford's brown lemur (Eulemur sanfordi) population densities 2012 Lemur News
Vol. 16, pp. 60-64 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lowin2012,
  author = {Lowin, Andrew J.},
  title = {Line-transect distance sampling versus a new vocalisation method to estimate crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus) and sanford's brown lemur (Eulemur sanfordi) population densities},
  journal = {Lemur News},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {16},
  pages = {60--64}
}
Lowry, L.F., Kingsley, M.C.S., Hauser, D.D.W., Clarke, J. and Suydam, R. Aerial survey estimates of abundance of the eastern Chukchi Sea stock of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in 2012 2012 Arctic
Vol. 70(3), pp. 273-286 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lowry_2017,
  author = {Lowry, Lloyd F. and Kingsley, Michael C. S. and Hauser, Donna D. W. and Clarke, Janet and Suydam, Robert},
  title = {Aerial survey estimates of abundance of the eastern Chukchi Sea stock of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in 2012},
  journal = {Arctic},
  publisher = {The Arctic Institute of North America},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {70},
  number = {3},
  pages = {273--286},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4667}
}
Lueders, A.S., Kennedy, P.L. and Johnson, D.H. influences of management regimes on breeding bird densities and habitat in mixed-grass prairie: an example from North Dakota 2006 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 70(2), pp. 600-606 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lueders2006,
  author = {Lueders, A. S. and Kennedy, P. L. and Johnson, D. H.},
  title = {influences of management regimes on breeding bird densities and habitat in mixed-grass prairie: an example from North Dakota},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {70},
  number = {2},
  pages = {600--606},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70%5B600:IOMROB%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Luiselli, L. Site occupancy and density of sympatric gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasicornis) 2006 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 22(5), pp. 555-564 
article DOI  
Abstract: The presence and density of two sympatric, large-sized vipers (the Gaboon viper, Bitis gabonica and the nose-horned viper, Bitis nasicornis) were studied along several transects, during both dry and wet seasons, and at different times of day, in southern Nigeria (West Africa). Three habitat types were found along the various transects (mature rain forest (MF), secondary rain forest (SF), swamp forest (SW)). The detection probabilities for these vipers were modelled with a set of competing models, and the various models were ordered by Akaike Information Criterion procedures. Two classes of models were used: the single-season model, and the multi-species model. The best models (single-season model) suggested that: for the Gaboon viper, habitat types SF and SW were particularly important in detecting this species, especially during the rainy season at 08h00-16h00. For nose-horned vipers, the best models had SW and MF as site-covariates. Application of the multi-species model revealed that there were different detection functions if both species are present at a site, with a 'negative' interaction of occupancy between the species. Females and males were similarly detectable in a logistic regression model, but feeding status and pregnancy slightly increased detection probability in a logistic regression model. Viper density was modelled by a DISTANCE sampling procedure. The density of one species tended to be inversely correlated to the density of the other, suggesting that (1) the rain-forest environment does not support abundant populations of both vipers when sympatric, and (2) the two Bitis species subtly partition the habitat resources. Copyright textcopyright 2006 Cambridge University Press.
BibTeX:
@article{Luiselli2006,
  author = {Luiselli, L.},
  title = {Site occupancy and density of sympatric gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) and nose-horned viper (Bitis nasicornis)},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  pages = {555--564},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003397}
}
Lukacs, P.M. Websim: simulation software to assist in trapping web design 2002 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 30, pp. 1259-1261 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Luk02,
  author = {Lukacs, P. M.},
  title = {Websim: simulation software to assist in trapping web design},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1259--1261},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784296}
}
Lukacs, P.M. Estimating density of animal populations using trapping webs: evaluation of web design and data analysis 2001 School: Colorado State University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Luk01,
  author = {Lukacs, P. M.},
  title = {Estimating density of animal populations using trapping webs: evaluation of web design and data analysis},
  school = {Colorado State University},
  year = {2001}
}
Lukacs, P.M., Franklin, A.B. and Anderson, D.R. Passive approaches to detection in distance sampling 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 260-280  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Lukacs2004,
  author = {Lukacs, P. M. and Franklin, A. B. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Passive approaches to detection in distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {260--280}
}
Lukacs, P.M., Kissling, M.L., Reid, M., Gende, S.M. and Lewis, S.B. Testing assumptions of distance sampling on a pelagic seabird 2010 The Condor
Vol. 112, pp. 455-459 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Lukacs2010,
  author = {Lukacs, P. M. and Kissling, M. L. and Reid, M. and Gende, S. M. and Lewis, S. B.},
  title = {Testing assumptions of distance sampling on a pelagic seabird},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {455--459},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090204}
}
Lusk, M., Hess, S., Reynolds, M. and Johnston, S. Population status of the Tinian monarch (Monarcha takatsukasae) on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2000 Micronesica
Vol. 32(2), pp. 181-190 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Lusk2000,
  author = {Lusk, M. and Hess, S. and Reynolds, M. and Johnston, S.},
  title = {Population status of the Tinian monarch (Monarcha takatsukasae) on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands},
  journal = {Micronesica},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {181--190}
}
Lynch, T.B. and Rusydi, R. Distance sampling for forest inventory in Indonesian teak plantations 1999 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 113(2-3), pp. 215-221 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling techniques were compared to point (variable plot) sampling and fixed-radius circular plot sampling for inventory of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in Indonesia. n-tree distance sampling selects the n trees closest to a sample point located in the field. The distance to the nth closest tree is used as a plot radius. Two n-tree estimators were compared. Prodan (1968) described a technique for n=6, which counts the nth tree as 1/2 for tree counts and tree volume (or other tree attributes). Another approach, here called 'the (n-1)/n adjusted estimator' uses the bias correction factor (n-1)/n. Eberhardt (1967) demonstrated that the (n-1)/n adjusted estimator is unbiased for Poisson (random) and negative binomial (clumped) spatial distributions. No proof of unbiasedness is known for either method in uniform distributions which would be characteristics of plantations. n-tree sampling was performed in Indonesian teak plantations for values of n ranging from 3 to 10 for both methods. At the same locations, point (variable plot) samples with metric basal area factors 1 m2 ha-1 tree-1 and 2 m2 ha-1 tree-1 and fixed-radius circular plots 0.1 ha in size were installed for comparison with the n-tree distance methods. The time required for each sampling method was recorded at each field location. For each method, an efficiency ratio was calculated as (C(k)/2 x Time(k))/(C(0.1 ha)/2 x Time(0.1 ha)) where C(k) is the coefficient of variation for method k, Time(k) is the average time required for method k, C(0.1 ha) is the coefficient of variation for 0.1 ha plots and Time(0.1 ha) is the average time required for 0.1 ha plots. The more efficient methods have smaller efficiency ratios. According to this criterion, 5-tree distance sampling using Prodan's estimator was most efficient of the techniques compared that did not show bias for these data. The (n-1)/n adjusted estimator showed bias for these trials in teak plantations. This was probably due to the uniform spatial distribution characteristics of plantations. Point sampling with BAF=1 m2 ha-1 tree-1 and BAF=2 m2 ha-1 tree-1 and 0.1 ha plot sampling were not as efficient as n-tree sampling methods for these trials.
BibTeX:
@article{Lynch1999,
  author = {Lynch, T. B. and Rusydi, R.},
  title = {Distance sampling for forest inventory in Indonesian teak plantations},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {113},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {215--221},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00427-7}
}
Ma, X. Distance sampling to estimate the abundance of birds with sector and radial radar detection methods 2012 Procedia Environmental Sciences
Vol. 13(0), pp. 2284-2303 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ma2012,
  author = {Ma, X.},
  title = {Distance sampling to estimate the abundance of birds with sector and radial radar detection methods},
  journal = {Procedia Environmental Sciences},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {13},
  number = {0},
  pages = {2284--2303},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.218}
}
Mack, Y. and Quang, P.X. Kernel methods in line and point transect sampling 1998 Biometrics
Vol. 54, pp. 606-619 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MAC&QUA98,
  author = {Mack, Y. and Quang, P. X.},
  title = {Kernel methods in line and point transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {606--619},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3109767}
}
Mack, Y.P. Testing for the shoulder condition in transect sampling 1998 Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods
Vol. 27, pp. 423-432 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mac98,
  author = {Mack, Y. P.},
  title = {Testing for the shoulder condition in transect sampling},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {423--432},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610929808832104}
}
Mack, Y.P., Quang, P.X. and Zhang, S. Kernel estimation in transect sampling without the shoulder condition 1999 Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods
Vol. 28, pp. 2277-2296 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Macetal99,
  author = {Mack, Y. P. and Quang, P. X. and Zhang, S.},
  title = {Kernel estimation in transect sampling without the shoulder condition},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics — Theory and Methods},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {2277--2296},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03610929908832422}
}
Mackintosh, N.A. and Brown, S.G. Estimates of the southern population of the larger baleen whales 1956 The Norwegian Gazette
Vol. 45, pp. 469 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{MAcBro56,
  author = {Mackintosh, N. A. and Brown, S. G.},
  title = {Estimates of the southern population of the larger baleen whales},
  journal = {The Norwegian Gazette},
  year = {1956},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {469}
}
MacLaren, A.R., Crump, P.S., Royle, J.A. and Forstner, M.R.J. Observer-free experimental evaluation of habitat and distance effects on the detection of anuran and bird vocalizations 2018 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 8(24), pp. 12991-13003 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MacLaren2018,
  author = {MacLaren, Andrew R. and Crump, Paul S. and Royle, J. Andrew and Forstner, Michael R. J.},
  title = {Observer-free experimental evaluation of habitat and distance effects on the detection of anuran and bird vocalizations},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {8},
  number = {24},
  pages = {12991--13003},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4752}
}
MacLeod, C., Blackwell, G., Weller, F. and Moller, H. Designing a bird monitoring scheme for New Zealand's agricultural sectors 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36, pp. 312-323 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{MacLeod2012,
  author = {MacLeod, C. and Blackwell, G. and Weller, F. and Moller, H.},
  title = {Designing a bird monitoring scheme for New Zealand's agricultural sectors},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {312--323},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3045}
}
Macleod, K. Abundance of atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) during summer off northwest scotland 2004 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 6, pp. 33-40 
article  
Abstract: A shipboard cetacean survey was conducted in July/August 1998 within an area to the west of Scotland, UK, commonly known as the Atlantic Frontier. The aim of the survey was to document the distribution and abundance of cetaceans to provide baseline population data for an area that is being increasingly explored and developed by oil companies. A double platform `independent observer' (IO) method was used to estimate the abundance of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) using standard line-transect and distance sampling methodology. Previously, uncorrected Atlantic white-sided dolphin abundance was estimated as 27,194 (CV = 0.29) from this survey. This paper presents abundance estimates corrected for g(0) ¡ 1 using a direct duplicate method. The value of g(0) was estimated to be 0.61 (CV = 0.09). The abundance in two strata was estimated as 21,371 (CV = 0.54) to the west of the Outer Hebrides and74,626 (CV = 0.72) in the Faroe Shetland Channel. The high CVs are the result of small sample sizes, particularly of the duplicate data set. However, the abundance estimates represent the first for this species to the northwest of Scotland and adds to existing baseline abundance estimates for small cetaceans in UK waters. The results could be useful for planning future surveys that aim to calculate more precise abundance estimates. These results, together with opportunistic sightings data collected during other surveys, suggest that the waters to the west of Scotland are an important habitat for the Atlantic white-sided dolphin. Presently, threats to this species in the area are relatively unknown but a baseline population estimate will be an integral part of any management regime should there become a need in future.
BibTeX:
@article{Macleod2004,
  author = {Macleod, K.},
  title = {Abundance of atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) during summer off northwest scotland},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {33--40}
}
Macleod, K., Simmonds, M.P. and Murray, E. Abundance of fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whales (B. borealis) amid oil exploration and development off northwest Scotland 2006 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 8, pp. 247-254 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Macleod2006,
  author = {Macleod, K. and Simmonds, M. P. and Murray, E.},
  title = {Abundance of fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whales (B. borealis) amid oil exploration and development off northwest Scotland},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {247--254}
}
MacRae, P.S.D. and Jackson, D.A. Characterizing north temperate lake littoral fish assemblages: a comparison between distance sampling and minnow traps 2006 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 63(3), pp. 558-568 
article DOI  
Abstract: To determine which sampling method may be best employed to monitor changes in fish species composition in littoral areas of small north temperate lakes (50 ha), data were collected using distance sampling, based on the line transect method, and a traditional fish sampling method of baited minnow traps. These methods were independently biased in terms of their estimates of species presence and abundance. However, analyses of fish community structure indicated that minnow trap data alone provided a better measure of community structure than did distance sampling data alone. Distance sampling, although a powerful tool in estimating population density, is hindered by a multitude of environmental variables that do not preclude the use of minnow traps. Lakes with clear water containing few species with abundant individuals are best suited for distance sampling. Minnow traps proved to be a fast, efficacious sampling method capable of fairly accurately defining the littoral small-fish community structure in most lakes sampled. These traps are a reliable method for monitoring presence or absence and relative abundance of small-bodied fish species in north temperate lakes. However, the combination of minnow traps and some form of visual sampling will help to ensure that all species are detected in small north temperate lakes. textcopyright 2006 NRC.
BibTeX:
@article{MacRae2006,
  author = {MacRae, P. S. D. and Jackson, D. A.},
  title = {Characterizing north temperate lake littoral fish assemblages: a comparison between distance sampling and minnow traps},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {63},
  number = {3},
  pages = {558--568},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-240}
}
Madhusudan, M.D. and Karanth, K.U. Hunting for an answer: is local hunting compatible with large mammal conservation in India? 2000 Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, pp. 339-354  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Madhusudan2000,
  author = {Madhusudan, M. D. and Karanth, K. U.},
  title = {Hunting for an answer: is local hunting compatible with large mammal conservation in India?},
  booktitle = {Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests},
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {339--354}
}
Magige, F.J., Holmern, T., Stokke, S., Mlingwa, C. and Røskaft, E. Does illegal hunting affect density and behaviour of African grassland birds? a case study on ostrich (Struthio camelus) 2009 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 18, pp. 1361-1373 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Magige2008,
  author = {Magige, Flora John and Holmern, Tomas and Stokke, Sigbjørn and Mlingwa, Charles and Røskaft, Eivin},
  title = {Does illegal hunting affect density and behaviour of African grassland birds? a case study on ostrich (Struthio camelus)},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {1361--1373},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9481-6}
}
Magoulick, D.D. Effects of predation risk on habitat selection by water column fish, benthic fish and crayfish in stream pools 2004 Hydrobiologia
Vol. 527(1), pp. 209-221 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Magoulick2004,
  author = {Magoulick, D. D.},
  title = {Effects of predation risk on habitat selection by water column fish, benthic fish and crayfish in stream pools},
  journal = {Hydrobiologia},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {527},
  number = {1},
  pages = {209--221},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000043302.32382.59}
}
Maheshwari, A. Food habits and prey abundance of leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) in gir national park and wildlife sanctuary 2006 School: Aligarh Muslim University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Maheshwari2006,
  author = {Maheshwari, A.},
  title = {Food habits and prey abundance of leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) in gir national park and wildlife sanctuary},
  school = {Aligarh Muslim University},
  year = {2006}
}
Mandujano, S. and Gallina, S. Comparison of deer censusing methods in tropical dry forest 1995 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 23, pp. 180-186 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{ManGal95,
  author = {Mandujano, S. and Gallina, S.},
  title = {Comparison of deer censusing methods in tropical dry forest},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {180--186},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782786}
}
Manly, B.F.J. Estimating a resource selection function with line transect sampling 2002 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences
Vol. 6, pp. 213-228 
article DOI  
Abstract: A resource selection probability function is a function that gives the probability that a resource unit (e.g., a plot of land) that is described by a set of habitat variables X1 to Xp will be used by an animal or group of animals in a certain period of time. The estimation of a resource selection function is usually based on the comparison of a sample of resource units used by an animal with a sample of the resource units that were available for use, with both samples being assumed to be e.ectively randomly selected from the relevant populations. In this paper the possibility of using a modi.ed sampling scheme is examined, with the used units obtained by line transect sampling. A logistic regression type of model is proposed, with estimation by conditional maximum likelihood. A simulation study indicates that the model in its full generality may be di.cult to estimate with reasonable sample sizes, but that a simpler version may be a practical alternative.
BibTeX:
@article{Manly2002,
  author = {Manly, B. F. J.},
  title = {Estimating a resource selection function with line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {213--228},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/S1173912602000159}
}
Manly, B.F.J. Study design considerations for aerial surveys in the spring and fall to estimate the abundance of pacific walrus 2001 School: Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. report for US Fish and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Manly2001,
  author = {Manly, B. F. J.},
  title = {Study design considerations for aerial surveys in the spring and fall to estimate the abundance of pacific walrus},
  school = {Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. report for US Fish and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2001}
}
Manly, B.F.J., McDonald, L.L. and Garner, G.W. Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers 1996 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 1, pp. 170-189 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Manetal96,
  author = {Manly, B. F. J. and McDonald, L. L. and Garner, G. W.},
  title = {Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {170--189},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1400364}
}
Mannocci, L., Monestiez, P., Bolaños-Jiménez, J., Dorémus, G., Jeremie, S., Laran, S., Rinaldi, R., Canneyt, O.V. and Ridoux, V. Megavertebrate communities from two contrasting ecosystems in the western tropical Atlantic 2013 Journal of Marine Systems
Vol. 111-112, pp. 208-222 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mannocci2013,
  author = {Mannocci, Laura and Monestiez, Pascal and Bolaños-Jiménez, Jaime and Dorémus, Ghislain and Jeremie, Stéphane and Laran, Sophie and Rinaldi, Renato and Canneyt, Olivier Van and Ridoux, Vincent},
  title = {Megavertebrate communities from two contrasting ecosystems in the western tropical Atlantic},
  journal = {Journal of Marine Systems},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {111-112},
  pages = {208--222},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.11.002}
}
Mannocci, L., Roberts, J.J., Halpin, P.N., Authier, M., Boisseau, O., Bradai, M.N., Cañadas, A., Chicote, C., David, L., Di-Méglio, N., Fortuna, C.M., Frantzis, A., Gazo, M., Genov, T., Hammond, P.S., Holcer, D., Kaschner, K., Kerem, D., Lauriano, G., Lewis, T., di Sciara, G.N., Panigada, S., Raga, J.A., Scheinin, A., Ridoux, V., Vella, A. and Vella, J. Assessing cetacean surveys throughout the Mediterranean Sea: a gap analysis in environmental space 2018 Scientific Reports
Vol. 8(1) 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mannocci2018,
  author = {Mannocci, Laura and Roberts, Jason J. and Halpin, Patrick N. and Authier, Matthieu and Boisseau, Oliver and Bradai, Mohamed Nejmeddine and Cañadas, Ana and Chicote, Carla and David, Léa and Di-Méglio, Nathalie and Fortuna, Caterina M. and Frantzis, Alexandros and Gazo, Manel and Genov, Tilen and Hammond, Philip S. and Holcer, Draško and Kaschner, Kristin and Kerem, Dani and Lauriano, Giancarlo and Lewis, Tim and di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo and Panigada, Simone and Raga, Juan Antonio and Scheinin, Aviad and Ridoux, Vincent and Vella, Adriana and Vella, Joseph},
  title = {Assessing cetacean surveys throughout the Mediterranean Sea: a gap analysis in environmental space},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19842-9}
}
Mannocci, L., Roberts, J.J., Miller, D.L. and Halpin, P.N. Extrapolating cetacean densities to quantitatively assess human impacts on populations in the high seas 2017 Conservation Biology
Vol. 31(3), pp. 601-614 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mannocci2017,
  author = {Mannocci, L. and Roberts, J. J. and Miller, D. L. and Halpin, P. N.},
  title = {Extrapolating cetacean densities to quantitatively assess human impacts on populations in the high seas},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {601--614},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12856}
}
Maphisa, D.H., Smit-Robinson, H., Underhill, L.G. and Altwegg, R. Management factors affecting densities of common grassland birds of high elevation grasslands of eastern South Africa: Ingula as a case study 2017 Avian Research
Vol. 8(1), pp. 5 
article DOI  
Abstract: World-wide grassland birds are in decline due to habitat loss and degradation resulting from intensive agricultural practices. Understanding how key grassland habitat attributes determine grassland bird densities is required to make appropriate conservation decisions. We examine drivers of bird densities in a South African grassland area that has been managed for biodiversity conservation with reduced grazing pressure.
BibTeX:
@article{Maphisa2017,
  author = {Maphisa, David H. and Smit-Robinson, Hanneline and Underhill, Les G. and Altwegg, Res},
  title = {Management factors affecting densities of common grassland birds of high elevation grasslands of eastern South Africa: Ingula as a case study},
  journal = {Avian Research},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-017-0063-8}
}
Mar, K.L. and Mcarthur, C. Comparison of habitat selection by two sympatric macropods, Thylogale billardierii and Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, in a patchy eucalypt-forestry environment 2005 Austral Ecology
Vol. 30, pp. 674-683 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mar2005,
  author = {Mar, Kirsten Le and Mcarthur, Clare},
  title = {Comparison of habitat selection by two sympatric macropods, Thylogale billardierii and Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, in a patchy eucalypt-forestry environment},
  journal = {Austral Ecology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {674--683},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01510.x}
}
Marini, F., Franzetti, B., Calabrese, A., Cappellini, S. and Focardi, S. Response to human presence during nocturnal line transect surveys in fallow deer (Dama dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) 2009 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 56, pp. 233-237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marini2008,
  author = {Marini, Francesca and Franzetti, Barbara and Calabrese, Alessandro and Cappellini, Sara and Focardi, Stefano},
  title = {Response to human presence during nocturnal line transect surveys in fallow deer (Dama dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa)},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {233--237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-008-0222-7}
}
Marques, F.F.C. Estimating wildlife distribution and abundance from line transect surveys conducted from platforms of opportunity 2001 School: University of St. Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{FMAR01,
  author = {Marques, F. F. C.},
  title = {Estimating wildlife distribution and abundance from line transect surveys conducted from platforms of opportunity},
  school = {University of St. Andrews},
  year = {2001}
}
Marques, F.F.C. and Buckland, S.T. Covariate models for the detection function 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 31-47  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{FMARBUC04,
  author = {Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Covariate models for the detection function},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {31--47}
}
Marques, F.F.C. and Buckland, S.T. Incorporating covariates into standard line transect analyses 2003 Biometrics
Vol. 59, pp. 924-935 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{FMARBUC03,
  author = {Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Incorporating covariates into standard line transect analyses},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {924--935},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2003.00107.x}
}
Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Goffin, D., Dixon, C.E., Borchers, D.L., Mayle, B.A. and Peace, A.J. Estimating deer abundance from line transect surveys of dung: sika deer in southern Scotland 2001 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 38, pp. 349-363 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Maretal01,
  author = {Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T. and Goffin, D. and Dixon, C. E. and Borchers, D. L. and Mayle, B. A. and Peace, A. J.},
  title = {Estimating deer abundance from line transect surveys of dung: sika deer in southern Scotland},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {349--363},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00584.x}
}
Marques, T.A. A comment on Horcajada-Sánchez and Barja (2015): A cautionary tale about left truncation and density gradients in distance sampling 2016 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 53(1-2), pp. 52-54 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2016,
  author = {Marques, T. A.},
  title = {A comment on Horcajada-Sánchez and Barja (2015): A cautionary tale about left truncation and density gradients in distance sampling},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  publisher = {Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {52--54},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5735/086.053.0204}
}
Marques, T.A. Distance sampling: estimating animal density 2009 Significance
Vol. 6, pp. 136-137 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2009h,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {Distance sampling: estimating animal density},
  journal = {Significance},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {136--137},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00380.x}
}
Marques, T.A. Incorporating measurement error and density gradients in distance sampling surveys 2007 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Marques2007,
  author = {Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Incorporating measurement error and density gradients in distance sampling surveys},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2007}
}
Marques, T.A. Predicting and correcting bias caused by measurement error in line transect sampling using multiplicative error models 2004 Biometrics
Vol. 60(3), pp. 757-763 
article DOI  
Abstract: Line transect sampling is one of the most widely used methods for animal abundance assessment. Standard estimation methods assume certain detection on the transect, no animal movement, and no measurement errors. Failure of the assumptions can cause substantial bias. In this work, the effect of error measurement on line transect estimators is investigated. Based on considerations of the process generating the errors, a multiplicative error model is presented and a simple way of correcting estimates based on knowledge of the error distribution is proposed. Using beta models for the error distribution, the effect of errors and of the proposed correction is assessed by simulation. Adequate confidence intervals for the corrected estimates are obtained using a bootstrap variance estimate for the correction and the delta method. As noted by Chen (1998, Biometrics 54, 899-908), even unbiased estimators of the distances might lead to biased density estimators, depending on the actual error distribution. In contrast with the findings of Chen, who used an additive model, unbiased estimation of distances, given a multiplicative model, lead to over-estimation of density. Some error distributions result in observed distance distributions that make efficient estimation impossible, by removing the shoulder present in the original detection function. This indicates the need to improve field methods to reduce measurement error. An application of the new methods to a real data set is presented.
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2004,
  author = {Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Predicting and correcting bias caused by measurement error in line transect sampling using multiplicative error models},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3},
  pages = {757--763},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2004.00226.x}
}
Marques, T.A. Amostragem por distâncias em populações naturais 2002 School: Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Marques2002,
  author = {Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Amostragem por distâncias em populações naturais},
  school = {Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa},
  year = {2002}
}
Marques, T.A., Andersen, M., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Belikov, S., Boltunov, A., Wiig, Ø., Buckland, S.T. and Aars, J. The use of global positioning systems to record distances in a helicopter line-transect survey 2006 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 34, pp. 759-763 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Maretal06,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A. and Andersen, Magnus and Christensen-Dalsgaard, Signe and Belikov, Stanislav and Boltunov, Andrei and Wiig, Øystein and Buckland, Stephen T. and Aars, Jon},
  title = {The use of global positioning systems to record distances in a helicopter line-transect survey},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {759--763},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34%5B759:TUOGPS%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Marques, T.A. and Buckland, S.T. Transectos lineares em situações de não uniformidade das distâncias disponíveis para detecção 2005 Estatística Jubilar, pp. 445-454  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{MarBuc05,
  author = {Marques, T. A. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Transectos lineares em situações de não uniformidade das distâncias disponíveis para detecção},
  booktitle = {Estatística Jubilar},
  publisher = {SPE},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {445--454}
}
Marques, T.A., Buckland, S.T., Bispo, R. and Howland, B. Accounting for animal density gradients using independent information in distance sampling surveys 2013 Statistical Methods and Applications
Vol. 22, pp. 67-80 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2013,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Bispo, Regina and Howland, Brett},
  title = {Accounting for animal density gradients using independent information in distance sampling surveys},
  journal = {Statistical Methods and Applications},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {67--80},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-012-0223-2}
}
Marques, T.A., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Tosh, D. and McDonald, R.A. Point transect sampling along linear features 2010 Biometrics
Vol. 66, pp. 1247-1255 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2010,
  author = {Marques, T. A. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Tosh, D. and McDonald, R. A.},
  title = {Point transect sampling along linear features},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {1247--1255},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01381.x}
}
Marques, T.A., Thomas, L., Fancy, S.G. and Buckland, S.T. Improving estimates of bird density using multiple covariate distance sampling 2007 The Auk
Vol. 124, pp. 1229-1243 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Maretal07,
  author = {Marques, T. A. and Thomas, L. and Fancy, S. G. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Improving estimates of bird density using multiple covariate distance sampling},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {1229--1243},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124%5B1229:IEOBDU%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Marques, T.A., Thomas, L., Kéry, M., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Rexstad, E., Fewster, R.M., MacKenzie, D.I., Royle, J.A., Guillera-Arroita, G., Handel, C.M., David C. Pavlacky, J. and Camp, R.J. Model-based approaches to deal with detectability: a comment on Hutto (2016) 2017 Ecological Applications
Vol. 27, pp. 1694-1698 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2017,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A. and Thomas, Len and Kéry, Marc and Buckland, Steve T. and Borchers, David L. and Rexstad, Eric and Fewster, Rachel M. and MacKenzie, Darryl I. and Royle, J. Andrew and Guillera-Arroita, Gurutzeta and Handel, Colleen M. and David C. Pavlacky, Jr. and Camp, Richard J.},
  title = {Model-based approaches to deal with detectability: a comment on Hutto (2016)},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {1694--1698},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1553}
}
Marques, T.A., Thomas, L., Martin, S.W., Mellinger, D.K., Ward, J.A., Moretti, D.J., Harris, D. and Tyack, P.L. Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics 2013 Biological Reviews
Vol. 88, pp. 287-309 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2013b,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A. and Thomas, Len and Martin, Stephen W. and Mellinger, David K. and Ward, Jessica A. and Moretti, David J. and Harris, Danielle and Tyack, Peter L.},
  title = {Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics},
  journal = {Biological Reviews},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {287--309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12001}
}
Marques, T.A., Thomas, L., Ward, J., DiMarzio, N. and Tyack, P.L. Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: an example with Blainville's beaked whales 2009 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 125, pp. 1982-1994 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marques2009,
  author = {Marques, Tiago A. and Thomas, Len and Ward, Jessica and DiMarzio, Nancy and Tyack, Peter L.},
  title = {Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: an example with Blainville's beaked whales},
  journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {125},
  pages = {1982--1994},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3089590}
}
Marsden, S., Whiffin, M., Sadgrove, L. and Jr, P.R.G. Bird community composition and species abundance on two inshore islands in the Atlantic forest region of Brazil 2004 Ararajuba
Vol. 11, pp. 181-187 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2004,
  author = {Marsden, Stuart and Whiffin, Mark and Sadgrove, Lisa and Jr, Paulo R. Guimarães},
  title = {Bird community composition and species abundance on two inshore islands in the Atlantic forest region of Brazil},
  journal = {Ararajuba},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {181--187}
}
Marsden, S.J. Estimation of parrot and hornbill densities using a point count distance sampling method 1999 Ibis
Vol. 141(3), pp. 377-390 
article  
Abstract: The suitability of point count distance methods for estimating densities of tropical parrots and hornbills was assessed during surveys in Indonesia. The methods will perform well, so long as the following are considered. (1) Enough bird records must be accumulated to model species' detection curves precisely. For some species, around 2000 point counts may be needed and, in very rare species, the method may not be appropriate. Pooling data across habitats, species or years may increase precision in cases of small sample size. (2) Point counts are likely to be less biased than line transects because bird detection rates close to the recorder may be higher and there may be less chance of double-counting birds. Distances greater than 400 m between census points are unnecessary. (3) Count periods lasting ten minutes may be needed to ensure that most birds close to the recorder are detected. Controlled flushing of concealed birds after the main count period may also be appropriate. (4) The best time of day for census is the period when bird detectability is high but bird mobility low. For many large avian frugivores, this corresponds to the period between one hour after dawn and 10.30 h. (5) Records of flying birds must be excluded from density calculations. In the species studied, between 2% and 20% should be added to density estimates to compensate for the exclusion of flying birds.
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden1999,
  author = {Marsden, S. J.},
  title = {Estimation of parrot and hornbill densities using a point count distance sampling method},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {141},
  number = {3},
  pages = {377--390}
}
Marsden, S.J. Changes in bird abundance following selective logging on Seram, Indonesia 1998 Conservation Biology
Vol. 12, pp. 605-611 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden1998,
  author = {Marsden, S. J.},
  title = {Changes in bird abundance following selective logging on Seram, Indonesia},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {605--611}
}
Marsden, S.J., Jones, M.J., Linsley, M.D., Mead, C. and Hounsome, M.V. The conservation status of the restricted-range lowland birds of Buru, Indonesia 1997 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 7, pp. 213-233 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden1997,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Jones, M. J. and Linsley, M. D. and Mead, C. and Hounsome, M. V.},
  title = {The conservation status of the restricted-range lowland birds of Buru, Indonesia},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {213--233},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270900001544}
}
Marsden, S.J., Loqueh, E., Takuo, J.M., Hart, J.A., Abani, R., Ahon, D.B., Annorbah, N.N.D., Johnson, R. and Valle, S. Using encounter rates as surrogates for density estimates makes monitoring of heavily-traded grey parrots achievable across Africa 2016 Oryx
Vol. 50(4), pp. 617-625 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2016,
  author = {Marsden, Stuart J. and Loqueh, Emmanuel and Takuo, Jean Michel and Hart, John A. and Abani, Robert and Ahon, Dibié Bernard and Annorbah, Nathaniel N. D. and Johnson, Robin and Valle, Simon},
  title = {Using encounter rates as surrogates for density estimates makes monitoring of heavily-traded grey parrots achievable across Africa},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {50},
  number = {4},
  pages = {617--625},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000484}
}
Marsden, S.J. and Pilgrim, J.D. Factors influencing the abundance of parrots and hornbills in pristine and disturbed forests on New Britain, PNG 2003 Ibis
Vol. 145, pp. 45-53 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2003,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Pilgrim, J. D.},
  title = {Factors influencing the abundance of parrots and hornbills in pristine and disturbed forests on New Britain, PNG},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {145},
  pages = {45--53},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00107.x}
}
Marsden, S.J., Pilgrim, J.D. and Wilkinson, R. Status, abundance and habitat use of blue-eyed cockatoo Cacatua ophthalmica on new britain, png 2001 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 11, pp. 151-160 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2001a,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Pilgrim, J. D. and Wilkinson, R.},
  title = {Status, abundance and habitat use of blue-eyed cockatoo Cacatua ophthalmica on new britain, png},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {151--160},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270901000247}
}
Marsden, S.J. and Symes, C.T. Abundance and habitat associations of parrots from a hillforest, Papua New Guinea 2006 Pacific Conservation Biology
Vol. 12, pp. 15-21 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2006a,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Symes, C. T.},
  title = {Abundance and habitat associations of parrots from a hillforest, Papua New Guinea},
  journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {15--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/PC060015}
}
Marsden, S.J., Symes, C.T. and Mack, A.L. The response of a new guinean avifauna to conversion of forest to small-scale agriculture 2006 Ibis
Vol. 148(4), pp. 629-640 
article DOI  
Abstract: In comparison with other tropical forest land uses such as selective logging, little is known of the impacts on wildlife of the many forms of small-scale agriculture practised across the tropics. We present density estimates, derived using a point count distance sampling method, for 31 bird species in primary forest, old abandoned gardens and active/recently abandoned gardens at two altitudes in the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area (CMWMA), Papua New Guinea. There were clear habitat differences between the six habitat/altitude categories, with, for example, clines in tree sizes and canopy cover from highest values in primary forest to lowest values in current gardens. At lower altitudes, primary forest held highest densities of most species, whereas at higher altitudes, old abandoned gardens had greater densities of many birds, especially insectivores. canoco was used to ordinate bird species with respect to major habitat gradient axes. Major axes were associated with differences in bird responses to forest conversion as well as altitudinal differences in species composition. Most important was that several insectivores (especially monarchs, fantails, etc.) formed a cluster of species associated with intact, high-biomass forest. We suggest that most species reacted moderately to habitat changes currently occurring, and this may be due in part to the fact that only a small proportion of the landscape at CMWMA has been converted to agriculture (around 13% may be current or recently abandoned gardens). There were, however, species with comparatively low densities in agricultural habitats and these included several insectivores, the terrestrial Blue Jewel-babbler Ptilorrhoa caerulescens, and three out of four birds of paradise. textcopyright 2006 The Authors.
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2006,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Symes, C. T. and Mack, A. L.},
  title = {The response of a new guinean avifauna to conversion of forest to small-scale agriculture},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {148},
  number = {4},
  pages = {629--640},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00577.x}
}
Marsden, S.J. and Whiffin, M. The relationship between population density, habitat position and habitat breadth within a neotropical forest bird community 2003 Ecography
Vol. 26, pp. 385-392 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2003a,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Whiffin, M.},
  title = {The relationship between population density, habitat position and habitat breadth within a neotropical forest bird community},
  journal = {Ecography},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {385--392},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03465.x}
}
Marsden, S.J., Whiffin, M. and Galetti, M. Bird diversity and abundance in forest fragments and Eucalyptus plantations around a Brazilian Atlantic forest reserve 2001 Biodiversity & Conservation
Vol. 10, pp. 737-751 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2001,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Whiffin, M. and Galetti, M.},
  title = {Bird diversity and abundance in forest fragments and Eucalyptus plantations around a Brazilian Atlantic forest reserve},
  journal = {Biodiversity & Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {737--751},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016669118956}
}
Marsden, S.J., Whiffin, M., Galetti, M. and Fielding, A.H. How well will Brazil's system of Atlantic Forest reserves maintain viable bird populations? 2005 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 14, pp. 2835-2853 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2005a,
  author = {Marsden, Stuart J. and Whiffin, Mark and Galetti, Mauro and Fielding, Alan H.},
  title = {How well will Brazil's system of Atlantic Forest reserves maintain viable bird populations?},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {2835--2853},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0219-9}
}
Marsden, S.J., Whiffin, M., Sadgrove, L. and Guimarães Jr, P. Parrot populations and habitat use in and around two Brazilian Atlantic forest reserves 2000 Biological Conservation
Vol. 96, pp. 209-217 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marsden2000,
  author = {Marsden, S. J. and Whiffin, M. and Sadgrove, L. and Guimarães Jr, P.},
  title = {Parrot populations and habitat use in and around two Brazilian Atlantic forest reserves},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {209--217},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00071-9}
}
Marsh, D.M. and Beckman, N.G. Effects of forest roads on the abundance and activity of terrestrial salamanders 2004 Ecological Applications
Vol. 14, pp. 1882-1891 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MarBec04,
  author = {Marsh, David M. and Beckman, Noelle G.},
  title = {Effects of forest roads on the abundance and activity of terrestrial salamanders},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1882--1891},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5179}
}
Marsh, H. and Sinclair, D.F. Correcting for visibility bias in strip transect aerial surveys of aquatic fauna 1989 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 53, pp. 1017-1024 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MarSin89,
  author = {Marsh, H. and Sinclair, D. F.},
  title = {Correcting for visibility bias in strip transect aerial surveys of aquatic fauna},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {1017--1024},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809604}
}
Marshall, A.J. and Meijaard, E. Orang-utan nest surveys: the devil is in the details 2009 Oryx
Vol. 43, pp. 416-418 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marshall2009,
  author = {Marshall, Andrew J. and Meijaard, Erik},
  title = {Orang-utan nest surveys: the devil is in the details},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {416--418},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309001513}
}
Marshall, A.R., Lovett, J.C. and White, P.C.L. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: lessons from the primates 2008 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 70, pp. 452-462 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Marshall2008a,
  author = {Marshall, Andrew R. and Lovett, Jon C. and White, Piran C. L.},
  title = {Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: lessons from the primates},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {452--462},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20516}
}
Martin-Albarracin, V.L., Nuñez, M.A. and Amico, G.C. Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park 2015 PeerJ
Vol. 3, pp. e1328 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Martin-Albarracin2015,
  author = {Martin-Albarracin, Valeria L. and Nuñez, Martin A. and Amico, Guillermo C.},
  title = {Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park},
  journal = {PeerJ},
  publisher = {PeerJ},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {e1328},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1328}
}
Martínez-Morales, M.A. Conservation status and habitat preferences of the Cozumel curassow 1999 Condor, The
Vol. 101(1), pp. 14-20 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Martinez-Morales1999,
  author = {Martínez-Morales, M. A.},
  title = {Conservation status and habitat preferences of the Cozumel curassow},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14--20},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1370441}
}
Martínez-Ruiz, M. and Renton, K. Habitat heterogeneity facilitates resilience of diurnal raptor communities to hurricane disturbance 2018 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 426, pp. 134-144 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Martinez-Ruiz2017,
  author = {Martínez-Ruiz, Marisela and Renton, Katherine},
  title = {Habitat heterogeneity facilitates resilience of diurnal raptor communities to hurricane disturbance},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {426},
  pages = {134--144},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.004}
}
Martins, H., Barbosa, H., Hodgson, M., Borralho, R. and Rego, F. Effect of vegetation type and environmental factors on European wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus counts in a southern Portuguese montado 2003 Acta Theriologica
Vol. 48(3), pp. 385-398 
article DOI  
Abstract: This study assesses the effect of vegetation and variables related to weather and light conditions on the efficacy of rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) counts carried out in the south of Portugal. Counts were carried out in two years using driven line transects, and correlated with vegetation type and the variables using generalised linear models. The offset was a surveyed area estimated using Distance Sampling Theory as a means of correcting for detectability bias. More rabbits were observed in dense vegetation during day-time counts and in crops during night-time counts, In 1998, day-time counts were higher with higher average daily temperatures, whilst the night-time counts were higher with higher minimum daily temperatures. In 1999, day-time counts decreased with the amount of rainfall in the previous month, and the night-time counts decreased with the accumulated rainfall in the previous two months and with the higher wind speeds. In order to increase efficacy, counts should be carried out either at dawn or at dusk during the post-breeding season, and with greater intensity in dense scrub or open vegetation with high tree cover. During the breeding season and winter, counts should be carried out after dusk and with greater intensity in arable crops.
BibTeX:
@article{Martins2003,
  author = {Martins, H. and Barbosa, H. and Hodgson, M. and Borralho, R. and Rego, F.},
  title = {Effect of vegetation type and environmental factors on European wild rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus counts in a southern Portuguese montado},
  journal = {Acta Theriologica},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {385--398},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03194177}
}
Mateos, M. and Arroyo, G. Ocean surface winds drive local-scale movements within long-distance migrations of seabirds 2011 Marine Biology
Vol. 158(2), pp. 329-339 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mateos2011,
  author = {Mateos, María and Arroyo, GonzaloM.},
  title = {Ocean surface winds drive local-scale movements within long-distance migrations of seabirds},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {158},
  number = {2},
  pages = {329--339},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1561-y}
}
Mateos, M., Arroyo, G.M., Rodriguez, A., Cuenca, D. and De La Cruz, A. Calibration of visually estimated distances to migrating seabirds with radar measurements 2010 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 81, pp. 302-309 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mateos2010,
  author = {Mateos, Maria and Arroyo, Gonzalo M. and Rodriguez, Alejandro and Cuenca, David and De La Cruz, Andrés},
  title = {Calibration of visually estimated distances to migrating seabirds with radar measurements},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {302--309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2010.00286.x}
}
Mathai, J., Jathanna, D. and Duckworth, J.W. How useful are transect surveys for studying carnivores in the tropical rainforests of Borneo? 2013 The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
Vol. 28, pp. 9-20 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Mathai13,
  author = {Mathai, J. and Jathanna, D. and Duckworth, J. W.},
  title = {How useful are transect surveys for studying carnivores in the tropical rainforests of Borneo?},
  journal = {The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {9--20}
}
Mathewson, P.D., Spehar, S.N., Meijaard, E., Nardiyono, Purnomo, Sasmirul, A., Sudiyanto, Oman, Sulhnudin, Jasary, Jumali and Marshall, A.J. Evaluating orangutan census techniques using nest decay rates: implications for population estimates 2008 Ecological Applications
Vol. 18, pp. 208-221 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MATHEWSON2008,
  author = {Mathewson, P. D. and Spehar, S. N. and Meijaard, E. and Nardiyono and Purnomo and Sasmirul, A. and Sudiyanto and Oman and Sulhnudin and Jasary and Jumali and Marshall, A. J.},
  title = {Evaluating orangutan census techniques using nest decay rates: implications for population estimates},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {208--221},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0385.1}
}
Matsuoka, S.M. and Johnson, J.A. Using a multimodel approach to estimate the population size of McKay's buntings 2008 The Condor
Vol. 110(2), pp. 371-376 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Matsuoka2008,
  author = {Matsuoka, S. M. and Johnson, J. A.},
  title = {Using a multimodel approach to estimate the population size of McKay's buntings},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {110},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--376},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8492}
}
Mattice, J.A., Brauning, D.W. and Diefenbach, D.R. Abundance of grassland sparrows on reclaimed surface mines in western Pennsylvania 2005 (PSW-GTR-191)School: USDA Forest Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Mattice2005,
  author = {Mattice, Jennifer A. and Brauning, Daniel W. and Diefenbach, Duane R.},
  title = {Abundance of grassland sparrows on reclaimed surface mines in western Pennsylvania},
  school = {USDA Forest Service},
  year = {2005},
  number = {PSW-GTR-191}
}
Mattson, D.J. and Reinhart, D.P. Indicators of red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) abundance in the whitebark pine zone 1996 Great Basin Naturalist
Vol. 56, pp. 272-275 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{MatRei96,
  author = {Mattson, D. J. and Reinhart, D. P.},
  title = {Indicators of red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) abundance in the whitebark pine zone},
  journal = {Great Basin Naturalist},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {272--275}
}
Mayfield, H.F. Problems in estimating population size through counts of singing males 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 220-224  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{May81,
  author = {Mayfield, H. F.},
  title = {Problems in estimating population size through counts of singing males},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {220--224}
}
Mazerolle, M.J. Estimating detectability and biological parameters of interest with the use of the R environment 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 541-559 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mazerolle2015,
  author = {Mazerolle, Marc J.},
  title = {Estimating detectability and biological parameters of interest with the use of the R environment},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {541--559},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/14-075}
}
Mazerolle, M.J., Bailey, L.L., Kendall, W.L., Royle, J.A., Converse, S.J. and Nichols, J.D. Making great leaps forward: accounting for detectability in herpetological field studies 2007 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 41, pp. 672-689 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mazerolle2007,
  author = {Mazerolle, Marc J. and Bailey, Larissa L. and Kendall, William L. and Royle, J. Andrew and Converse, Sarah J. and Nichols, James D.},
  title = {Making great leaps forward: accounting for detectability in herpetological field studies},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {672--689},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/07-061.1}
}
McCallum, D.A. A conceptual guide to detection probability for point counts and other count-based survey methods 2005 (PSW-GTR-191)School: USDA Forest Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{McCallum,
  author = {McCallum, D. A.},
  title = {A conceptual guide to detection probability for point counts and other count-based survey methods},
  school = {USDA Forest Service},
  year = {2005},
  number = {PSW-GTR-191}
}
McClanahan, T.R. Quick population survey method using faecal droppings and a steady state assumption 1986 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 24, pp. 37-39 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mcc86,
  author = {McClanahan, T. R.},
  title = {Quick population survey method using faecal droppings and a steady state assumption},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {37--39},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1986.tb00339.x}
}
McConville, A.J., Grachev, I., Keane, A., Coulson, T., Bekenov, A.B. and Milner-Gulland, E.J. Reconstructing the observation process to correct for changing detection probability of a critically endangered species 2009 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 6(3), pp. 231-237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{McConville2009,
  author = {McConville, A. J. and Grachev, IuA and Keane, A. and Coulson, T. and Bekenov, A. B. and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
  title = {Reconstructing the observation process to correct for changing detection probability of a critically endangered species},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {231--237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00166}
}
McDonald, L.L. Line-intercept sampling for attributes other than coverage and density 1980 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 44, pp. 530-533 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mcd80,
  author = {McDonald, L. L.},
  title = {Line-intercept sampling for attributes other than coverage and density},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {530--533},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3807996}
}
McDonald, L.L., Garner, G.W. and Robertson, D.G. Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: results of pilot studies in Northern Alaska 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 37-51  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Mcdetal99,
  author = {McDonald, L. L. and Garner, G. W. and Robertson, D. G.},
  title = {Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: results of pilot studies in Northern Alaska},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {37--51}
}
McIntyre, G.A. Estimation of plant density using line transects 1953 Journal of Ecology
Vol. 41, pp. 319-330 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mci53,
  author = {McIntyre, G. A.},
  title = {Estimation of plant density using line transects},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  year = {1953},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {319--330},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2257044}
}
McIntyre, N.E. Abundance and habitat affinities of Cyclotrachelus substriatus (coleoptera: carabidae) on northern shortgrass prairie 1998 Prairie Naturalist
Vol. 30, pp. 157-168 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McIntyre1998,
  author = {McIntyre, N. E.},
  title = {Abundance and habitat affinities of Cyclotrachelus substriatus (coleoptera: carabidae) on northern shortgrass prairie},
  journal = {Prairie Naturalist},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {157--168}
}
McIntyre, N.E. Methamidophos application effects on Pasimachus elongatus (coleoptera: carabidae): an update 1995 Environmental Entomology
Vol. 24(3), pp. 559-563 
article DOI  
Abstract: Population densities of the predatory ground beetle, P. elongatus, were examined at the Central Plains Experimental Range, Colorado. Using distance sampling theory, density estimates dating from before an application of the insecticide methamidophos (1988) and three beetle generations afterward (1994) were analyzed. Higher population densities were found in shrub dominated than in grass dominated sites, regardless of past methamidophos exposure. The P. elongatus density patterns seen are discussed in relation to possible long-term disruption of the arthropod prey community by metyhamidophos and in relation to competitive release and physiological resistance. -from Author
BibTeX:
@article{McIntyre1995,
  author = {McIntyre, N. E.},
  title = {Methamidophos application effects on Pasimachus elongatus (coleoptera: carabidae): an update},
  journal = {Environmental Entomology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  pages = {559--563},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.3.559}
}
Mckinnon, L., Berteaux, D., Gauthier, G. and Bêty, J. Predator-mediated interactions between preferred, alternative and incidental prey in the arctic tundra 2012 Oikos
Vol. 122(7), pp. 1042-1048 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mckinnon2012,
  author = {Mckinnon, Laura and Berteaux, Dominique and Gauthier, Gilles and Bêty, Joël},
  title = {Predator-mediated interactions between preferred, alternative and incidental prey in the arctic tundra},
  journal = {Oikos},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {122},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1042--1048},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20708.x}
}
McLuckie A. M., D.L.H., Marr, J.W. and Fridell, R.A. Regional desert tortoise monitoring in the upper Virgin River recovery unit, Washington County, Utah 2002 Chelonian Conservation and Biology
Vol. 4, pp. 380-386 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Mcl02,
  author = {McLuckie, A. M., D. L. Harstad and Marr, J. W. and Fridell, R. A.},
  title = {Regional desert tortoise monitoring in the upper Virgin River recovery unit, Washington County, Utah},
  journal = {Chelonian Conservation and Biology},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {380--386}
}
McNair, D.B. and Lombard, C.D. Population estimates, habitat associations, and management of Ameiva polops (cope) at Green Cay, United States Virgin Islands 2004 Caribbean Journal of Science
Vol. 40(3), pp. 353-361 
article  
Abstract: The endemic St. Croix Ground Lizard (Ameiva polops), listed in 1977 by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species, has not been surveyed since the mid-1990s on Green Cay (5.7 ha), an islet just off the northeastern coast of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. We conducted six surveys here within three divisions (north, south, beach) along 32 randomly selected fixed-width plots (25 texttimes 4 m) from August to October 2002. The total weighted mean population estimate, using a conservative procedure, was 183 lizards. The number of lizards was positively associated with a greater number of shrub stems. Lizards were more abundant in forested areas in the southern half of the cay (81% of the weighted total), but scarcer than expected on beaches (¡ 0.05% of the total), especially treeless areas. Since our recent population estimate suggests a decline in the long-term (ca. 35 yr) population of Ameiva polops on Green Cay, mark-resight, recapture surveys, or distance sampling (adjusted for the proportion of animals that are unobserved) are required to obtain population estimates and to assess hurricane effects (since Hugo in 1989) on habitat structure and composition. Copyright 2004 College of Arts and Sciences.
BibTeX:
@article{McNair2004,
  author = {McNair, D. B. and Lombard, C. D.},
  title = {Population estimates, habitat associations, and management of Ameiva polops (cope) at Green Cay, United States Virgin Islands},
  journal = {Caribbean Journal of Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {353--361}
}
McRoberts, J.T., Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Whitlaw, H.A., Haukos, D.A. and Wallace, M.C. Detectability of lesser prairie-chicken leks: a comparison of surveys from aircraft 2011 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 75, pp. 771-778 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{McRoberts2011,
  author = {McRoberts, J. T. and Butler, M. J. and Ballard, W. B. and Whitlaw, H. A. and Haukos, D. A. and Wallace, M. C.},
  title = {Detectability of lesser prairie-chicken leks: a comparison of surveys from aircraft},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {771--778},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.116}
}
McRoberts, J.T., Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Whitlaw, H.A., Haukos, D.A. and Wallace, M.C. Behavioral response of lesser prairie-chickens on leks to aerial surveys 2011 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 35, pp. 27-31 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{McRoberts2011a,
  author = {McRoberts, J. T. and Butler, M. J. and Ballard, W. B. and Whitlaw, H. A. and Haukos, D. A. and Wallace, M. C.},
  title = {Behavioral response of lesser prairie-chickens on leks to aerial surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {27--31},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1}
}
McShea, W.J. and Rappole, J.H. Variable song rates in three species of passerines and implications for estimating bird populations 1997 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 68(3), pp. 367-375 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{McSRap97,
  author = {McShea, W. J. and Rappole, J. H.},
  title = {Variable song rates in three species of passerines and implications for estimating bird populations},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {68},
  number = {3},
  pages = {367--375}
}
McShea, W.J., Stewart, C.M., Kearns, L. and Bates, S. Road bias for deer density estimates at 2 national parks in Maryland 2011 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 35(3), pp. 177-184 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WSB:WSB53,
  author = {McShea, William J. and Stewart, Chad M. and Kearns, Laura and Bates, Scott},
  title = {Road bias for deer density estimates at 2 national parks in Maryland},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {177--184},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.53}
}
McWethy, D.B., Hansen, A.J. and Verschuyl, J.P. Edge effects for songbirds vary with forest productivity 2009 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 257(2), pp. 665-678 
article DOI  
Abstract: We hypothesized that edge density more strongly influences species abundances in more productive environments. To test this hypothesis we collected songbird point count data across broad biophysical gradients and gradients in forest patch edge density in the west and east slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington, U.S.A., which differ in ecological productivity. We then analyzed bird response (75 species) at both the species and community level to gradients in edge density (m/ha) of open and closed-canopy forest within 1-km radius landscapes. We found that (1) differences in vegetation and structural conditions between open and closed-canopy stands were significantly greater at a highly productive landscape than a landscape with intermediate levels of productivity; (2) more bird species responded to changes in edge density in more productive west-slope Cascade forests than less productive east-side Cascade forests; (3) pooled abundance data from both sites showed that 25 of the 60 most abundant bird species responded significantly to the interaction between forest productivity and changes in landscape-level edge density; and, (4) at the community level, ordinations showed that bird community similarity in the productive west-slope Cascade forests differed across low and high levels of edge density whereas no such differentiation occurred in harsh, east-side Cascade forests. These results provide some of the first evidence supporting the hypothesis that edge effects are more pronounced in productive west-side forests where higher levels of edge density benefit generalist and open-canopy species while negatively influencing closed-canopy species. Consequently, forest management aimed at supporting species diversity will be most effective if tailored to ecosystem productivity.
BibTeX:
@article{McWethy2009,
  author = {McWethy, David B. and Hansen, Andrew J. and Verschuyl, Jacob P.},
  title = {Edge effects for songbirds vary with forest productivity},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {257},
  number = {2},
  pages = {665--678},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.09.046}
}
Meadows, S., Moller, H. and Weller, F. Reduction of bias when estimating bird abundance within small habitat fragments 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36(3), pp. 408-415 
article  
Abstract: We used the distance detection function from five-minute point counts entirely within large woody vegetation patches to derive a method of truncating counts of birds detected close to the observer to estimate their relative abundance in small habitat patches. Our method trades off loss of information by truncation of bird sightings at successively larger distances from the observer to reduce sampling bias. Truncation of counts to include detections within 10 m of the observer gave similar absolute density as distance methods for the six most abundant native and six introduced species. Distance analysis showed that introduced species were in general more conspicuous than New Zealand native species. Use of counts very close to the observer reduces detectability biases for species and habitat comparisons to give more robust measures of community structure, allows inclusion of very small habitat fragments into the analysis, and provides a density measure for infrequently encountered species. However, the counts are still best treated as relative indices rather than absolute density estimates. Much of the international literature using counts and distance sampling estimation methods to claim increased bird diversity and abundance in larger habitat patches may be unreliable because these include directional biased estimation of abundance in small patches.
BibTeX:
@article{meadows_reduction_2012,
  author = {Meadows, Sarah and Moller, Henrik and Weller, Florian},
  title = {Reduction of bias when estimating bird abundance within small habitat fragments},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  publisher = {New Zealand Ecological Society},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {408--415}
}
Meier, A.C., Shirley, M.H., Beirne, C., Breuer, T., Lewis, M., Masseloux, J., Jasperse-Sjolander, L., Todd, A. and Poulsen, J.R. Improving population estimates of difficult-to-observe species: A dung decay model for forest elephants with remotely sensed imagery 2021 Animal Conservation
Vol. n/a(n/a) 
article DOI  
Abstract: Accurate and ecologically relevant wildlife population estimates are critical for species management. One of the most common survey methods for forest mammals – line transects for animal sign with distance sampling – has assumptions regarding conversion factors that, if violated, can induce substantial bias in abundance estimates. Specifically, for sign (e.g. nests, dung) surveys, a single number representing total time for decay is used as a multiplier to convert estimated sign density into animal density. This multiplier is likely inaccurate if not derived from a study reflecting the spatiotemporal variation in decay times. Using dung decay observations from three protected areas in Gabon, and a previous study in Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (Congo), we developed Weibull survival models to adaptively predict forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) dung decay based on environmental variables from field collected and remotely sensed data. Seasonal decay models based on remotely sensed covariates explained 86% of the variation for the wet season and 79% for the dry season. These models included canopy cover, cloud cover, humidity, vegetation complexity and slope as factors influencing dung decay. With these models, we assessed sensitivity of elephant density estimates to spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity, showing that our methods work best for large-scale studies >50 km2. We simulated decay studies with and without these variables in four Gabonese national parks and reanalyzed two previous surveys of elephants in Minkébé National Park, Gabon. Disregarding spatial and temporal variation in decay rate biased population estimates up to 1.6 and 6.9 times. Our reassessment of surveys in Minkébé National Park showed an expected loss of 78% of forest elephants over ten years, but the elephant abundance was 222% higher than previously estimated. Our models incorporate field or remotely sensed variables to provide an ecological context essential for accurate population estimates while reducing need for expensive decay field studies.
BibTeX:
@article{Meier2021,
  author = {A. C. Meier and M. H. Shirley and C. Beirne and T. Breuer and M. Lewis and J. Masseloux and L. Jasperse-Sjolander and A. Todd and J. R. Poulsen},
  title = {Improving population estimates of difficult-to-observe species: A dung decay model for forest elephants with remotely sensed imagery},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12704}
}
Meier, S., Yazvenko, S., Blokhin, S., Wainwright, P., Maminov, M., Yakovlev, Y. and Newcomer, M. Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001-2003 2007 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Vol. 134(1-3), pp. 107-136 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Meier2007,
  author = {Meier, S. and Yazvenko, S. and Blokhin, S. and Wainwright, P. and Maminov, M. and Yakovlev, Y. and Newcomer, M.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001-2003},
  journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {134},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {107--136},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9811-2}
}
Mellinger, D.K., Stafford, K.M., Moore, S.E., Dziak, R.P. and Matsumoto, H. An overview of fixed passive acoustic observation methods for cetaceans 2007 Oceanography
Vol. 20, pp. 36-45 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mellinger2007a,
  author = {Mellinger, D. K. and Stafford, K. M. and Moore, S. E. and Dziak, R. P. and Matsumoto, H.},
  title = {An overview of fixed passive acoustic observation methods for cetaceans},
  journal = {Oceanography},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {36--45},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.03}
}
Melville, G.J. and Welsh, A.H. Line transect sampling in small regions 2001 Biometrics
Vol. 57(4), pp. 1130-1137 
article DOI  
Abstract: This article develops an approach to estimating population abundance from line transect surveys that uses a calibration survey to estimate the detection function, which is then employed as a weight function in constructing the abundance estimate. Nonparametric methods of estimating the detection function via local regression and via a kernel density estimator are considered. The proposed methods are evaluated using a set of Western Australian plant data and weed enumeration data.
BibTeX:
@article{Melville2001,
  author = {Melville, G. J. and Welsh, A. H.},
  title = {Line transect sampling in small regions},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1130--1137},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2001.01130.x}
}
Mercey, K.A. and Jayaraman, K. Predicting the variation in detection function in line transect sampling through random parameter model 1999 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 6, pp. 341-350 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MerJar99,
  author = {Mercey, K. A. and Jayaraman, K.},
  title = {Predicting the variation in detection function in line transect sampling through random parameter model},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {341--350},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009639702036}
}
Mercker, M., Markones, N., Borkenhagen, K., Schwemmer, H., Wahl, J. and Garthe, S. An Integrated Framework to Estimate Seabird Population Numbers and Trends 2021 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 85(4), pp. 751-771 
article DOI  
Abstract: Generating trend and population estimates from bird count data is challenging and a variety of factors have to be taken into account. We present an integrative statistical approach for estimating population numbers and trends for seabirds at sea. The method allows for the integration of bird-count data from different sources and sampling schemes: offshore observer-based line transect and digital strip transect surveys and land-based point counts; the estimation of log-linear and highly nonlinear trends; the prediction of population numbers for predefined sub-areas, years, or seasons; and investigations of the effects of various environmental and detection-related covariates on bird count numbers. We applied the approach to count data for great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus) in the German part of the North Sea and Baltic Sea from 1990– 2016. Count data were collected by observer-based offshore ship and aerial surveys, offshore digital aerial surveys, and point counts from the shore. The detectability of great black-backed gulls was affected by the sea state (the condition of the sea surface, characterized by wave height, wave form, foam, and spray) and survey method. Digital and observer-based aerial surveys detected only 59– 77% of the abundance recorded by ship-based surveys. Great black-backed gulls are mainly present in German waters in winter, when they account for 3– 4% of the European population. Their core distributional areas are mainly in deeper offshore waters where they are relatively dispersed, with several concentrations probably connected to fishing activity. Great black-backed gulls have undergone substantial declines, with the most pronounced decreases of >90% in the offshore waters of the German part of the North Sea. Breeding numbers at important European breeding sites do not show similar declines, suggesting that the trends observed in the sea areas might indicate a shift in the distribution or habitat use and a decreasing importance of marine areas for European great black-backed gulls. textcopyright 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
BibTeX:
@article{Mercker2021,
  author = {Moritz Mercker and Nele Markones and Kai Borkenhagen and Henriette Schwemmer and Johannes Wahl and Stefan Garthe},
  title = {An Integrated Framework to Estimate Seabird Population Numbers and Trends},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {751--771},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22026}
}
Meredith, M. Analysing orang utan nest data with distance 2006   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Meredith2006,
  author = {Meredith, M.},
  title = {Analysing orang utan nest data with distance},
  year = {2006}
}
Meriggi, A. and Verri, A. Population dynamics and habitat selection of the European hare on poplar monocultures in northern Italy 1990 Acta Theriologica
Vol. 35, pp. 69-76 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MerVer90,
  author = {Meriggi, A. and Verri, A.},
  title = {Population dynamics and habitat selection of the European hare on poplar monocultures in northern Italy},
  journal = {Acta Theriologica},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {69--76},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.90-9}
}
Mesnick, S.L., Archer, F.I., Allen, A.C. and Dizon, A.E. Evasive behavior of eastern tropical Pacific dolphins relative to effort by the tuna purse-seine fishery 2002 School: SWFSC/NOAA  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Mesnick2002,
  author = {Mesnick, S. L. and Archer, F. I. and Allen, A. C. and Dizon, A. E.},
  title = {Evasive behavior of eastern tropical Pacific dolphins relative to effort by the tuna purse-seine fishery},
  school = {SWFSC/NOAA},
  year = {2002}
}
Meyler, S.V., Salmona, J., Ibouroi, M.T., Besolo, A., Rasolondraibe, E., Radespiel, U., Rabarivola, C. and Chikhi, L. Density estimates of two endangered nocturnal lemur species from northern Madagascar: new results and a comparison of commonly used methods 2012 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 74(5), pp. 414-422 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Meyler2012,
  author = {Meyler, Samuel Viana and Salmona, Jordi and Ibouroi, Mohamed Thani and Besolo, Aubin and Rasolondraibe, Emmanuel and Radespiel, Ute and Rabarivola, Clément and Chikhi, Lounes},
  title = {Density estimates of two endangered nocturnal lemur species from northern Madagascar: new results and a comparison of commonly used methods},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {74},
  number = {5},
  pages = {414--422},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21997}
}
Michalski, F., Michalski, L.J. and Barnett, A.A. Environmental determinants and use of space by six Neotropical primates in the northern Brazilian Amazon 2017 Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
Vol. 52(3), pp. 187-197 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Michalski0,
  author = {Fernanda Michalski and Lincoln José Michalski and Adrian A. Barnett},
  title = {Environmental determinants and use of space by six Neotropical primates in the northern Brazilian Amazon},
  journal = {Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment},
  publisher = {Informa UK Limited},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {187--197},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2017.1335276}
}
Michelot, C., Pinaud, D., Fortin, M., Maes, P., Callard, B., Leicher, M. and Barbraud, C. Seasonal variation in coastal marine habitat use by the European shag: insights from fine scale habitat selection modeling and diet 2017 Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Vol. 141, pp. 224-236 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abstract Studies of habitat selection by higher trophic level species are necessary for using top predator species as indicators of ecosystem functioning. However, contrary to terrestrial ecosystems, few habitat selection studies have been conducted at a fine scale for coastal marine top predator species, and fewer have coupled diet data with habitat selection modeling to highlight a link between prey selection and habitat use. The aim of this study was to characterize spatially and oceanographically, at a fine scale, the habitats used by the European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis in the Special Protection Area (SPA) of Houat-HÅ ``dic in the Mor Braz Bay during its foraging activity. Habitat selection models were built using in situ observation data of foraging shags (transect sampling) and spatially explicit environmental data to characterize marine benthic habitats. Observations were first adjusted for detectability biases and shag abundance was subsequently spatialized. The influence of habitat variables on shag abundance was tested using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). Diet data were finally confronted to habitat selection models. Results showed that European shags breeding in the Mor Braz Bay changed foraging habitats according to the season and to the different environmental and energetic constraints. The proportion of the main preys also varied seasonally. Rocky and coarse sand habitats were clearly preferred compared to fine or muddy sand habitats. Shags appeared to be more selective in their foraging habitats during the breeding period and the rearing of chicks, using essentially rocky areas close to the colony and consuming preferentially fish from the Labridae family and three other fish families in lower proportions. During the post-breeding period shags used a broader range of habitats and mainly consumed Gadidae. Thus, European shags seem to adjust their feeding strategy to minimize energetic costs, to avoid intra-specific competition and to maximize access to suitable habitats and preys.
BibTeX:
@article{Michelot2017,
  author = {Michelot, Candice and Pinaud, David and Fortin, Matthieu and Maes, Philippe and Callard, Benjamin and Leicher, Marine and Barbraud, Christophe},
  title = {Seasonal variation in coastal marine habitat use by the European shag: insights from fine scale habitat selection modeling and diet},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {224--236},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.001}
}
Miller, D.L., Burt, M.L., Rexstad, E.A. and Thomas, L. Spatial models for distance sampling data: recent developments and future directions 2013 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 4, pp. 1001-1010 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Miller2013b,
  author = {Miller, David L. and Burt, M. Louise and Rexstad, Eric A. and Thomas, Len},
  title = {Spatial models for distance sampling data: recent developments and future directions},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1001--1010},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12105}
}
Miller, D.L., Rexstad, E., Thomas, L., Marshall, L. and Laake, J.L. Distance sampling in R 2019 Journal of Statistical Software
Vol. 89(1) 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Miller2019,
  author = {Miller, David L. and Rexstad, Eric and Thomas, Len and Marshall, Laura and Laake, Jeffrey L.},
  title = {Distance sampling in R},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  publisher = {Foundation for Open Access Statistic},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {89},
  number = {1},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v089.i01}
}
Miller, D.L. and Thomas, L. Mixture models for distance sampling detection functions 2015 Plos ONE
Vol. 10, pp. e0118726 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Miller2015,
  author = {Miller, David L. and Thomas, Len},
  title = {Mixture models for distance sampling detection functions},
  journal = {Plos ONE},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {e0118726},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118726}
}
Miller, S.G., Knight, R.L. and Miller, C.K. Influence of recreational trails on breeding birds communities 1998 Ecological Applications
Vol. 8, pp. 162-169 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Miletal98,
  author = {Miller, S. G. and Knight, R. L. and Miller, C. K.},
  title = {Influence of recreational trails on breeding birds communities},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {162--169},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008%5B0162:IORTOB%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Mizel, J.D., Schmidt, J.H. and Lindberg, M.S. Accommodating temporary emigration in spatial distance sampling models 2017 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 55(3), pp. 1456-1464 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mizel2017a,
  author = {Mizel, Jeremy D. and Schmidt, Joshua H. and Lindberg, Mark S.},
  title = {Accommodating temporary emigration in spatial distance sampling models},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1456--1464},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13053}
}
Mobley Jr., J.R., Spitz, S.S., Forney, K.A., Grotefendt, R. and Forestell, P.H. Distribution and abundance of odontocete species in Hawaiian waters: preliminary results of 1993-98 aerial surveys 2000 (LJ-00-14C)School: Southwest Fisheries Science Center  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Mobley2000,
  author = {Mobley Jr., J. R. and Spitz, Scott S. and Forney, Karin A. and Grotefendt, Richard and Forestell, Paul H.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of odontocete species in Hawaiian waters: preliminary results of 1993-98 aerial surveys},
  school = {Southwest Fisheries Science Center},
  year = {2000},
  number = {LJ-00-14C}
}
Mobley, J., Spitz, S. and Grotefendt, R. Abundance of humpback whales in Hawaiian waters: results of 1993-2000 aerial surveys 2001 School: Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Mobley2001,
  author = {Mobley, J. and Spitz, S. and Grotefendt, R.},
  title = {Abundance of humpback whales in Hawaiian waters: results of 1993-2000 aerial surveys},
  school = {Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary},
  year = {2001}
}
Mohamed, Z., Arshad, M.I. and Sajap, A.S. Population size of red junglefowl (Gallus Gallus Spadiceus) in agriculture areas 2003 Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
Vol. 46, pp. 52-57 
article  
Abstract: A two-year study was conducted on the population size of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in five agricultural areas in the state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. In the first year (from August 1995 to July 1996) the study was conducted in three habitats viz. rubber plantation, 22-year old oil palm plantation and orchard area at Universitiy Putra, Malaysia. In the second year (from August 1996 to July 1997) two additional habitats viz. 4 and 8 years old oil palm plantation at Sungai, Sedu Estate were selected. Red Junglefowl density was estimated by Distance Sampling Method. Habitat condition was also assessed to determine factors that affected the population size. The densities in 4 years, 8 years and 22 years old oil palm, rubber plantations and orchard were 84.22 km-2, 27.80 km-2, 21.43 km-2, 15.66 km-2 and 6.06 km-2 respectively. The average group size was two birds per group. The largest group comprised of 10 birds was observed in an 8 years old palm oil plantation. The height of the canopy cover was found to have a significant effect on the density of Red Junglefowl. Low canopy cover provides the Red Junglefowl protection against predators and suitable roosting sites.
BibTeX:
@article{Zakaria2003,
  author = {Mohamed, Zakaria and Arshad, Muhammad I. and Sajap, Ahmad S.},
  title = {Population size of red junglefowl (Gallus Gallus Spadiceus) in agriculture areas},
  journal = {Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {52--57}
}
Monks, J.M., O'Donnell, C.F.J., Greene, T.C. and Weston, K.A. Evaluation of Counting Methods for Monitoring Populations of a Cryptic Alpine Passerine, the Rock Wren (Passeriformes, Acanthisittidae, Xenicus Gilviventris) 2021 PLOS ONE
Vol. 16(3), pp. e0247873 
article DOI  
Abstract: Developing and validating methods to determine trends in populations of threatened species is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation interventions. For cryptic species inhabiting remote environments, this can be particularly challenging. Rock wrens, Xenicus gilviventris, are small passerines endemic to the alpine zone of southern New Zealand. They are highly vulnerable to predation by introduced mammalian predators. Establishing a robust, cost-effective monitoring tool to evaluate population trends in rock wrens is a priority for conservation of both the species and, more broadly, as part of a suite of indicators for evaluating effectiveness of management in New Zealand's alpine ecosystems. We assessed the relative accuracy and precision of three population estimation techniques (mark-resight, distance sampling and simple counts on line transects) for two populations of rock wrens in the Southern Alps over six breeding seasons (2012– 2018). The performance of these population estimators was compared to known rock wren population size derived from simultaneous territory mapping. Indices of abundance derived from counts on transects were correlated with territory mapping at both study areas, and performed better than either mark-resight methods or distance sampling. Simple counts on standardised line transects are a highly cost-effective method of monitoring birds because they do not require banding a population. As such, we recommend that line transect counts using the design outlined in this paper be adopted as a standard method for long-term monitoring of rock wren populations. Although species-specific testing is required to validate use of low-cost population indices, our results may have utility for the monitoring of other cryptic passerines in relatively open habitats.
BibTeX:
@article{Monks2021,
  author = {Monks, Joanne M. and O'Donnell, Colin F. J. and Greene, Terry C. and Weston, Kerry A.},
  title = {Evaluation of Counting Methods for Monitoring Populations of a Cryptic Alpine Passerine, the Rock Wren (Passeriformes, Acanthisittidae, Xenicus Gilviventris)},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e0247873},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247873}
}
Monteiro, J. and Alpizar-Jara, R. Estimação bayesiana de g0 em amostragem por distâncias 2006 Cência Estatística, pp. 501-510  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{MonAlp06,
  author = {Monteiro, J. and Alpizar-Jara, R.},
  title = {Estimação bayesiana de g0 em amostragem por distâncias},
  booktitle = {Cência Estatística},
  publisher = {SPE},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {501--510}
}
Monteiro, J.F. Modelo combinado captura-recaptura e transectos lineares: uma abordagem bayesiana 2011 School: Universidade de Évora, Departamento de Matemática  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Monteiro2011,
  author = {Monteiro, João Filipe},
  title = {Modelo combinado captura-recaptura e transectos lineares: uma abordagem bayesiana},
  school = {Universidade de Évora, Departamento de Matemática},
  year = {2011}
}
Moore, J.E. and Barlow, J. Bayesian state-space model of fin whale abundance trends from a 1991-2008 time series of line-transect surveys in the california current 2011 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 48, pp. 1195-1205 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Moore2011,
  author = {Moore, Jeffrey E. and Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Bayesian state-space model of fin whale abundance trends from a 1991-2008 time series of line-transect surveys in the california current},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {1195--1205},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02018.x}
}
Moore, J.E. and Barlow, J.P. Declining abundance of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) in the California Current large marine ecosystem 2013 PLoS ONE
Vol. 8, pp. e52770 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Moore2013,
  author = {Moore, Jeffrey E. and Barlow, Jay P.},
  title = {Declining abundance of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) in the California Current large marine ecosystem},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {e52770},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052770}
}
Morelle, K., Bouché, P., Lehaire, F., Leeman, V. and Lejeune, P. Game species monitoring using road-based distance sampling in association with thermal imagers: a covariate analysis 2012 Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 35, pp. 253-265 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morelle2012,
  author = {Morelle and K. and Bouché, P. and Lehaire, F. and Leeman, V. and Lejeune, P.},
  title = {Game species monitoring using road-based distance sampling in association with thermal imagers: a covariate analysis},
  journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {253--265},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0253}
}
Morelle, K., Bouché, P., Lehaire, F., Leemans, V. and Lejeune, P. Game Species Monitoring Using Road– Based Distance Sampling in Association with Thermal Imagers: A Covariate Analysis 2012 Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 35(2) 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Morelle2012a,
  author = {Morelle, Kevin and Bouché, Philippe and Lehaire, Fran¸ cois and Leemans, Vincent and Lejeune, Philippe},
  title = {Game Species Monitoring Using Road– Based Distance Sampling in Association with Thermal Imagers: A Covariate Analysis},
  journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2}
}
Morgan, D., Sanz, C., Onononga, J.R. and Strindberg, S. Factors influencing the survival of sympatric gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) nests 2016 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 37(6), pp. 718-737 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morgan2016a,
  author = {David Morgan and Crickette Sanz and Jean Robert Onononga and Samantha Strindberg},
  title = {Factors influencing the survival of sympatric gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) nests},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {37},
  number = {6},
  pages = {718--737},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9934-9}
}
Morgan, D., Sanz, C., Onononga, J.R. and Strindberg, S. Ape abundance and habitat use in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo 2006 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 27(1), pp. 147-149 
article DOI  
Abstract: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) populations in central Africa are rapidly declining as a result of disease epidemics, commercial bushmeat hunting, and habitat destruction. Our main objective was to estimate the absolute abundance and habitat utilization of chimpanzees and gorillas in the intact forests of the Goualougo Triangle in the Republic of Congo, and in an adjacent area in which selective logging will take place in the near future. The estimates provide a unique baseline for apes inhabiting an undisturbed environment. A second objective was to compare estimates of abundance and patterns of habitat utilization generated by different techniques: 1) distance sampling of individual ape nests and nest sites along line transects, 2) direct observations of apes during reconnaissance surveys, and 3) observations of ape traces during reconnaissance surveys. We completed a total of 222 km of line transect surveys in 4 sampling areas, resulting in overall density estimates of 1.53 chimpanzees/km2 and 2.34 gorillas/km2 from nest sites. We generated a density estimate of 2.23 chimpanzees/km2 from direct observations during reconnaissance surveys of a semihabituated community in 1 of the 4 sampling areas. Habitat use profiles that nest surveys depicted on transects differed from those of direct observations and traces we encountered on reconnaissance surveys. We found the highest overall abundance of chimpanzee nests in monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest, whereas our direct observations showed that chimpanzees preferred mixed species forest. Transects that traversed the core area of the community range had the highest encounter rates of chimpanzee nests and nest sites. Gorilla nests on transects showed a preference only for mixed species forest with an open canopy, but direct observations and traces on reconnaissance surveys clearly indicated that gorillas use several habitat types. We conclude by evaluating the precision of these nest surveys and our ability to detect future trends in ape densities in the Goualougo Triangle. textcopyright 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
BibTeX:
@article{Morgan2006,
  author = {Morgan, D. and Sanz, C. and Onononga, J. R. and Strindberg, S.},
  title = {Ape abundance and habitat use in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {147--149},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-9013-0}
}
Morgan, D.G. Estimating vertebrate population densities by line transect methods 1986 School: Melbourne College  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Mor86,
  author = {Morgan, D. G.},
  title = {Estimating vertebrate population densities by line transect methods},
  school = {Melbourne College},
  year = {1986}
}
Morgia, V.L. and Focardi, S. Performance of distance sampling estimators: a simulation study for designs based on footpaths 2016 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation
Vol. 86(13), pp. 2519-2530 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morgia2016,
  author = {Morgia, Valentina La and Focardi, Stefano},
  title = {Performance of distance sampling estimators: a simulation study for designs based on footpaths},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {86},
  number = {13},
  pages = {2519--2530},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2016.1170128}
}
Mori, M., Butterworth, D.S., Brand, A., Rademeyer, R.A., Okamura, H. and Matsuda, H. Observer experience and Antarctic minke whale sighting ability in IWC/IDCR-SOWER surveys 2003 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 5(1), pp. 1-11 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Mori2003,
  author = {Mori, M. and Butterworth, D. S. and Brand, A. and Rademeyer, R. A. and Okamura, H. and Matsuda, H.},
  title = {Observer experience and Antarctic minke whale sighting ability in IWC/IDCR-SOWER surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--11},
  url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18582}
}
Morrison, M.L., Mannan, R.W. and Dorsey, G.L. Effects of number of circular plots on estimates of avian density and species richness 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 405-408  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Moretal81,
  author = {Morrison, M. L. and Mannan, R. W. and Dorsey, G. L.},
  title = {Effects of number of circular plots on estimates of avian density and species richness},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {405--408}
}
Morrison, M.L. and Marcot, B.G. Expanded use of the variable circular-plot census method 1984 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 96, pp. 313-315 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{MorMar84,
  author = {Morrison, M. L. and Marcot, B. G.},
  title = {Expanded use of the variable circular-plot census method},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {313--315}
}
Morrogh-Bernard, H., Husson, S., Page, S.E. and Rieley, J.O. Population status of the bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the sebangau peat swamp forest, central kalimantan, indonesia 2003 Biological Conservation
Vol. 110(1), pp. 141-152 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Morrogh-Bernard2003,
  author = {Morrogh-Bernard, H. and Husson, S. and Page, S. E. and Rieley, J. O.},
  title = {Population status of the bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) in the sebangau peat swamp forest, central kalimantan, indonesia},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {110},
  number = {1},
  pages = {141--152},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00186-6}
}
Moskat, C. and Baldi, A. The importance of edge effect in line transect censuses applied in marshland habitats 1999 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 76, pp. 33-40 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{MosBal99,
  author = {Moskat, C. and Baldi, A.},
  title = {The importance of edge effect in line transect censuses applied in marshland habitats},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {33--40}
}
Moullec, M.L. Ungulate population monitoring in a tundra landscape: evaluating total counts and distance sampling accuracy 2014 School: The Arctic University of Norway  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Moullec2014,
  author = {Moullec, Mathilde Le},
  title = {Ungulate population monitoring in a tundra landscape: evaluating total counts and distance sampling accuracy},
  school = {The Arctic University of Norway},
  year = {2014}
}
Moullec, M.L., Pedersen, Å.Ø., Yoccoz, N.G., Aanes, R., Tufto, J. and Hansen, B.B. Ungulate population monitoring in an open tundra landscape: distance sampling versus total counts 2017 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 2017(1), pp. wlb.00299 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Moullec2017,
  author = {Mathilde Le Moullec and Åshild Ønvik Pedersen and Nigel Gilles Yoccoz and Ronny Aanes and Jarle Tufto and Brage Bremset Hansen},
  title = {Ungulate population monitoring in an open tundra landscape: distance sampling versus total counts},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  publisher = {Nordic Board for Wildlife Research},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {2017},
  number = {1},
  pages = {wlb.00299},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00299}
}
Muchaal, P.K. and Ngandjui, G. Impact of village hunting on wildlife populations in the western Dia Reserve, Cameroon 1999 Conservation Biology
Vol. 13, pp. 385-396 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MucNga99,
  author = {Muchaal, P. K. and Ngandjui, G.},
  title = {Impact of village hunting on wildlife populations in the western Dia Reserve, Cameroon},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {385--396},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x}
}
Mugangu, T.E., Hunter, M.L. and Gilbert, J.R. Food, water, and predation: a study of habitat selection by buffalo in Virunga National Park, Zaire 1995 Mammalia
Vol. 59, pp. 349-362 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mugetal95,
  author = {Mugangu, T. E. and Hunter, M. L. and Gilbert, J. R.},
  title = {Food, water, and predation: a study of habitat selection by buffalo in Virunga National Park, Zaire},
  journal = {Mammalia},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {349--362},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1995.59.3.349}
}
Mullin, K.D. and Fulling, G.L. Abundance of cetaceans in the oceanic Northern Gulf of Mexico, 1996-2001 2004 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 20, pp. 787-807 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Mullin2004,
  author = {Mullin, Keith D. and Fulling, Gregory L.},
  title = {Abundance of cetaceans in the oceanic Northern Gulf of Mexico, 1996-2001},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {787--807},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01193.x}
}
Mullin, K.D. and Fulling, G.L. Abundance of cetaceans in the southern U.S. North Atlantic Ocean during summer 1998 2003 Fisheries Bulletin
Vol. 101, pp. 603-613 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Mullin2003,
  author = {Mullin, Keith D. and Fulling, Gregory L.},
  title = {Abundance of cetaceans in the southern U.S. North Atlantic Ocean during summer 1998},
  journal = {Fisheries Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {603--613}
}
Myrberget, S. Field tests of line transect census methods for grouse 1976 Norwegian Journal of Zoology
Vol. 24, pp. 307-317 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Myr76,
  author = {Myrberget, S.},
  title = {Field tests of line transect census methods for grouse},
  journal = {Norwegian Journal of Zoology},
  year = {1976},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {307--317}
}
Mzumara, T.I., Perrin, M.R. and Downs, C.T. Comparative performance of four survey methods for assessing Lilian's Lovebird abundance in Liwonde National Park, Malawi 2016 Ostrich
Vol. 87(3), pp. 247-253 
article DOI  
Abstract: Monitoring abundance of threatened species is important for conservation planning. Lilian’ s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae is a near-threatened small parrot found in mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland. Its population has not been investigated in any part of its range. We investigated the abundance and density of the Lilian’ s Lovebird in Liwonde National Park, Malawi. Both distance sampling (line and point transects) methods and total counts (waterhole and flyway counts) were applied. The point count method gave very low numbers and was discontinued after the first year. Line transects conducted during the wet season had the highest density estimates of 17 ± 4.8 lovebirds kmâtextasciicircum '2 of mopane woodland. However, number of observations per transect in each year were low. Waterhole counts had the lowest density estimates (10 ± 3.5 lovebirds kmâtextasciicircum '2). Flyway counts gave an intermediate estimate (13 ± 3.0 lovebirds kmâtextasciicircum '2). The total population of Lilian’ s Lovebirds in Liwonde National Park is therefore estimated to be about 4 000 individuals. The use of line transect counts at the end of the rainy season is recommended for continued monitoring of Lilian’ s Lovebirds abundance in Liwonde National Park.
BibTeX:
@article{Mzumara2016,
  author = {Mzumara, Tiwonge I. and Perrin, Michael R. and Downs, Colleen T.},
  title = {Comparative performance of four survey methods for assessing Lilian's Lovebird abundance in Liwonde National Park, Malawi},
  journal = {Ostrich},
  publisher = {National Inquiry Services Center (NISC)},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {87},
  number = {3},
  pages = {247--253},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2016.1206042}
}
Nadeau, C.P. and Conway, C.J. Field evaluation of distance estimation error during wetland-dependent bird surveys 2012 Wildlife Research
Vol. 39, pp. 311-320 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nadeauinreview,
  author = {Nadeau, Christopher P. and Conway, Courtney J.},
  title = {Field evaluation of distance estimation error during wetland-dependent bird surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {311--320},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR11161}
}
Nath, A., Singha, H., Haque, M. and Lahkar, B.P. How Many Sparrows Are There in a City of Million People? Understanding the Population of Sympatric Sparrows in the Urban Gradient of a Tropical City in Southeast Asia 2022 Urban Ecosystems  article DOI  
Abstract: In cities, species have to endure severe biotic and abiotic changes in their surroundings, along with various anthropogenic pressures. In recent years, urban dwellers have declined throughout the world, including the most successful urban adapters- House Sparrow and Tree Sparrow. We studied how the population and habitat use of sparrows varied at different urban habitats (city outskirts, followed by residential and highly crowded commercial zones) of Guwahati, India. We carried out point counts using distance sampling to estimate the density of sparrows. We found that sparrows were largely associated with complex urban structures, and the density of sparrows significantly differed between species amongst the habitat. House Sparrow density was three-fold of Tree Sparrow, and the occurrence of both the species was highest at mid-level of urbanization. Tree sparrow had low density compared to House Sparrow in areas where urbanization peaked. Unlike Tree Sparrow, the habitat-specific detection for House Sparrow did not vary significantly. The detectability of Tree Sparrow was higher in residential buildings. The Manly Selectivity ratio for the preference and avoidance of different habitats showed that House Sparrows occupied commercial areas and a combination of commercial-residential sectors more than available and avoided areas with a low level of urbanization (city outskirts). Tree sparrows significantly preferred human habitation dominated by residential houses. We estimated around four hundred thousand sparrows (House Sparrow: 253,615-357,454; Tree Sparrow: 32,882-163,533) in Guwahati. The present study creates a baseline information for the sparrow population and habitat use in Guwahati City, and provides emphasis for maintaining (mid-level urbanized) areas where both the species are abundant.
BibTeX:
@article{Nath2022,
  author = {Nath, Anukul and Singha, Hilloljyoti and Haque, Minarul and Lahkar, Bibhuti P.},
  title = {How Many Sparrows Are There in a City of Million People? Understanding the Population of Sympatric Sparrows in the Urban Gradient of a Tropical City in Southeast Asia},
  journal = {Urban Ecosystems},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01210-1}
}
Naugle, R.E., Rutberg, A.T., Underwood, H.B., Turner Jr., J.W. and Liu, I.K. Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA. 2002 Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement
Vol. 60, pp. 143-153 
article  
Abstract: Application of contraception for the control of suburban populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been much debated, but few data are available on field applications and even fewer on population effects. Between 1993 and 1997, 74-164 individually known female deer living on Fire Island, New York, USA, were treated remotely with an initial shot of 65 microg porcine zona pellucida (PZP) in Freund's complete adjuvant followed by booster injections of 65 microg PZP in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Starting in 1996, progressively increasing numbers of deer were treated with vaccinating/marking darts. Estimates of population density and composition, using distance sampling methods, began in 1995 in selected portions of the study area. Between 1993 and 1997, fawning rates among individually known, treated adult females decreased by 78.9% from pretreatment rates. Population density in the most heavily treated area increased by 11% per year from 1995 to March 1998 and then decreased at 23% per year to October 2000. In 1999-2000 surveys, fawns comprised 13-14% of the total population in the most heavily treated area, versus 16-33% in nearby untreated areas. These results show that PZP can be delivered effectively to sufficient deer to affect population density and composition in some environments, but that technical and logistical improvements are needed before contraception can be used widely to manage suburban deer populations.
BibTeX:
@article{Naugle2002,
  author = {Naugle, R. E. and Rutberg, A. T. and Underwood, H. B. and Turner Jr., J. W. and Liu, I. K.},
  title = {Field testing of immunocontraception on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Fire Island National Seashore, New York, USA.},
  journal = {Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {143--153}
}
Nchanji, A.C. and Plumptre, A. Seasonality in elephant dung decay and implications for censusing and population monitoring in south-western Cameroon 2001 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 39, pp. 24-32 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{NchPlu01,
  author = {Nchanji, A. C. and Plumptre, A.},
  title = {Seasonality in elephant dung decay and implications for censusing and population monitoring in south-western Cameroon},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {24--32},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00265.x}
}
Nelson, J.T. and Fancy, S.G. A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known 1999 Pacific Conservation Biology
Vol. 5, pp. 139-143 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nelson1999,
  author = {Nelson, J. T. and Fancy, S. G.},
  title = {A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known},
  journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {139--143},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/PC990139}
}
Nemitz, D. An assessment of sampling detectability for global biodiversity monitoring: results from sampling grids in different climatic regions 2008 School: Faculty of Biology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Nemitz2008,
  author = {Nemitz, Dirk},
  title = {An assessment of sampling detectability for global biodiversity monitoring: results from sampling grids in different climatic regions},
  school = {Faculty of Biology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen},
  year = {2008}
}
Newey, S., Bell, M., Enthoven, S. and Thirgood, S. Can distance sampling and dung plots be used to assess the density of mountain hares Lepus timidus? 2003 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 9(3), pp. 185-192 
article DOI  
Abstract: We evaluated distance sampling and dung plots as cost-effective methods of estimating the density of mountain hares Lepus timidus on moorland in the Scottish Highlands. We compared density estimates derived from these techniques to those derived from labour-intensive capture-recapture techniques. Distance sampling and capture-recapture techniques produced comparable density estimates at medium and low hare densities. Density estimates derived from distance sampling were higher than those derived from capture-recapture in high-density hare populations. Both distance sampling and capture-recapture techniques gave wide confidence intervals at high hare density. Histograms of perpendicular sighting distances showed that a large proportion of hares were seen on or close to the transect line and that there was a rapid fall off in detection rates with distance. This finding indicated that hare behaviour may lead to problematic survey design and may reduce the precision of density estimates. The collection of accurate distance sampling data was particularly problematic when hare density was high. In contrast, in low-density hare populations, considerable sampling effort was required to obtain sufficient sightings of hares to reliably estimate density. Dung plots provided a relative index of abundance that successfully ranked populations of mountain hares in order of increasing density as determined by distance sampling and capture-recapture techniques. With careful study design, distance sampling provides a good compromise between accuracy, precision and effort in estimating the density of mountain hares. The use of dung plots is a rapid alternative when only estimates of relative abundance are required.
BibTeX:
@article{Newey2003,
  author = {Newey, S. and Bell, M. and Enthoven, S. and Thirgood, S.},
  title = {Can distance sampling and dung plots be used to assess the density of mountain hares Lepus timidus?},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {185--192},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2003.049}
}
Newson, S.E., Evans, K.L., Noble, D.G. and Gaston, J.J.D.G.K.J. Use of distance sampling to improve estimates of national population sizes for common and widespread breeding birds in the UK 2008 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 45, pp. 1330-1338 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Newson2008,
  author = {Newson, Stuart E. and Evans, Karl L. and Noble, David G. and Gaston, Jeremy J. D. Greenwoodand Kevin J.},
  title = {Use of distance sampling to improve estimates of national population sizes for common and widespread breeding birds in the UK},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {1330--1338},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01480.x}
}
Newson, S.E., Woodburn, R.J.W., Noble, D.G., Baillie, S.R. and Gregory, R.D. Evaluating the breeding bird survey for producing national population size and density estimates 2005 Bird Study
Vol. 52(1), pp. 42-54 
article DOI  
Abstract: Capsule: The BBS has potential for producing better estimates of habitat-specific densities and population sizes for many UK bird populations than those available previously. Aims: To examine the use of the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) in providing unbiased national population and habitat-specific density estimates of British birds. Methods: Line transect data collected by volunteers in 1998 from 2287 1-km squares across the UK were analysed using distance sampling methods to calculate habitat-specific density and abundance estimates. For each species, the habitat-specific decline in detectability with distance from a transect line was modelled and applied at a regional level to incorporate variation in sampling intensity in different areas of the country. Results: National population and density estimates calculated here were at a magnitude expected for at least seven species in this study. However, national population size estimates were higher than expected for Starling Sturnus vulgaris, House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Blackbird Turdus merula, Greenfinch Carduelis chloris, Jackdaw Corvus monedula, Whitethroat Sylvia communis, Woodpigeon Columba palumbus and Linnet Carduelis cannabina and lower than expected for Skylark Alauda arvensis, Dunnock Prunella modularis, Song Thrush Turdus philomelos and Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra. These differences are likely to be related to differences in sampling design and survey methods. For example, Starling, House Sparrow, Blackbird, Jackdaw, Greenfinch and Wood Pigeon, which have considerable populations in urban areas, were undoubtedly underestimated by the Common Birds Census (CBC). The counts of species that flock during the breeding season, or are not strongly territorial (e.g. Linnet, Jackdaw and Wood Pigeon) could be biased if detectability is strongly related to flock size. National population estimates of Skylark and Corn Bunting are lower than those based on CBC, but higher, or similar, to targeted national surveys of these species. Possible reasons for the differences between these estimates are considered. Conclusions: This study highlights the strength of the BBS over previous data sources in producing national estimates of density and abundance at the habitat and national level. More research on the sex ratio and status of birds counted during surveys, and on the reliability of the detectability functions derived from distance sampling is needed to improve the interpretation of population estimates derived from BBS data. textcopyright 2005 British Trust for Ornithology.
BibTeX:
@article{Newson2005,
  author = {Newson, S. E. and Woodburn, R. J. W. and Noble, D. G. and Baillie, S. R. and Gregory, R. D.},
  title = {Evaluating the breeding bird survey for producing national population size and density estimates},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {42--54},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063650509461373}
}
Newton, P. Animal movement and population densities 2011 School: School of Mathematics and Statistics  mastersthesis  
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Newton2011,
  author = {Newton, Pamela},
  title = {Animal movement and population densities},
  school = {School of Mathematics and Statistics},
  year = {2011}
}
Nice, M.M. and Nice, L.B. The roadside census 1921 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 33, pp. 113-123 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{NicNic21,
  author = {Nice, M. M. and Nice, L. B.},
  title = {The roadside census},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {1921},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {113--123}
}
Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.E., Sauer, J.R., Fallon, F.W., Fallon, J.E. and Heglund, P.J. A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts 2000 The Auk
Vol. 117, pp. 393-408 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{nichols2000,
  author = {Nichols, J. D. and Hines, J. E. and Sauer, J. R. and Fallon, F. W. and Fallon, J. E. and Heglund, P. J.},
  title = {A double-observer approach for estimating detection probability and abundance from point counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {393--408},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.393}
}
Nichols, J.D., Thomas, L. and Conn, P.B. Inferences about landbird abundance from count data: recent advances and future directions 2008
Vol. 3Modelling Demographic Processes in Marked Populations. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, pp. 203-238 
inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Nicetal08,
  author = {Nichols, J. D. and Thomas, L. and Conn, P. B.},
  title = {Inferences about landbird abundance from count data: recent advances and future directions},
  booktitle = {Modelling Demographic Processes in Marked Populations. Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {203--238}
}
Nichols, J.D., Tomlinson, R.E. and Waggerman, G. Estimating nest detection probabilities for white-winged dove nest transects in Tamaulipas, Mexico 1986 The Auk
Vol. 103, pp. 825-828 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nicetal86,
  author = {Nichols, J. D. and Tomlinson, R. E. and Waggerman, G.},
  title = {Estimating nest detection probabilities for white-winged dove nest transects in Tamaulipas, Mexico},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {825--828}
}
Nielson, R. and Stahl, M.B. Investigation of the properties of an aerial line transect survey for polar bears in the Chukchi Sea using computer simulation 2008 School: WEST, Inc. report for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Nielson2008,
  author = {Nielson, Ryan and Stahl, Michelle Bourassa},
  title = {Investigation of the properties of an aerial line transect survey for polar bears in the Chukchi Sea using computer simulation},
  school = {WEST, Inc. report for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2008}
}
Nielson, R.M., Evans, T.J. and Stahl, M.B. Investigating the potential use of aerial line transect surveys for estimating polar bear abundance in sea ice habitats: a case study for the Chukchi Sea 2013 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 29(3), pp. 389-406 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nielson2013,
  author = {Nielson, Ryan M. and Evans, Thomas J. and Stahl, Michelle Bourassa},
  title = {Investigating the potential use of aerial line transect surveys for estimating polar bear abundance in sea ice habitats: a case study for the Chukchi Sea},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {389--406},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00574.x}
}
Nielson, R.M., McDonald, L.L. and Kovach, S.D. Aerial line transect survey protocols and data analysis methods to monitor moose (Alces alces) abundance as applied on the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska 2006 School: US Fish and Wildlife Service  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Nielson2006,
  author = {Nielson, R. M. and McDonald, L. L. and Kovach, S. D.},
  title = {Aerial line transect survey protocols and data analysis methods to monitor moose (Alces alces) abundance as applied on the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska},
  school = {US Fish and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2006}
}
Nielson, R.M., Mcmanus, L., Rintz, T., Mcdonald, L.L., Murphy, R.K., Howe, W.H. and Good, R.E. Monitoring abundance of golden eagles in the western United States 2014 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 78(4), pp. 721-730 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nielson2014,
  author = {Nielson, Ryan M. and Mcmanus, Lindsay and Rintz, Troy and Mcdonald, Lyman L. and Murphy, Robert K. and Howe, William H. and Good, Rhett E.},
  title = {Monitoring abundance of golden eagles in the western United States},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {78},
  number = {4},
  pages = {721--730},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.704}
}
Niemi, A. and Fernández, C. Bayesian spatial point process modeling of line transect data 2010 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 15, pp. 327-345 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Niemi2010,
  author = {Niemi, Aki and Fernández, Carmen},
  title = {Bayesian spatial point process modeling of line transect data},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {327--345},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-010-0024-8}
}
Nijman, V. and Menken, S.B.J. Assessment of census techniques for estimating density and biomass of gibbons (primates: Hylobatidae) 2005 The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
Vol. 53, pp. 169-179 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nijman,
  author = {Nijman, V. and Menken, S. B. J.},
  title = {Assessment of census techniques for estimating density and biomass of gibbons (primates: Hylobatidae)},
  journal = {The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {169--179}
}
Nikolov, S.C. Effects of land abandonment and changing habitat structure on avian assemblages in upland pastures of Bulgaria 2009 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 19, pp. 1-14 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nikolov2009,
  author = {Nikolov, Stoyan C.},
  title = {Effects of land abandonment and changing habitat structure on avian assemblages in upland pastures of Bulgaria},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {1--14},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909990244}
}
Nikolov, S.C. Study on the habitat selection by birds in mature and over-mature Macedonian pine Pinus peuce forests in the Pirin National park, Bulgaria 2007 Acrocephalus
Vol. 28, pp. 97-106 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nikolov07,
  author = {Nikolov, S. C.},
  title = {Study on the habitat selection by birds in mature and over-mature Macedonian pine Pinus peuce forests in the Pirin National park, Bulgaria},
  journal = {Acrocephalus},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {97--106}
}
Nikolov, S.C. Density and community structure of breeding birds in Macedonian pine Pinus peuce forests in Bulgaria 2007 Avocetta
Vol. 31, pp. 53-60 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nikolov07b,
  author = {Nikolov, S. C.},
  title = {Density and community structure of breeding birds in Macedonian pine Pinus peuce forests in Bulgaria},
  journal = {Avocetta},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {53--60}
}
Nikolov, S.C. and Spasov, S. Frequency, density and numbers of some breeding birds in the south part of Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria) 2005 Acrocephalus
Vol. 26, pp. 23-31 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nikolov05,
  author = {Nikolov, S. C. and Spasov, S.},
  title = {Frequency, density and numbers of some breeding birds in the south part of Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria)},
  journal = {Acrocephalus},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {23--31}
}
Nikolov, S.C., Spasov, S. and Kambourova, N. Density, number and habitat use of Common Buzzard Buteo buteo wintering in the lowlands of Bulgaria 2006 Buteo
Vol. 15, pp. 39-47 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Nikolov06,
  author = {Nikolov, S. C. and Spasov, S. and Kambourova, N.},
  title = {Density, number and habitat use of Common Buzzard Buteo buteo wintering in the lowlands of Bulgaria},
  journal = {Buteo},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {39--47}
}
Noke Durden, W., Stolen, E.D. and Stolen, M.K. Abundance, distribution, and group composition of Indian river lagoon bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) 2011 Aquatic Mammals
Vol. 37, pp. 175-186 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{NokeDurden2011,
  author = {Noke Durden, W. and Stolen, E. D. and Stolen, M. K.},
  title = {Abundance, distribution, and group composition of Indian river lagoon bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)},
  journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {175--186},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.37.2.2011.175}
}
Norfolk, O., Power, A., Eichhorn, M.P. and Gilbert, F. Migratory bird species benefit from traditional agricultural gardens in arid South Sinai 2015 Journal of Arid Environments
Vol. 114(0), pp. 110-115 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Norfolk2015,
  author = {Norfolk, Olivia and Power, Andrew and Eichhorn, Markus P. and Gilbert, Francis},
  title = {Migratory bird species benefit from traditional agricultural gardens in arid South Sinai},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {114},
  number = {0},
  pages = {110--115},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.12.004}
}
Norris, D., Rocha-Mendes, F., Marques, R., de Almeida Nobre, R. and Galetti, M. Density and spatial distribution of buffy-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a continuous Atlantic Forest 2011 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 32(4), pp. 1-19 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Norris_2011,
  author = {Norris, Darren and Rocha-Mendes, Fabiana and Marques, Renato and de Almeida Nobre, Rodrigo and Galetti, Mauro},
  title = {Density and spatial distribution of buffy-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a continuous Atlantic Forest},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--19},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9503-1}
}
Norris, T.F., Dunleavy, K.J., Yack, T.M. and Ferguson, E.L. Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line-transect survey of the northern Mariana Islands 2017 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 33(2), pp. 574-592 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Norris2017,
  author = {Norris, Thomas F. and Dunleavy, Kerry J. and Yack, Tina M. and Ferguson, Elizabeth L.},
  title = {Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line-transect survey of the northern Mariana Islands},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {33},
  number = {2},
  pages = {574--592},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12397}
}
Norvell, R.E., Howe, F.P. and Parrish, J.R. A seven-year comparison of relative-abundance and distance-sampling methods 2003 The Auk
Vol. 120, pp. 1013-1028 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nor2003,
  author = {Norvell, R. E. and Howe, F. P. and Parrish, J. R.},
  title = {A seven-year comparison of relative-abundance and distance-sampling methods},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {1013--1028},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120%5B1013:ascora%5D2.0.co;2}
}
Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Lauriano, G., Pierantonio, N., Canadas, A., Donovan, G. and Panigada, S. The devil we don't know: investigating habitat and abundance of endangered giant devil rays in the north-western Mediterranean Sea 2015 PLoS ONE
Vol. 10(11), pp. e0141189 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{NotarbartolodiSciara2015,
  author = {Notarbartolo di Sciara, Giuseppe and Lauriano, Giancarlo and Pierantonio, Nino and Canadas, Ana and Donovan, Greg and Panigada, Simone},
  title = {The devil we don't know: investigating habitat and abundance of endangered giant devil rays in the north-western Mediterranean Sea},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {10},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e0141189},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141189}
}
Nussear, K.E. and Tracy, C.R. Can modeling improve estimation of desert tortoise population densities? 2007 Ecological Applications
Vol. 17, pp. 579-586 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nussear2007,
  author = {Nussear, K. E. and Tracy, C. R.},
  title = {Can modeling improve estimation of desert tortoise population densities?},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {579--586},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1970}
}
Nuttall, M.N., Griffin, O., Fewster, R.M., McGowan, P.J.K., Abernethy, K., O'Kelly, H., Nut, M., Sot, V. and Bunnefeld, N. Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia 2021 Conservation Science and Practice
Vol. 4(2), pp. e614 
article DOI  
Abstract: Long-term monitoring of biodiversity in protected areas (PAs) is critical to assess threats, link conservation action to species outcomes, and facilitate improved management. Yet, rigorous longitudinal monitoring within PAs is rare. In Southeast Asia (SEA), there is a paucity of long-term wildlife monitoring within PAs, and many threatened species lack population estimates from anywhere in their range, making global assessments difficult. Here, we present new abundance estimates and population trends for 11 species between 2010 and 2020, and spatial distributions for 7 species, based on long-term line transect distance sampling surveys in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary in Cambodia. These represent the first robust population estimates for four threatened species from anywhere in their range and are among the first long-term wildlife population trend analyses from the entire SEA region. Our study revealed that arboreal primates and green peafowl (Pavo muticus) generally had either stable or increasing population trends, whereas ungulates and semiarboreal primates generally had declining trends. These results suggest that ground-based threats, such as snares and domestic dogs, are having serious negative effects on terrestrial species. These findings have important conservation implications for PAs across SEA that face similar threats yet lack reliable monitoring data.
BibTeX:
@article{Nuttall2021,
  author = {Matthew N. Nuttall and Olly Griffin and Rachel M. Fewster and Philip J. K. McGowan and Katharine Abernethy and Hannah O'Kelly and Menghor Nut and Vandoeun Sot and Nils Bunnefeld},
  title = {Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia},
  journal = {Conservation Science and Practice},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e614},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.614}
}
Nuuttila, H.K., Brundiers, K., Dähne, M., Koblitz, J.C., Thomas, L., Courtene-Jones, W., Evans, P.G.H., Turner, J.R., Bennell, J.D. and Hiddink, J.G. Estimating effective detection area of static passive acoustic data loggers from playback experiments with cetacean vocalisations 2018 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 9(12), pp. 2362-2371 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Nuuttila2018,
  author = {Nuuttila, Hanna K. and Brundiers, Katharina and Dähne, Michael and Koblitz, Jens C. and Thomas, Len and Courtene-Jones, Winnie and Evans, Peter G. H. and Turner, John R. and Bennell, Jim D. and Hiddink, Jan G.},
  title = {Estimating effective detection area of static passive acoustic data loggers from playback experiments with cetacean vocalisations},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {9},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2362--2371},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13097}
}
Nuuttila, H.K., Thomas, L., Hiddink, J.G., Meier, R., Turner, J.R., Bennell, J.D., Tregenza, N.J.C. and Evans, P.G.H. Acoustic detection probability of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, with static acoustic dataloggers in Cardigan Bay, Wales 2013 The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 134(3), pp. 2596-2609 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{nuuttila:2596,
  author = {Nuuttila, Hanna K. and Thomas, Len and Hiddink, Jan G. and Meier, Rhiannon and Turner, John R. and Bennell, James D. and Tregenza, Nick J. C. and Evans, Peter G. H.},
  title = {Acoustic detection probability of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, with static acoustic dataloggers in Cardigan Bay, Wales},
  journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  publisher = {ASA},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {134},
  number = {3},
  pages = {2596--2609},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4816586}
}
O'Brien, O., Pendleton, D.E., Ganley, L.C., McKenna, K.R., Kenney, R.D., Quintana-Rizzo, E., Mayo, C.A., Kraus, S.D. and Redfern, J.V. Repatriation of a Historical North Atlantic Right Whale Habitat during an Era of Rapid Climate Change 2022 Scientific Reports
Vol. 12(1), pp. 12407 
article DOI  
Abstract: Climate change is affecting species distributions in space and time. In the Gulf of Maine, one of the fastest-warming marine regions on Earth, rapid warming has caused prey-related changes in the distribution of the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Concurrently, right whales have returned to historically important areas such as southern New England shelf waters, an area known to have been a whaling ground. We compared aerial survey data from two time periods (2013– 2015; 2017– 2019) to assess trends in right whale abundance in the region during winter and spring. Using distance sampling techniques, we chose a hazard rate key function to model right whale detections and used seasonal encounter rates to estimate abundance. The mean log of abundance increased by 1.40 annually between 2013 and 2019 (p,=,0.004), and the mean number of individuals detected per year increased by 2.23 annually between 2013 and 2019 (R2,=,0.69, p,=,0.001). These results demonstrate the current importance of this habitat and suggest that management options must continually evolve as right whales repatriate historical habitats and potentially expand to new habitats as they adapt to climate change.
BibTeX:
@article{OBrien2022,
  author = {O'Brien, O. and Pendleton, D. E. and Ganley, L. C. and McKenna, K. R. and Kenney, R. D. and Quintana-Rizzo, E. and Mayo, C. A. and Kraus, S. D. and Redfern, J. V.},
  title = {Repatriation of a Historical North Atlantic Right Whale Habitat during an Era of Rapid Climate Change},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12407},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16200-8}
}
O'Connell, V.M. and Carlile, D.W. Habitat-specific density of adult yelloweye rockfish SebastesRuberrimuss in the eastern Gulf of Alaska 1993 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 91, pp. 304-309 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{OcoCar93,
  author = {O'Connell, V. M. and Carlile, D. W.},
  title = {Habitat-specific density of adult yelloweye rockfish SebastesRuberrimuss in the eastern Gulf of Alaska},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {91},
  pages = {304--309}
}
O'Connell, V.M., Carlile, D.W. and Wakefield, W.W. Using line transects and habitat-based assessment techniques to estimate the density of yelloweye rockfish (scorpaenidae: sebastes) in the eastern Gulf of Alaska 1998 (CM1998/O:56)School: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{O’Connell1998,
  author = {O'Connell, V. M. and Carlile, D. W. and Wakefield, W. W.},
  title = {Using line transects and habitat-based assessment techniques to estimate the density of yelloweye rockfish (scorpaenidae: sebastes) in the eastern Gulf of Alaska},
  school = {International Council for the Exploration of the Sea},
  year = {1998},
  number = {CM1998/O:56}
}
O'Donnell, K.M. and Semlitsch, R.D. Advancing terrestrial salamander population ecology: the central role of imperfect detection 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 533-540 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ODonnell2015,
  author = {O'Donnell, Katherine M. and Semlitsch, Raymond D.},
  title = {Advancing terrestrial salamander population ecology: the central role of imperfect detection},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {533--540},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/14-100}
}
O'Meara, T.E. A field test of two density estimators for transect data 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 193-196  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ome81,
  author = {O'Meara, T. E.},
  title = {A field test of two density estimators for transect data},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {193--196}
}
Obbard, M.E., Stapleton, S., Middel, K.R., Thibault, I., Brodeur, V. and Jutras, C. Estimating the abundance of the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear subpopulation with aerial surveys 2015 Polar Biology
Vol. 38, pp. 1713-1725 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Obbard2015,
  author = {Obbard, Martyn E. and Stapleton, Seth and Middel, Kevin R. and Thibault, Isabelle and Brodeur, Vincent and Jutras, Charles},
  title = {Estimating the abundance of the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear subpopulation with aerial surveys},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {1713--1725},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1737-5}
}
Oedekoven, C.S. Mixed effect models in distance sampling 2013 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{OedekovenPhD,
  author = {Oedekoven, Cornelia S.},
  title = {Mixed effect models in distance sampling},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2013}
}
Oedekoven, C.S., Buckland, S.T., Mackenzie, M.L., Evans, K.O. and Burger, L.W. Improving distance sampling: accounting for covariates and non-independency between sampled sites 2013 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 50, pp. 786-793 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Oedekoven2013,
  author = {Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Mackenzie, Monique L. and Evans, Kristine O. and Burger, Loren W.},
  title = {Improving distance sampling: accounting for covariates and non-independency between sampled sites},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {786--793},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12065}
}
Oedekoven, C.S., Buckland, S.T., Mackenzie, M.L., King, R., Evans, K.O. and Burger, L.W. Bayesian methods for hierarchical distance sampling models 2014 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 19, pp. 219-239 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Oedekoven2014,
  author = {Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Mackenzie, Monique L. and King, Ruth and Evans, Kristine O. and Burger, Loren W.},
  title = {Bayesian methods for hierarchical distance sampling models},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {219--239},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-014-0167-0}
}
Oedekoven, C.S., Laake, J.L. and Skaug, H.J. Distance sampling with a random scale detection function 2015 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 22(4), pp. 725-737 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Oedekovensubmitted,
  author = {Oedekoven, C. S. and Laake, J. L. and Skaug, H. J.},
  title = {Distance sampling with a random scale detection function},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {725--737},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-015-0316-9}
}
Oedekoven, C.S., Marques, T.A., Harris, D., Thomas, L., Thode, A.M., Blackwell, S.B., Conrad, A.S. and Kim, K.H. A Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Call Densities of Migrating Bowhead Whales Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring 2021 Environmental and Ecological Statistics  article DOI  
Abstract: Various methods for estimating animal density from visual data, including distance sampling (DS) and spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR), have recently been adapted for estimating call density using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data, e.g., recordings of animal calls. Here we summarize three methods available for passive acoustic density estimation: plot sampling, DS, and SECR. The first two require distances from the sensors to calling animals (which are obtained by triangulating calls matched among sensors), but SECR only requires matching (not localizing) calls among sensors. We compare via simulation what biases can arise when assumptions underlying these methods are violated. We use insights gleaned from the simulation to compare the performance of the methods when applied to a case study: bowhead whale call data collected from arrays of directional acoustic sensors at five sites in the Beaufort Sea during the fall migration 2007– 2014. Call detections were manually extracted from the recordings by human observers simultaneously scanning spectrograms of recordings from a given site. The large discrepancies between estimates derived using SECR and the other two methods were likely caused primarily by the manual detection procedure leading to non-independent detections among sensors, while errors in estimated distances between detected calls and sensors also contributed to the observed patterns. Our study is among the first to provide a direct comparison of the three methods applied to PAM data and highlights the importance that all assumptions of an analysis method need to be met for correct inference.
BibTeX:
@article{Oedekoven2021,
  author = {Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Marques, Tiago A. and Harris, Danielle and Thomas, Len and Thode, Aaron M. and Blackwell, Susanna B. and Conrad, Alexander S. and Kim, Katherine H.},
  title = {A Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Call Densities of Migrating Bowhead Whales Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-021-00506-3}
}
Ogutu, J.O., Bhola, N. and Reid, R. The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya 2005 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 265(3), pp. 281-293 
article DOI  
Abstract: The overlap of large carnivores, livestock and people can engender conflicts that often threaten the future viability of carnivore populations in the pastoral systems of Africa. A playback survey of lions Panthera leo, spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta and black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas and a transect count of wild herbivores was conducted in the Maasai Mara National Reserve and adjoining pastoral ranches to assess the effect of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores in June 2003. Reliability of the prey counts depended on an assumption of similar observability between the protected and pastoral areas, which we assessed using distance sampling in November 2003 and computer simulations and determined to be similar. Estimates of wild prey biomass density was 2.6 times higher in the ranches (14212 kg/km2) than in the reserve (5472 kg/km2) during this wet season count. Apparent hyena density estimates were 1.3 times higher in the ranches (0.561 hyenas/km2) than in the reserve (0.404 hyenas/km 2), in correspondence with the regional pattern of prey density. This distribution of hyenas is biased towards the reserve, if it is dependent on prey density. Estimates of apparent jackal density were similar in both areas whereas lion density was anomalously 8.0 times lower in the ranches (0.046 lions/km2) than in the reserve (0.369 lions/km2). Lion and hyena densities and prey biomass did not differ between June 1991 (5172.273 kg/km2) and June 2003 (5472 kg/km2) in the reserve, but jackal density increased in the same period. Lions never responded to playbacks in the ranches, so the potential shift in lion behavioural response for different land use zones is another potential explanation for the patterns found here. We think a real shift in lion populations is a better explanation than a behavioural change in relation to playbacks based on additional data from independent systematic and intensive censuses and playback surveys conducted in the ranches. Lion populations in the pastoral ranches seemed headed for extinction, probably owing to conflicts with pastoralism, necessitating urgent conservation interventions that integrate pastoral economic welfare with large carnivore conservation goals to foster long-term viability of lion populations in the pastoral systems. textcopyright 2005 The Zoological Society of London.
BibTeX:
@article{Ogutu2005,
  author = {Ogutu, J. O. and Bhola, N. and Reid, R.},
  title = {The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {265},
  number = {3},
  pages = {281--293},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904006302}
}
Okamura, H., Kitakado, T., Hiramatsu, K. and Mori, M. Abundance estimation of diving animals by the double-platform line transect method 2003 Biometrics
Vol. 59, pp. 512-520 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Oka03,
  author = {Okamura, H. and Kitakado, T. and Hiramatsu, K. and Mori, M.},
  title = {Abundance estimation of diving animals by the double-platform line transect method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {512--520},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-0420.00061}
}
Okamura, H., Kitakado, T. and Mori, M. An improved method for line transect sampling in the Antarctic minke whale surveys 2005 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 7, pp. 97-106 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Okamura2005,
  author = {Okamura, H. and Kitakado, T. and Mori, M.},
  title = {An improved method for line transect sampling in the Antarctic minke whale surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {97--106}
}
Okamura, H., Minamikawa, S. and Kitakado, T. Effect of surfacing patterns on abundance estimates of long-diving animals 2006 Fisheries Science
Vol. 72, pp. 631-638 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Okamura2006,
  author = {Okamura, Hiroshi and Minamikawa, Shingo and Kitakado, Toshihide},
  title = {Effect of surfacing patterns on abundance estimates of long-diving animals},
  journal = {Fisheries Science},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {631--638},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01193.x}
}
Okamura, H., Minamikawa, S., Skaug, H.J. and Kishiro, T. Abundance estimation of long-diving animals using line transect methods 2012 Biometrics
Vol. 68(2), pp. 504-513 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{BIOM:BIOM1689,
  author = {Okamura, Hiroshi and Minamikawa, Shingo and Skaug, Hans J. and Kishiro, Toshiya},
  title = {Abundance estimation of long-diving animals using line transect methods},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  pages = {504--513},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01689.x}
}
Olawsky, C.D. and Smith, L.M. Lesser prairie-chicken densities on tebuthiuron-treated and untreated sand shinnery oak rangelands 1991 Journal of Range Management
Vol. 44, pp. 364-368 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{OlaSmi91,
  author = {Olawsky, C. D. and Smith, L. M.},
  title = {Lesser prairie-chicken densities on tebuthiuron-treated and untreated sand shinnery oak rangelands},
  journal = {Journal of Range Management},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {364--368},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4002400}
}
Oleson, E.M., Calambokidis, J., Barlow, J. and Hildebrand, J.A. Blue whale visual and acoustic encounter rates in the Southern California Bight 2007 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 23(3), pp. 574-597 
article DOI  
Abstract: The relationship between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) visual and acoustic encounter rates was quantitatively evaluated using hourly counts of detected whales during shipboard surveys off southern California. Encounter rates were estimated using temporal, geographic, and weather variables within a generalized additive model framework. Visual encounters (2.06 animals/h, CV = 0.10) varied with subregion, Julian day, time of day, and year. Acoustic encounters of whales producing pulsed A and tonal B call sequences (song; 0.65 animals/h, CV = 0.06) varied by Julian day, survey mode (transit or stationary), and subregion, and encounters of whales producing downswept (D) calls (0.41 animals/h, CV=0.09) varied by Julian day and the number of animals seen. Inclusion of Julian day in all models reflects the seasonal occurrence of blue whales off southern California; however, the seasonal peak in visual encounters and acoustic encounters of D calling whales (July– August) was offset from the peak in acoustic encounters of singing whales (August– September). The relationship between visual and acoustic encounter rates varied regionally, with significant differences in several northern regions. The number of whales heard D calling was positively related to the number of animals seen, whereas the number of singing whales was not related to visual encounter rate.
BibTeX:
@article{Oleson2007,
  author = {Oleson, Erin M. and Calambokidis, John and Barlow, Jay and Hildebrand, John A.},
  title = {Blue whale visual and acoustic encounter rates in the Southern California Bight},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {574--597},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.02303.x}
}
Oliveira, P., Jones, M., Caires, D. and Menezes, D. Population trends and status of the Madeira Laurel Pigeon Columba trocaz 1999 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 9(4), pp. 387-395 
article DOI  
Abstract: A survey was undertaken in 1995 to assess the conservation status of the Madeira Laurel Pigeon Columba trocaz, a threatened species endemic to the Island of Madeira. The first large scale survey was carried out 1986, following the cessation of legal hunting of the species, to provide a baseline for future monitoring of population changes. The current study therefore aims to (1) compare population size with those of 1986 and (2) employ distance sampling methods (not used in 1986) to obtain estimates of population density and size. Eighteen transects (13 repeated from the 1986 survey and five new) were conducted in the four main areas of laurel forest. Pigeon numbers had increased on nearly all transects but some of the highest increases, proportionately and often numerically, were in areas with lower numbers in 1986. We estimate the current population to be 10,400 individuals, a considerable increase since 1986, probably due to a ban on hunting. As laurel forest habitat is now very well protected the Madeira Laurel Pigeon is relatively safe from extinction.
BibTeX:
@article{Oliveira1999,
  author = {Oliveira, P. and Jones, M. and Caires, D. and Menezes, D.},
  title = {Population trends and status of the Madeira Laurel Pigeon Columba trocaz},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {387--395},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270900003543}
}
Olson, K.A., Fuller, T.K., Schaller, G.B., Odonkhuu, D. and Murray, M.G. Estimating the population density of Mongolian gazelles Procapra gutturosa by driving long-distance transects 2005 Oryx
Vol. 39(2), pp. 164-169 
article DOI  
Abstract: Despite a 75% reduction in the geographic range of Mongolian gazelles Procapra gutturosa over the past 50 years, the species is still recognized as the most numerous large grassland herbivore in Asia. Its actual population size, however, is still disputed, and we therefore estimated its numbers in an 80,000 km2 area in the eastern steppe of Mongolia by driving long-distance (1,200-1,400 km) transect surveys during spring and autumn 2000-2002. Quantitative estimates of gazelle numbers are essential for understanding the causes of changes in the population, and thus devising conservation strategies to assure its long-term viability. Observed herds ranged in size from 1-4,000; among surveys, median herd sizes varied from 14-42. Density estimates varied from 10.7 gazelles km-2 in spring to 11.5 gazelles km-2 in autumn, with total population estimates of 803,820 (483,790-1,330,100 95% confidence interval) and 870,625 (499,432-1,491,278 95% confidence interval), respectively. Confidence limits were wide, and to obtain a coefficient of variation of 20%, transect lengths would need to be extended three- to four-fold. Until more efficient means for conducting population surveys can be implemented, driving long-distance transects, combined with distance analysis, seem to provide the best quantitative estimate of Mongolian gazelle populations. textcopyright 2005 FFI.
BibTeX:
@article{Olson2005,
  author = {Olson, K. A. and Fuller, T. K. and Schaller, G. B. and Odonkhuu, D. and Murray, M. G.},
  title = {Estimating the population density of Mongolian gazelles Procapra gutturosa by driving long-distance transects},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {164--169},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605305000402}
}
Omoya, E.O., Mudumba, T., Buckland, S.T., Mulondo, P. and Plumptre, A.J. Estimating population sizes of lions Panthera leo and spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta in Uganda's savannah parks, using lure count methods 2013 Oryx
Vol. 48(3), pp. 394-401 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Omoya2014,
  author = {Edward Okot Omoya and Tutilo Mudumba and Stephen T. Buckland and Paul Mulondo and Andrew J. Plumptre},
  title = {Estimating population sizes of lions Panthera leo and spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta in Uganda's savannah parks, using lure count methods},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {48},
  number = {3},
  pages = {394--401},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000112}
}
Oppel, S. Using distance sampling to quantify Odonata density in tropical rainforests 2006 International Journal of Odonatology
Vol. 9, pp. 81-88 
article DOI  
Abstract: Quantitative data are essential for many aspects of ecological research. Several methods exist to quantify odonate abundance, but complications may arise when abundances in different habitats need to be compared. In this study, I explored a technique that can overcome the variable detectability of odonates in habitats with different visibility. Distance sampling is briefly introduced and the main assumptions are listed. I conducted line transect surveys using distance sampling protocol over several weeks in a rainforest locality in Papua New Guinea to assess the usefulness of distance sampling. The results suggested that estimates of encounter rate and density of odonates are substantially higher when distance sampling is employed. Density in habitats with poor visibility, like the forest interior, is severely underestimated by traditional sampling methods, and this can lead to a misclassification of habitats. Distance sampling is a very useful technique for quantitative odonate sampling, but the sampling effort required for precise estimates is very high. For the rainforest locality in this study at least 15 months of intensive sampling would be required. Further limitations of distance sampling are discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Oppel2006,
  author = {Oppel, Steffen},
  title = {Using distance sampling to quantify Odonata density in tropical rainforests},
  journal = {International Journal of Odonatology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {81--88},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2006.9748265}
}
Ortega, Y.K. and Capen, D.E. Roads as edges: effects on birds in forested landscapes 2002 Forest Science
Vol. 48, pp. 381-390 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{OrtCap02,
  author = {Ortega, Y. K. and Capen, D. E.},
  title = {Roads as edges: effects on birds in forested landscapes},
  journal = {Forest Science},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {381--390}
}
Ortega, Y.K. and Capen, D.E. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for ovenbirds in a forested landscape 1999 The Auk
Vol. 116(4), pp. 937-946 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ortega1999,
  author = {Ortega, Y. K. and Capen, D. E.},
  title = {Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for ovenbirds in a forested landscape},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {116},
  number = {4},
  pages = {937--946},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4089673}
}
Osborn, J.M., Hagy, H.M., Mcclanahan, M.D., Davis, J.B. and Gray, M.J. Habitat selection and activities of dabbling ducks during non-breeding periods 2017 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 81(8), pp. 1482-1493 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Osborn2017,
  author = {Joshua M. Osborn and Heath M. Hagy and Matthew D. Mcclanahan and J. Brian Davis and Matthew J. Gray},
  title = {Habitat selection and activities of dabbling ducks during non-breeding periods},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {81},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1482--1493},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21324}
}
Osmek, S., Calambokidis, J. and Laake, J.L. Abundance and distribution of porpoise and other marine mammals of the inside waters of Washington and British Columbia 1998 School: 1998 Puget Sound Research Conference  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Osmek1998,
  author = {Osmek, Steve and Calambokidis, John and Laake, Jeff L.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of porpoise and other marine mammals of the inside waters of Washington and British Columbia},
  school = {1998 Puget Sound Research Conference},
  year = {1998}
}
Otis, D.L., McDonald, L.L. and Evans, M.A. Parameter estimation in encounter sampling surveys 1993 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 57, pp. 543-548 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Otis1993,
  author = {Otis, David L. and McDonald, Lyman L. and Evans, Marc A.},
  title = {Parameter estimation in encounter sampling surveys},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {543--548},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809280}
}
Otten, A. and deVries , P.G. On line-transect estimates for population density, based on elliptic flushing curves 1984 Biometrics
Vol. 40, pp. 1145-1150 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ott84,
  author = {Otten, A. and deVries, P. G.},
  title = {On line-transect estimates for population density, based on elliptic flushing curves},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {1145--1150},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531167}
}
Otto, M.C. and Pollock, K.H. Size bias in line transect sampling: a field test 1990 Biometrics
Vol. 46, pp. 239-245 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{OTT90,
  author = {Otto, M. C. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {Size bias in line transect sampling: a field test},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {239--245},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531648}
}
Overton, W.S. and Davis, D.E. Estimating the number of animals in wildlife populations 1969 Wildlife Management Techniques, pp. 405-55  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{OveDav69,
  author = {Overton, W. S. and Davis, D. E.},
  title = {Estimating the number of animals in wildlife populations},
  booktitle = {Wildlife Management Techniques},
  publisher = {The Wildlife Society},
  year = {1969},
  pages = {405--55}
}
Owiunji, I. Changes in avian communities of Budongo Forest Reserve after 70 years of selective logging 2000 Ostrich
Vol. 71, pp. 216-219 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Owi00,
  author = {Owiunji, I.},
  title = {Changes in avian communities of Budongo Forest Reserve after 70 years of selective logging},
  journal = {Ostrich},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {216--219},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00306525.2000.9639916}
}
Owiunji, I. and Plumptre, A.J. Bird communities in logged and unlogged compartments in Budongo Forest, Uganda 1998 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 108, pp. 115-126 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{OwiPlu98,
  author = {Owiunji, I. and Plumptre, A. J.},
  title = {Bird communities in logged and unlogged compartments in Budongo Forest, Uganda},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {108},
  pages = {115--126},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00219-9}
}
Pacifici, K., Simons, T.R. and Pollock, K.H. Effects of vegetation and background noise on the detection process in auditory avian point-count surveys 2008 The Auk
Vol. 125(4), pp. 600-607 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pacifici2008,
  author = {Pacifici, K. and Simons, T. R. and Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {Effects of vegetation and background noise on the detection process in auditory avian point-count surveys},
  journal = {The Auk},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {125},
  number = {4},
  pages = {600--607},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.111008}
}
Pal, R., Bhattacharya, T., Qureshi, Q., Buckland, S.T. and Sathyakumar, S. Using Distance Sampling with Camera Traps to Estimate the Density of Group-Living and Solitary Mountain Ungulates 2021 Oryx
Vol. 55(5), pp. 668-676 
article DOI  
Abstract: Throughout the Himalaya, mountain ungulates are threatened by hunting for meat and body parts, habitat loss, and competition with livestock. Accurate population estimates are important for conservation management but most of the available methods to estimate ungulate densities are difficult to implement in mountainous terrain. Here, we tested the efficacy of the recent extension of the point transect method, using camera traps for estimating density of two mountain ungulates: the group-living Himalayan blue sheep or bharal Pseudois nayaur and the solitary Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster. We deployed camera traps in 2017– 2018 for the bharal (summer: 21 locations; winter: 25) in the trans-Himalayan region (3,000– 5,000 m) and in 2018– 2019 for the musk deer (summer: 30 locations; winter: 28) in subalpine habitats (2,500– 3,500 m) in the Upper Bhagirathi basin, Uttarakhand, India. Using distance sampling with camera traps, we estimated the bharal population to be 0.51 ± SE 0.1 individuals/km2 (CV = 0.31) in summer and 0.64 ± SE 0.2 individuals/km2 (CV = 0.37) in winter. For musk deer, the estimated density was 0.4 ± SE 0.1 individuals/km2 (CV = 0.34) in summer and 0.1 ± SE 0.05 individuals/km2 (CV = 0.48) in winter. The high variability in these estimates is probably a result of the topography of the landscape and the biology of the species. We discuss the potential application of distance sampling with camera traps to estimate the density of mountain ungulates in remote and rugged terrain, and the limitations of this method.
BibTeX:
@article{Pal2021,
  author = {Pal, Ranjana and Bhattacharya, Tapajit and Qureshi, Qamar and Buckland, Stephen T. and Sathyakumar, Sambandam},
  title = {Using Distance Sampling with Camera Traps to Estimate the Density of Group-Living and Solitary Mountain Ungulates},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {55},
  number = {5},
  pages = {668--676},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060532000071X}
}
Palka, D. Effects of Beaufort sea state on the sightability of harbor porpoises in the Gulf of Maine 1996 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 46, pp. 575-582 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Palka1996,
  author = {Palka, D.},
  title = {Effects of Beaufort sea state on the sightability of harbor porpoises in the Gulf of Maine},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {575--582}
}
Palka, D. Abundance estimate of the Gulf of Maine harbor porpoise 1995 Biology of the Phocoenids, pp. 27-50  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Pal95,
  author = {Palka, D.},
  title = {Abundance estimate of the Gulf of Maine harbor porpoise},
  booktitle = {Biology of the Phocoenids},
  publisher = {International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1995},
  pages = {27--50}
}
Palka, D. and Hammond, P.S. Accounting for responsive movement in line transect estimates of abundance 2001 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 58, pp. 777-787 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PalHam01,
  author = {Palka, D. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Accounting for responsive movement in line transect estimates of abundance},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {777--787},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f01-024}
}
Palka, D. and Pollard, J. Adaptive line transect survey for harbor porpoises 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 3-11  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{PalPol99,
  author = {Palka, D. and Pollard, J.},
  title = {Adaptive line transect survey for harbor porpoises},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {3--11}
}
Palka, D.L. Estimating density of animals when assumptions of line transect survey are violated 1993 School: University of California  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Pal93,
  author = {Palka, D. L.},
  title = {Estimating density of animals when assumptions of line transect survey are violated},
  school = {University of California},
  year = {1993}
}
Panigada, S., Lauriano, G., Donovan, G., Pierantonio, N., Cañadas, A., Vázquez, J.A. and Burt, L. Estimating cetacean density and abundance in the central and western Mediterranean Sea through aerial surveys: implications for management 2017 Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
Vol. 141, pp. 41-58 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Panigada2017,
  author = {Panigada, Simone and Lauriano, Giancarlo and Donovan, Greg and Pierantonio, Nino and Cañadas, Ana and Vázquez, JosÃtextcopyright Antonio and Burt, Louise},
  title = {Estimating cetacean density and abundance in the central and western Mediterranean Sea through aerial surveys: implications for management},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {41--58},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.018}
}
Parker, K.R. Density estimation by variable area transect 1979 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 43, pp. 484-492 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Par79,
  author = {Parker, K. R.},
  title = {Density estimation by variable area transect},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {484--492},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800359}
}
Parmenter, C.A., Yates, T.L., Parmenter, R.R. and Dunnum, J.L. Statistical sensitivity for detection of spatial and temporal patterns in rodent population densities 1999 Emerging Infectious Diseases
Vol. 5, pp. 118-125 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Parmenter1999,
  author = {Parmenter, Cheryl A. and Yates, Terry L. and Parmenter, Robert R. and Dunnum, Jonathan L.},
  title = {Statistical sensitivity for detection of spatial and temporal patterns in rodent population densities},
  journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {118--125},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0501.990114}
}
Parmenter, R.R., MacMahon, J.A. and Anderson, D.R. Animal density estimation using a trapping web design: field validation exteriments 1989 Ecology
Vol. 70, pp. 169-179 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Paretal89,
  author = {Parmenter, R. R. and MacMahon, J. A. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Animal density estimation using a trapping web design: field validation exteriments},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {169--179},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1938424}
}
Parmenter, R.R., Yates, T.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Dunnum, J.L., Franklin, A.B., Friggens, M.T., Lubow, B.C., Miller, M., Olson, G.S., Parmenter, C.A., Pollard, J., Rexstad, E., Shenk, T.M., Stanley, T.R. and White, G.C. Small-mammal density estimation: a field comparison of grid-based versus web-based density estimators 2003 Ecological Monographs
Vol. 73, pp. 1-26 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Paretal03,
  author = {Parmenter, R. R. and Yates, T. L. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Dunnum, J. L. and Franklin, A. B. and Friggens, M. T. and Lubow, B. C. and Miller, M. and Olson, G. S. and Parmenter, C. A. and Pollard, J. and Rexstad, E. and Shenk, T. M. and Stanley, T. R. and White, G. C.},
  title = {Small-mammal density estimation: a field comparison of grid-based versus web-based density estimators},
  journal = {Ecological Monographs},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {1--26},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073%5B0001:SMDEAF%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Parrott, D., Prickett, A., Pietravalle, S., Etherington, T. and Fletcher, M. Estimates of regional population densities of badger Meles meles, fox Vulpes vulpes and hare Lepus europaeus; using walked distance sampling 2011 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 58(1), pp. 23-33 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10344-011-0536-8,
  author = {Parrott, Dave and Prickett, Anthony and Pietravalle, Stephane and Etherington, Thomas and Fletcher, Mark},
  title = {Estimates of regional population densities of badger Meles meles, fox Vulpes vulpes and hare Lepus europaeus; using walked distance sampling},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--33},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0536-8}
}
Patil, G.P., Taillie, C. and Wigley, R.L. Transect sampling methods and their application to deep-sea red crab 1979 Environmental Biomonitoring, Assessment, Prediction, and Management — Certain Case Studies and Related Quantitative Issues, pp. 51-75  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Patetal79b,
  author = {Patil, G. P. and Taillie, C. and Wigley, R. L.},
  title = {Transect sampling methods and their application to deep-sea red crab},
  booktitle = {Environmental Biomonitoring, Assessment, Prediction, and Management — Certain Case Studies and Related Quantitative Issues},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {51--75}
}
Patil, S.A., Burnham, K.P. and Kovner, J.L. Nonparametric estimation of plant density by the distance method 1979 Biometrics
Vol. 35, pp. 597-604 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Patetal79,
  author = {Patil, S. A. and Burnham, K. P. and Kovner, J. L.},
  title = {Nonparametric estimation of plant density by the distance method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {597--604},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530250}
}
Patil, S.A., Kovner, J.L. and Burnham, K.P. Optimum nonparametric estimation of population density based on ordered distances 1982 Biometrics
Vol. 38, pp. 243-248 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pateyal82,
  author = {Patil, S. A. and Kovner, J. L. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {Optimum nonparametric estimation of population density based on ordered distances},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {243--248},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530307}
}
Patil, S.G. Weighted distributions 2002
Vol. IVEncyclopedia of Environmetrics, pp. 2369-2377 
incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Patil2002,
  author = {Patil, S. G.},
  title = {Weighted distributions},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmetrics},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {IV},
  pages = {2369--2377}
}
Pavanato, H.J., Melo-Santos, G., Lima, D.S., Portocarrero-Aya, M., Paschoalini, M., Mosquera, F., Trujillo, F., Meneses, R., Marmontel, M. and Maretti, C. Risks of dam construction for South American river dolphins: a case study of the Tapajós River 2016 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 31, pp. 47--60 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pavanato2016,
  author = {Pavanato, Heloise J. and Melo-Santos, Gabriel and Lima, Danielle S. and Portocarrero-Aya, Marcela and Paschoalini, Mariana and Mosquera, Federico and Trujillo, Fernando and Meneses, Rafael and Marmontel, Miriam and Maretti, Cláudio},
  title = {Risks of dam construction for South American river dolphins: a case study of the Tapajós River},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {47---60},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00751}
}
Pavanato, H.J., Wedekin, L.L., Guilherme-Silveira, F.R., Engel, M.H. and Kinas, P.G. Estimating humpback whale abundance using hierarchical distance sampling 2017 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 358, pp. 10-18 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pavanato2017,
  author = {Pavanato, Heloise J. and Wedekin, Leonardo L. and Guilherme-Silveira, Fernando R. and Engel, Márcia H. and Kinas, Paul G.},
  title = {Estimating humpback whale abundance using hierarchical distance sampling},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {358},
  pages = {10--18},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.05.003}
}
Peak, R.G. A field test of the distance sampling method using golden-cheeked warblers 2011 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 82(3), pp. 311-319 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JOFO:JOFO334,
  author = {Peak, Rebecca G.},
  title = {A field test of the distance sampling method using golden-cheeked warblers},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {82},
  number = {3},
  pages = {311--319},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00334.x}
}
Peel, M.J.S. and Bothma, J.D. Comparison of the accuracy of four methods commonly used to count impala 1995 South African Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 25, pp. 41-43 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{PeeBot95,
  author = {Peel, M. J. S. and Bothma, J. D.},
  title = {Comparison of the accuracy of four methods commonly used to count impala},
  journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {41--43}
}
Pejchar, L., Gallo, T., Hooten, M.B. and Daily, G.C. Predicting effects of large-scale reforestation on native and exotic birds 2018 Diversity and Distributions
Vol. 24(6), pp. 811-819 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pejchar2018,
  author = {Pejchar, Liba and Gallo, Travis and Hooten, Mevin B. and Daily, Gretchen C.},
  title = {Predicting effects of large-scale reforestation on native and exotic birds},
  journal = {Diversity and Distributions},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {24},
  number = {6},
  pages = {811--819},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12723}
}
Pelletier, L. and Krebs, C.J. Line transect sampling for estimating ptarmigan (Lagopus spp) density 1997 Canadian Journal of Zoology
Vol. 75, pp. 1185-1192 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PelKre97,
  author = {Pelletier, L. and Krebs, C. J.},
  title = {Line transect sampling for estimating ptarmigan (Lagopus spp) density},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {1185--1192},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/z97-141}
}
Peres, C.A. General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest primates 2001 Neotropical Primates
Vol. 7, pp. 11-16 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Peres2001,
  author = {Peres, C. A.},
  title = {General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest primates},
  journal = {Neotropical Primates},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {11--16}
}
Peres, C.A. Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests 2000 Conservation Biology
Vol. 14, pp. 240-253 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Per00,
  author = {Peres, C. A.},
  title = {Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {240--253},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98485.x}
}
Peres, C.A. Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests 1997 Journal of Tropical Ecology
Vol. 13, pp. 381-405 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Per97b,
  author = {Peres, C. A.},
  title = {Primate community structure at twenty western Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests},
  journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {381--405},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400010580}
}
Peres, C.A. Evaluating the sustainability of subsistence hunting in tropical forests 1997 (GEC 97-22)School: Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Peres1997,
  author = {Peres, Carlos A.},
  title = {Evaluating the sustainability of subsistence hunting in tropical forests},
  school = {Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment},
  year = {1997},
  number = {GEC 97-22}
}
Peres, C.A. Effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities in neotropical forests: a case study of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) 1997 Folia Primatologica
Vol. 68, pp. 199-222 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Per97,
  author = {Peres, C. A.},
  title = {Effects of habitat quality and hunting pressure on arboreal folivore densities in neotropical forests: a case study of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.)},
  journal = {Folia Primatologica},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {199--222},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000157247}
}
Peres, C.A. Population status of white-lipped Tayassu pecari and collared peccaries T. tajacu in hunted and unhunted Amazonian forests 1996 Biological Conservation
Vol. 77, pp. 115-123 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Per96,
  author = {Peres, C. A.},
  title = {Population status of white-lipped Tayassu pecari and collared peccaries T. tajacu in hunted and unhunted Amazonian forests},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {115--123},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(96)00010-9}
}
Pérez, J.M., Granados, J.E. and Soriguer, R.C. Population dynamic of the Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada Natural Park (southern Spain) 1994 Acta Theriologica
Vol. 39, pp. 289-94 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Peretal94,
  author = {Pérez, J. M. and Granados, J. E. and Soriguer, R. C.},
  title = {Population dynamic of the Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada Natural Park (southern Spain)},
  journal = {Acta Theriologica},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {289--94},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.94-32}
}
Pérez, J.M., Granados, J.E., Soriguers, R.C., Fandos, P., Marquez, F.J. and Crampe, J.P. Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica (mammalia: artiodactyla) 2002 Mammal Review
Vol. 32(1), pp. 26-39 
article DOI  
Abstract: In this paper, the distribution and status of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), are revised. The whole Iberian population numbers nearly 50 000, distributed in more than 50 nuclei, and has generally increased during the last decades. Nevertheless, within this wider context, different conditions apply to different populations, including recent extinction (the Pyrenean population), recovery from recent severe epizooty of sarcoptic mange (e.g. the Sierras de Cazorla and Segura y Las Villas range population) and populations at high densities (e.g. Gredos mountain range and Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park, among others). The main factors affecting the conservation of this species are also reported and discussed. On the basis of current information we propose the status of 'vulnerable' for the Spanish Ibex.
BibTeX:
@article{Peretal02,
  author = {Pérez, J. M. and Granados, J. E. and Soriguers, R. C. and Fandos, P. and Marquez, F. J. and Crampe, J. P.},
  title = {Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica (mammalia: artiodactyla)},
  journal = {Mammal Review},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {26--39},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.x}
}
Pérez, J.M., Serrano, E., Alpizar-Jara, R., Granados, J.E. and Soriguer, R.C. The potential of distance sampling methods to estimate abundance of mountain ungulates: review of usefulness and limitations 2002 Pirineos
Vol. 157, pp. 15-23 
article DOI  
Abstract: Accurate assesment of the populations of mountain ungulates is difficult. Topography and behaviour of animals are important factors influencing detectability, on which direct methods are based. Sympathry with other wild and domestic ungulates increases error of dung identification. Other factors, such as the size of the area to be surveyed, or unmarked populations of the target species, suggests the choice of curvilinear transects. If the basic assumptions of Distance Sampling methodology are met, then estimates of population density and accuracy can be obtained. Current technology (GPS, laser rangefinders, and G.I.S.) can be used to achieve accurate measurements of distances and angles. A crucial problem is to estimate the effective area sampled around each travelling path. Therefore, researchers and managers of mountain ungulates need an adaptation of Distance Sampling methodology to account for a tridimensional scenario imposed by the slope of mountains. There is also a requirement to standardize protocols for collecting data. Alternatives for design surveys and collection data when working with populations of mountain ungulates are discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Peretal02b,
  author = {Pérez, J. M. and Serrano, E. and Alpizar-Jara, R. and Granados, J. E. and Soriguer, R. C.},
  title = {The potential of distance sampling methods to estimate abundance of mountain ungulates: review of usefulness and limitations},
  journal = {Pirineos},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {157},
  pages = {15--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2002.v157.57}
}
Peschko, V., Ronnenberg, K., Siebert, U. and Gilles, A. Trends of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) density in the southern north sea 2016 Ecological Indicators
Vol. 60, pp. 174-183 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abstract In the southern North Sea, harbour porpoise occurrence increased in recent years after a phase of low abundances during earlier decades. Only very few studies on porpoise presence in the southern German North Sea exist so far. As anthropogenic activities will strongly increase in this part of the North Sea during the next years it is most important to assess population level effects. This study focuses on the analysis of temporal and spatial trends in porpoise density in this area of recent change. Dedicated aerial line-transect distance sampling surveys were conducted in the southern German North Sea between May 2002 and June 2013 to assess porpoise density and distribution. Statistical inferences on porpoise population trends were made using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique. Two approaches were chosen to test for a trend in porpoise density and an additional model focused on the change in density of calves. During 55,820 km of survey effort 4377 porpoises including 140 calves were recorded. A significant effect of increasing spatial aggregation from the lower density areas in the south-eastern German Bight to hot spot areas in the western parts was detected. For the western part of the study area a significant increase in porpoise density between 2002 and 2013 was detected. Seasons were significantly different with highest porpoise density in spring and successively decreasing densities in summer and autumn. From 2008 onwards high densities were also observed in summer. Calf density increased during the study period and was significantly higher in the west. On the basis of this extensive and unique data set on porpoise occurrence in the southern German North Sea the findings clearly show that especially the south-western German North Sea serves as habitat of increasing importance for porpoises throughout the last decade. Definite reasons still remain unresolved. Changes in prey abundance or less favourable conditions in other areas could be important factors, which may also have caused a southward shift from high density areas in northern waters. On this baseline, further integrative approaches might lead to a sound understanding of the effect of anthropogenic activities on the future development of porpoise populations.
BibTeX:
@article{Peschko2016174,
  author = {Peschko, Verena and Ronnenberg, Katrin and Siebert, Ursula and Gilles, Anita},
  title = {Trends of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) density in the southern north sea},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {174--183},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.030}
}
Peterhofs, E. and Priednieks, J. Problems in applying the line-transect method without repeated counts when the breeding season is long 1989 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 26, pp. 181-184 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{PetPri89,
  author = {Peterhofs, E. and Priednieks, J.},
  title = {Problems in applying the line-transect method without repeated counts when the breeding season is long},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {181--184}
}
Petersen, I.K., Christensen, T.K., Kahlert, J., Desholm, M. and Fox, A.D. Final results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark 2006 School: National Environmental Research Institute Report  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Petersen2006,
  author = {Petersen, Ib Krag and Christensen, Thomas Kjaer and Kahlert, Johnny and Desholm, Mark and Fox, Anthony D.},
  title = {Final results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark},
  school = {National Environmental Research Institute Report},
  year = {2006}
}
Petersen, I.K., MacKenzie, M.L., Rexstad, E., Wisz, M.S. and Fox, A.D. Comparing pre- and post-construction distributions of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis in and around the Nysted offshore wind farm, Denmark: a quasi-designed experiment accounting for imperfect detection, local surface features and autocorrelation 2011 (2011-1)School: CREEM  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Petersen2011,
  author = {Petersen, Ib Krag and MacKenzie, Monique Lea and Rexstad, Eric and Wisz, Mary S. and Fox, Anthony D.},
  title = {Comparing pre- and post-construction distributions of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis in and around the Nysted offshore wind farm, Denmark: a quasi-designed experiment accounting for imperfect detection, local surface features and autocorrelation},
  school = {CREEM},
  year = {2011},
  number = {2011-1}
}
Philibert, H., Wobeser, G. and Clark, R.G. Counting dead birds — examination of methods 1993 Journal of Wildlife Diseases
Vol. 29, pp. 284-289 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Phietal93,
  author = {Philibert, H. and Wobeser, G. and Clark, R. G.},
  title = {Counting dead birds — examination of methods},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {284--289},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.2.284}
}
Pierce, B.L. A non-linear spotlight line transect method for estimating white-tailed deer population densities 2000 School: Southwest Texas State University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Pie00,
  author = {Pierce, B. L.},
  title = {A non-linear spotlight line transect method for estimating white-tailed deer population densities},
  school = {Southwest Texas State University},
  year = {2000}
}
Pikacha, P., Filardi, C., Morrison, C. and Leung, L. Factors affecting frog density in the Solomon Islands 2016 Pacific Conservation Biology
Vol. 22, pp. 223-235 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pikacha2016,
  author = {Pikacha, Patrick and Filardi, Chris and Morrison, Clare and Leung, Luke},
  title = {Factors affecting frog density in the Solomon Islands},
  journal = {Pacific Conservation Biology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {223--235},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/PC14927}
}
Pike, D.G., Gunnlaugsson, T., Víkingsson, G.A., Desportes, G. and Bloch, D. Estimates of the abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Faroese and Icelandic NASS shipboard surveys 2009 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 7, pp. 81-93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pike2009,
  author = {Pike, D. G. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Víkingsson, G. A. and Desportes, G. and Bloch, D.},
  title = {Estimates of the abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) from Faroese and Icelandic NASS shipboard surveys},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {81--93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2707}
}
Pike, D.G., Paxton, C.G.M., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Víkingsson, G.A. Trends in the distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986-2001 2009 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 7(SC/12/11), pp. 117-142 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pike,
  author = {Pike, D. G. and Paxton, C. G. M. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Víkingsson, G. A.},
  title = {Trends in the distribution and abundance of cetaceans from aerial surveys in Icelandic coastal waters, 1986-2001},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  publisher = {NAMMCO},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  number = {SC/12/11},
  pages = {117--142},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2710}
}
Pike, D.G., Víkingsson, G.A., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Øien, N. A note on the distribution and abundance of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Central and Northeast North Atlantic 2009 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 7, pp. 19-29 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pike2009a,
  author = {Pike, D. G. and Víkingsson, G. A. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Øien, N.},
  title = {A note on the distribution and abundance of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Central and Northeast North Atlantic},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {19--29},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2703}
}
Pinder, L. Marsh deer BlastocerusDichotomuss population estimate in the Parana River, Brazil 1996 Biological Conservation
Vol. 75, pp. 87-91 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pin96,
  author = {Pinder, L.},
  title = {Marsh deer BlastocerusDichotomuss population estimate in the Parana River, Brazil},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {87--91},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00033-X}
}
Pink, M., Pratt, T.C. and Fox, M.G. Use of underwater visual distance sampling for estimating habitat-specific population density 2007 North American Journal of Fisheries Management
Vol. 27, pp. 246-255 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pink2007,
  author = {Pink, M. and Pratt, T. C. and Fox, M. G.},
  title = {Use of underwater visual distance sampling for estimating habitat-specific population density},
  journal = {North American Journal of Fisheries Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {246--255},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-004.1}
}
Pinkowski, B. Performance of Fourier series in line transect simulations 1990 Simulation
Vol. 54, pp. 211-212 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pin90,
  author = {Pinkowski, B.},
  title = {Performance of Fourier series in line transect simulations},
  journal = {Simulation},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {211--212},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/003754979005400405}
}
Plumb, R.E., Knopf, F.L. and Anderson, S.H. Minimum population size of mountain plovers breeding in Wyoming 2005 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 117(1), pp. 15-22 
article DOI  
Abstract: As human disturbance of natural landscapes increases, so does the need for information on declining, threatened, and potentially threatened native species. Proposed listing of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1999 was found unwarranted in 2003, but this species remains of special concern to management agencies and conservation groups. Whereas large concentrations of breeding Mountain Plovers occur in Montana and Colorado, estimates of the numbers of Mountain Plovers in Wyoming have ranged from only 500 to 1,500 individuals and are based largely on conjecture. In 2002, we visited all known breeding locales in the state to define areas of concentrated sightings in the Laramie, Shirley, Washakie, Great Divide, and Big Horn basins. In 2003, we used distance sampling to estimate breeding bird densities in these five areas. We pooled these estimates and applied the resulting density to a minimum occupied range for the Mountain Plover based on the documented sightings and a previously derived home-range size of 56.6 ha ± 21.5 (SD) to generate a minimum population estimate for the state. Average Mountain Plover density was 4.47 ± 0.55 (SE) birds/km2. We calculated a minimum population estimate of 3,393 birds for Wyoming. The Mountain Plover population breeding in Wyoming appears to contribute substantially to a revised continental population estimate of 11,000 to 14,000 birds. Our approach may have applications to quantifying minimum population status of other uncommon species or species of special conservation concern using current database records, such as those compiled in Natural Heritage Programs at the state level.
BibTeX:
@article{Plumb2005,
  author = {Plumb, R. E. and Knopf, F. L. and Anderson, S. H.},
  title = {Minimum population size of mountain plovers breeding in Wyoming},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {117},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15--22},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1676/04-008}
}
Plumptre, A.J. Monitoring mammal populations with line transect techniques in African forests 2000 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 37, pp. 356-368 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Plu00,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J.},
  title = {Monitoring mammal populations with line transect techniques in African forests},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {356--368},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00499.x}
}
Plumptre, A.J. and Cox, D. Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda 2006 Primates
Vol. 47, pp. 65-73 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Plumptre2006,
  author = {Plumptre, Andrew J. and Cox, Debby},
  title = {Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda},
  journal = {Primates},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {65--73},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-005-0146-8}
}
Plumptre, A.J. and Harris, S. Estimating the biomass of large mammalian herbivores in a tropical montane forest — a method of fecal counting that avoids assuming a steady-state system 1995 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 32, pp. 111-120 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PluHar95,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J. and Harris, S.},
  title = {Estimating the biomass of large mammalian herbivores in a tropical montane forest — a method of fecal counting that avoids assuming a steady-state system},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {111--120},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2404420}
}
Plumptre, A.J. and Reynolds, V. Nesting behavior of chimpanzees: implications for censuses 1997 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 18, pp. 475-485 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PlyRey97,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J. and Reynolds, V.},
  title = {Nesting behavior of chimpanzees: implications for censuses},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {475--485},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026302920674}
}
Plumptre, A.J. and Reynolds, V. Censusing chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda 1996 International Journal of Primatology
Vol. 17, pp. 85-99 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PluRey96,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J. and Reynolds, V.},
  title = {Censusing chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda},
  journal = {International Journal of Primatology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {85--99},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02696160}
}
Plumptre, A.J. and Reynolds, V. The effect of selective logging on the primate populations in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda 1994 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 31, pp. 631-641 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PluRey94,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J. and Reynolds, V.},
  title = {The effect of selective logging on the primate populations in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {631--641},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2404154}
}
Plumptre, A.J., Sterling, E.J. and Buckland, S.T. Primate census and survey techniques 2013 Primate Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques, pp. 10-26  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Plumptre2013,
  author = {Plumptre, A. J. and Sterling, E. J. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Primate census and survey techniques},
  booktitle = {Primate Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {10--26}
}
Pocewicz, A., Morgan, P. and Eigenbrode, S.D. Local and landscape effects on butterfly density in northern Idaho grasslands and forests 2009 Journal of Insect Conservation
Vol. 13, pp. 593-601 
article DOI  
Abstract: Understanding butterfly response to landscape context can inform conservation management and planning. We tested whether local-scale resources (host and nectar plants, canopy cover) or landscape context, measured at two scales, better explained the densities of four butterfly species. The density of Coenonympha tullia, which has host plants strongly associated with grassland habitats, was positively correlated with the amount of grassland in 0.5- and 1-km radius landscapes and only occurred in forests when they bordered grasslands. For the other species, Celastrina ladon, Cupido amyntula, and Vanessa cardui, local-scale resources better explained butterfly densities, emphasizing the importance of local habitat quality for butterflies. These three species also used host plants that were distributed more heterogeneously within and among habitat types. Our findings demonstrate the importance of host plant spatial distributions when determining the scale at which butterfly density relates to resources, and we recommend that both these distributions and landscape context be evaluated when developing butterfly monitoring programs, managing for species of concern, or modeling potential habitat
BibTeX:
@article{Pocewicz2009,
  author = {Pocewicz, Amy and Morgan, Penelope and Eigenbrode, Sanford D.},
  title = {Local and landscape effects on butterfly density in northern Idaho grasslands and forests},
  journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {593--601},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-008-9209-7}
}
Pojar, T.M., Bowden, D.C. and Gill, R.B. Aerial counting experiments to estimate pronghorn density and herd structure 1995 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 59, pp. 117-28 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pojetal95,
  author = {Pojar, T. M. and Bowden, D. C. and Gill, R. B.},
  title = {Aerial counting experiments to estimate pronghorn density and herd structure},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {117--28},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809124}
}
Pollard, J.H. Adaptive distance sampling 2002 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Pol02,
  author = {Pollard, J. H.},
  title = {Adaptive distance sampling},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2002}
}
Pollard, J.H. On distance estimators of density in randomly distributed forests 1971 Biometrics
Vol. 27, pp. 991-1002 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pol71,
  author = {Pollard, J. H.},
  title = {On distance estimators of density in randomly distributed forests},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {991--1002},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2528833}
}
Pollard, J.H. and Buckland, S.T. A strategy for adaptive sampling in shipboard line transect surveys 1997 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 47, pp. 921-931 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{PolBuc97,
  author = {Pollard, J. H. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {A strategy for adaptive sampling in shipboard line transect surveys},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {921--931}
}
Pollard, J.H., Palka, D. and Buckland, S.T. Adaptive line transect sampling 2002 Biometrics
Vol. 58, pp. 862-870 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Poletal02,
  author = {Pollard, J. H. and Palka, D. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Adaptive line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {862--870},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00862.x}
}
Pollock, K.H. A family of density estimators for line-transect sampling 1978 Biometrics
Vol. 34, pp. 475-478 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pol78,
  author = {Pollock, K. H.},
  title = {A family of density estimators for line-transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {475--478},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2530611}
}
Pollock, K.H. and Kendall, W.L. Visibility bias in aerial surveys: a review of estimation procedures 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 502-510 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PolKen87,
  author = {Pollock, K. H. and Kendall, W. L.},
  title = {Visibility bias in aerial surveys: a review of estimation procedures},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {502--510},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801040}
}
Pollock, K.H., Marsh, H.D., Lawler, I.R. and Alldredge, M.W. Estimating animal abundance in heterogeneous environments: an application to aerial surveys for dugongs 2006 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 70, pp. 255-262 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pollock2006,
  author = {Pollock, K. H. and Marsh, H. D. and Lawler, I. R. and Alldredge, M. W.},
  title = {Estimating animal abundance in heterogeneous environments: an application to aerial surveys for dugongs},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {255--262},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70%5B255:EAAIHE%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J.D., Simons, T.R., Farnsworth, G.L., Bailey, L.L. and Sauer, J.R. Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis 2002 Environmetrics
Vol. 13, pp. 105-119 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Poletal2002,
  author = {Pollock, K. H. and Nichols, J. D. and Simons, T. R. and Farnsworth, G. L. and Bailey, L. L. and Sauer, J. R.},
  title = {Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis},
  journal = {Environmetrics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {105--119},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/env.514}
}
Pontes, A.R.M. Environmental determinants of primate abundance in Maraca Island, Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia 1999 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 247, pp. 189-199 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pon99,
  author = {Pontes, A. R. M.},
  title = {Environmental determinants of primate abundance in Maraca Island, Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {247},
  pages = {189--199},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952836999002071}
}
Popgeorgiev, G. The effects of a large-scale fire on the demographic structure of a population of Hermann's (Testudo hermanni boettgeri Mojsisovics, 1889) and Spur-thighed (Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814) tortoises in Eastern Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria 2008 Historia naturalis bulgarica
Vol. 19, pp. 115-127 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Popgeorgiev2008,
  author = {Popgeorgiev, Georgi},
  title = {The effects of a large-scale fire on the demographic structure of a population of Hermann's (Testudo hermanni boettgeri Mojsisovics, 1889) and Spur-thighed (Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814) tortoises in Eastern Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria},
  journal = {Historia naturalis bulgarica},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {115--127}
}
Pople, A.R., Cairns, S.C., Clancy, T.F., Grigg, G.C., Beard, L.A. and Southwell, C.J. An assessment of the accuracy of kangaroo surveys using fixed-wing aircraft 1998 Wildlife Research
Vol. 25, pp. 315-326 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pople1998,
  author = {Pople, A. R. and Cairns, S. C. and Clancy, T. F. and Grigg, G. C. and Beard, L. A. and Southwell, C. J.},
  title = {An assessment of the accuracy of kangaroo surveys using fixed-wing aircraft},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {315--326},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR97077}
}
Porteus, T., Richardson, S. and Reynolds, J. The importance of survey design in distance sampling: a field evaluation using domestic sheep 2011 Wildlife Research
Vol. 38, pp. 221-234 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Porteusinpress,
  author = {Porteus, Tom and Richardson, Suzanne and Reynolds, Jonathan},
  title = {The importance of survey design in distance sampling: a field evaluation using domestic sheep},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {221--234},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10234}
}
Potts, J.M., Buckland, S.T., Thomas, L. and Savage, A. Estimating abundance of cryptic but trappable animals using trapping point transects: a case study for Key Largo woodrats 2012 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 3(4), pp. 695-703 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MEE3:MEE3205,
  author = {Potts, Joanne M. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Thomas, Len and Savage, Anne},
  title = {Estimating abundance of cryptic but trappable animals using trapping point transects: a case study for Key Largo woodrats},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {695--703},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00205.x}
}
Powell, A.F.L.A., Busby, W.H. and Kindscher, K. Status of the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) and effects of fire management on its abundance in northeastern Kansas, USA 2007 Journal of Insect Conservation
Vol. 11, pp. 299-308 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Powell2006,
  author = {Powell, Alexis F. L. A. and Busby, William H. and Kindscher, Kelly},
  title = {Status of the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) and effects of fire management on its abundance in northeastern Kansas, USA},
  journal = {Journal of Insect Conservation},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {299--308},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9045-6}
}
Powell, L.A. Approximating variance of demographic parameters using the delta method: a reference for avian biologists. 2007 The Condor
Vol. 109, pp. 949-954 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Powell2007,
  author = {Powell, L. A.},
  title = {Approximating variance of demographic parameters using the delta method: a reference for avian biologists.},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {949--954},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.4.949}
}
Powell, L.A., Lang, J.D., Conroy, M.J. and Krementz, D.G. Effects of forest management on density, survival, and population growth of wood thrushes 2000 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 64(1), pp. 11-23 
article DOI  
Abstract: Loss and alteration of breeding habitat have been proposed as causes of declines in several Neotropical migrant bird populations. We conducted a 4-year study to determine the effects of winter prescribed burning and forest thinning on breeding wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) populations at the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge (PNWR) in Georgia. We estimated density, adult and juvenile survival rates, and apparent annual survival using transect surveys, radiotelemetry, and mist netting. Burning and thinning did not cause lower densities (P = 0.25); wood thrush density ranged from 0.15 to 1.30 pairs/10 ha. No radiomarked male wood thrushes (n = 68) died during the 4 years, but female weekly survival was 0.981 ± 0.014 (SE) for females (n = 63) and 0.976 ± 0.010 for juveniles (n = 38). Apparent annual adult survival was 0.579 (SE = 0.173). Thinning and prescribed burning did not reduce adult or juvenile survival during the breeding season or apparent annual adult survival. Annual population growth (λ ) at PNWR was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32-1.63), and the considerable uncertainty in this prediction underscores the need for long-term monitoring to effectively manage Neotropical migrants. Population growth increased on experimental compartments after the burn and thin (95% CI before = 0.91-0.97, after = 0.98-1.05), while control compartment λ declined (before = 0.98-1.05, after = 0.87-0.92). We found no evidence that the current management regime at PNWR, designed to improve red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) habitat, negatively affected wood thrushes.
BibTeX:
@article{PowellJWM2000,
  author = {Powell, Larkin A. and Lang, Jason D. and Conroy, Michael J. and Krementz, David G.},
  title = {Effects of forest management on density, survival, and population growth of wood thrushes},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802970}
}
Powlesland, R.G. and Barraclough, R.K. Proceedings of a workshop on distance sampling, Wellington, May 2000 2001 (175)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Powlesland2001,
  author = {Powlesland, R. G. and Barraclough, R. K.},
  title = {Proceedings of a workshop on distance sampling, Wellington, May 2000},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  number = {175}
}
Pringle, R.M., Prior, K.M., Palmer, T.M., Young, T.P. and Goheen, J.R. Large herbivores promote habitat specialization and beta diversity of African savanna trees 2016 Ecology
Vol. 97, pp. 2640-2657 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pringle2016,
  author = {Pringle, Robert M. and Prior, Kirsten M. and Palmer, Todd M. and Young, Truman P. and Goheen, Jacob R.},
  title = {Large herbivores promote habitat specialization and beta diversity of African savanna trees},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {97},
  pages = {2640--2657},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1522}
}
Puertas, P. and Bodmer, R.E. Conservation of a high diversity primate assemblage 1993 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 2, pp. 586-93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{PueBod93,
  author = {Puertas, P. and Bodmer, R. E.},
  title = {Conservation of a high diversity primate assemblage},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {586--93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051959}
}
Pyke, G.H. and Recher, H.F. Estimated forest bird densities by variable distance point counts 1985 Australian Wildlife Research
Vol. 12, pp. 307-319 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Pyke1985,
  author = {Pyke, G. H. and Recher, H. F.},
  title = {Estimated forest bird densities by variable distance point counts},
  journal = {Australian Wildlife Research},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {307--319},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9850307}
}
Quang, P.X. Nonparametric estimators for variable circular plot surveys 1993 Biometrics
Vol. 49, pp. 837-852 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Qua93,
  author = {Quang, P. X.},
  title = {Nonparametric estimators for variable circular plot surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {837--852},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532203}
}
Quang, P.X. A nonparametric approach to size-biased line transect sampling 1991 Biometrics
Vol. 47, pp. 269-279 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{QUA91,
  author = {Quang, P. X.},
  title = {A nonparametric approach to size-biased line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {269--279},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532511}
}
Quang, P.X. Confidence intervals for densities in line transect sampling 1990 Biometrics
Vol. 46, pp. 459-472 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Qua90,
  author = {Quang, P. X.},
  title = {Confidence intervals for densities in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {459--472},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531450}
}
Quang, P.X. and Becker, E. Combining line transect and double count sampling techniques for aerial surveys 1997 Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 2, pp. 1-20 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{QUA97,
  author = {Quang, P. X. and Becker, E.},
  title = {Combining line transect and double count sampling techniques for aerial surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {1--20},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1400405}
}
Quang, P.X. and Becker, E.F. Aerial survey sampling of contour transects using double-count and covariate data 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 87-97  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{QuaBec99,
  author = {Quang, P. X. and Becker, E. F.},
  title = {Aerial survey sampling of contour transects using double-count and covariate data},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {87--97}
}
Quang, P.X. and Becker, E.F. Line transect sampling under varying conditions with application to aerial surveys 1996 Ecology
Vol. 77, pp. 1297-1302 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{QuaBec96,
  author = {Quang, P. X. and Becker, E. F.},
  title = {Line transect sampling under varying conditions with application to aerial surveys},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {77},
  pages = {1297--1302},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2265601}
}
Quang, P.X. and Lanctot, R.B. A line transect model for aerial surveys 1991 Biometrics
Vol. 47, pp. 1089-1102 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{QuaLan91,
  author = {Quang, P. X. and Lanctot, R. B.},
  title = {A line transect model for aerial surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {1089--1102},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532661}
}
Quéméré, E., Champeau, J., Besolo, A., Rasolondraibe, E., Rabarivola, C., Crouau-Roy, B. and Chikhi, L. Spatial variation in density and total size estimates in fragmented primate populations: the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli) 2010 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 72(1), pp. 72-80 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Quemere2010,
  author = {Quéméré, Erwan and Champeau, Julie and Besolo, Aubin and Rasolondraibe, Emmanuel and Rabarivola, Clément and Crouau-Roy, Brigitte and Chikhi, Lounés},
  title = {Spatial variation in density and total size estimates in fragmented primate populations: the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli)},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {72},
  number = {1},
  pages = {72--80},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20754}
}
Quinn II, T.J. Line transect estimators for school populations 1985 Fisheries Research
Vol. 3, pp. 183-199 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Qui85,
  author = {Quinn, II, T. J.},
  title = {Line transect estimators for school populations},
  journal = {Fisheries Research},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {183--199},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(85)90021-9}
}
Quinn II, T.J. The effects of school structure on line transect estimators of abundance 1979 Contemporary Quantitative Ecology and Related Ecometrics, pp. 473-491  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Qui79,
  author = {Quinn, II, T. J.},
  title = {The effects of school structure on line transect estimators of abundance},
  booktitle = {Contemporary Quantitative Ecology and Related Ecometrics},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {473--491}
}
Quinn II, T.J. The effects of aggregation on line transect estimators of population abundance with application to marine mammal populations 1977 (WA, USA, 116 pp.)School: University of Washington  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Qui77,
  author = {Quinn, II, T. J.},
  title = {The effects of aggregation on line transect estimators of population abundance with application to marine mammal populations},
  school = {University of Washington},
  year = {1977},
  number = {WA, USA, 116 pp.}
}
Quinn T. J., I.I. and Gallucci, V.F. Parametric models for line transect estimators of abundance 1980 Ecology
Vol. 61, pp. 293-302 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{QuiGal80,
  author = {Quinn, T. J., I. I. and Gallucci, V. F.},
  title = {Parametric models for line transect estimators of abundance},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {293--302},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1935188}
}
Rabaça, J.E. Métodos de censos de aves: aspectos gerais, pressupostos e principios de aplicação 1995   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Rabaca1995,
  author = {Rabaça, João Eduardo},
  title = {Métodos de censos de aves: aspectos gerais, pressupostos e principios de aplicação},
  publisher = {SPEA},
  year = {1995}
}
Raftery, A.E. and Schweder, T. Inference about the ratio of two parameters, with application to whale censusing 1993 American Statistician
Vol. 47, pp. 259-264 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{RafSch93,
  author = {Raftery, A. E. and Schweder, T.},
  title = {Inference about the ratio of two parameters, with application to whale censusing},
  journal = {American Statistician},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {259--264},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2685283}
}
Ralph, C.J. Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 577-578  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ralph1981,
  author = {Ralph, C. J.},
  title = {Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {577--578}
}
Ralph, C.J. An investigation of the effect of seasonal activity levels on avian censusing 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 265-270  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ral81,
  author = {Ralph, C. J.},
  title = {An investigation of the effect of seasonal activity levels on avian censusing},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {265--270}
}
Ralph, C.J., Geupel, G.R., Pyle, P., Martin, T.E. and DeSante, D.F. Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds 1993 School: Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-144-www. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 41 p.  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Ralph1993,
  author = {Ralph, C. John and Geupel, Geoffrey R. and Pyle, Peter and Martin, Thomas E. and DeSante, David F.},
  title = {Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds},
  school = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-144-www. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 41 p.},
  year = {1993}
}
Raman, T.R.S. Assessment of census techniques for interspecific comparisons of tropical rainforest bird densities: a field evaluation in the Western Ghats, India 2003 Ibis
Vol. 145, pp. 9-21 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Raman2003,
  author = {Raman, T. R. Shankar},
  title = {Assessment of census techniques for interspecific comparisons of tropical rainforest bird densities: a field evaluation in the Western Ghats, India},
  journal = {Ibis},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {145},
  pages = {9--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00105.x}
}
Ramsey, F.L. Introductory remarks: data analysis 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 454  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ram81,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Introductory remarks: data analysis},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {454}
}
Ramsey, F.L. Parametric models for line transect surveys 1979 Biometrika
Vol. 66, pp. 505-512 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ram79,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Parametric models for line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {505--512},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/66.3.505}
}
Ramsey, F.L., Gates, C.E., Patil, G.P. and Taillie, C. On transect sampling to assess wildlife populations and marine resources 1988 Handbook of Statistics 6: Sampling, pp. 515-32  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Rametal88,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Gates, C. E. and Patil, G. P. and Taillie, C.},
  title = {On transect sampling to assess wildlife populations and marine resources},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Statistics 6: Sampling},
  publisher = {Elsevier Publishers},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {515--32}
}
Ramsey, F.L. and Harrison, K. A closer look at detectability 2004 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 11(1), pp. 73-84 
article DOI  
Abstract: The theory underlying line transect and variable circular plot surveys-distance sampling-begins with an assumed detectability function, giving the probabilities of detecting animals at different distances from the observer's path. The nature of these probabilities is unspecified in the general development, leaving users to question whether the actual probability structure matters. In particular, may one use the methodology in surveys where animals at the same distance have different probabilities of detection? This paper presents three examples where probabilities come from different assumptions: from the random placement of transects; from the uniform distribution of animals over the study region; and from cues randomly detected by the observer. These exemplify situations where detectability may not be a function of distance alone. Horvitz-Thompson estimators are displayed which can be used in each example, but some estimators require measuring features other than distance. A result concerning optimally weighted Horvitz-Thompson estimators shows that all three can be brought under the same umbrella if detection areas are measured instead of detection distances and if animals are uniformly distributed. textcopyright 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
BibTeX:
@article{Ramsey2004,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Harrison, K.},
  title = {A closer look at detectability},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--84},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EEST.0000011365.30852.32}
}
Ramsey, F.L. and Scott, J.M. Estimating population densities from variable circular plot surveys 1979 Sampling Biological Populations, pp. 155-181  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{RamSco79,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Scott, J. M.},
  title = {Estimating population densities from variable circular plot surveys},
  booktitle = {Sampling Biological Populations},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {155--181}
}
Ramsey, F.L. and Scott, J.M. Use of circular plot surveys in estimating the density of a population with Poisson scattering 1978 (Technical Report 60)School: Department of Statistics, Oregon State University  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{RamSco78,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Scott, J. M.},
  title = {Use of circular plot surveys in estimating the density of a population with Poisson scattering},
  school = {Department of Statistics, Oregon State University},
  year = {1978},
  number = {Technical Report 60}
}
Ramsey, F.L., Scott, J.M. and Clark, R.T. Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds 1979 Proceedings of the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute, pp. 471-83  article  
BibTeX:
@article{Rametal79,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Scott, J. M. and Clark, R. T.},
  title = {Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds},
  journal = {Proceedings of the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {471--83}
}
Ramsey, F.L., Wildman, V. and Engbring, J. Covariate adjustments to effective area in variable-area wildlife surveys 1987 Biometrics
Vol. 43, pp. 1-11 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rametal87,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Wildman, V. and Engbring, J.},
  title = {Covariate adjustments to effective area in variable-area wildlife surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {1--11},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531943}
}
Ransom, D. and Pinchak, W.E. Assessing accuracy of a laser rangefinder in estimating grassland bird density 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31, pp. 460-463 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{RansomWSB2003,
  author = {Ransom, Dean and Pinchak, William E.},
  title = {Assessing accuracy of a laser rangefinder in estimating grassland bird density},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {460--463},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784325}
}
Ransom, J. Customizing a rangefinder for community-based wildlife conservation initiatives 2011 Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 20(7), pp. 1603-1609 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10531-011-0040-1,
  author = {Ransom, Jason},
  title = {Customizing a rangefinder for community-based wildlife conservation initiatives},
  journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {20},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1603--1609},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0040-1}
}
Rao, P.V. Density estimation based on line transect samples 1984 Statistics and Probability Letters
Vol. 2, pp. 1-57 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rao84,
  author = {Rao, P. V.},
  title = {Density estimation based on line transect samples},
  journal = {Statistics and Probability Letters},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {1--57},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7152(84)90037-3}
}
Rao, P.V. and Portier, K.M. A model for line transect sampling clustered populations 1985 Statistics and Probability Letters
Vol. 3, pp. 89-93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{RaoPor85,
  author = {Rao, P. V. and Portier, K. M.},
  title = {A model for line transect sampling clustered populations},
  journal = {Statistics and Probability Letters},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {89--93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7152(85)90031-8}
}
Rao P. V., K.M.P. and Ondrasik, J.A. Density estimation using line transect sampling 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 441-444  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Raoetal81,
  author = {Rao, P. V., K. M. Portier and Ondrasik, J. A.},
  title = {Density estimation using line transect sampling},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {441--444}
}
Raphael, M.G. Estimating relative abundance of forest birds: simple versus adjusted counts 1987 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 99, pp. 125-131 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Rap87,
  author = {Raphael, M. G.},
  title = {Estimating relative abundance of forest birds: simple versus adjusted counts},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {125--131}
}
Raphael, M.G., Baldwin, J., Falxa, G.A., Huff, M.H., Lance, M., Miller, S.L., Pearson, Ralph, S.F., C. J. Strong, C. and Thompson, C. Regional population monitoring of the marbled murrelet: field and analytical methods 2007 (Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR- 716)School: In. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Raphael2007,
  author = {Raphael, M. G. and Baldwin, J. and Falxa, G. A. and Huff, M. H. and Lance, M. and Miller, S. L. and Pearson and Ralph, S. F. and C., Strong, C. J. and Thompson, C.},
  title = {Regional population monitoring of the marbled murrelet: field and analytical methods},
  school = {In. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station},
  year = {2007},
  number = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR- 716}
}
Raphael, M.G., Evans Mack, D. and Wilk, R.J. Sampling marbled murrelets at sea: tests of survey methods and designs 1999 School: USFS Pacific Northwest Research Station  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Raphael1999,
  author = {Raphael, M. G. and Evans Mack, D. and Wilk, R. J.},
  title = {Sampling marbled murrelets at sea: tests of survey methods and designs},
  school = {USFS Pacific Northwest Research Station},
  year = {1999}
}
Raphael, M.G., Rosenberg, K.V. and Marcot, B.G. Large-scale changes in bird populations of Douglas-fir forests, Northwestern California 1988 Bird Conservation, pp. 63-83  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Rapetal88,
  author = {Raphael, M. G. and Rosenberg, K. V. and Marcot, B. G.},
  title = {Large-scale changes in bird populations of Douglas-fir forests, Northwestern California},
  booktitle = {Bird Conservation},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  year = {1988},
  pages = {63--83}
}
Ratti, J.T., Smith, L.M., Hupp, J.W. and Laake, J.L. Line transect estimates of density and the winter mortality of Gray Partridge 1983 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 47, pp. 1088-1096 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ratetal83,
  author = {Ratti, J. T. and Smith, L. M. and Hupp, J. W. and Laake, J. L.},
  title = {Line transect estimates of density and the winter mortality of Gray Partridge},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {1088--1096},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808168}
}
Raum-Suryan, K.L. and Harvey, J.T. Distribution and abundance of and habitat use by harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, off the northern San Juan Islands, Washington 1998 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 96, pp. 808-822 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{RauHar98,
  author = {Raum-Suryan, K. L. and Harvey, J. T.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of and habitat use by harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, off the northern San Juan Islands, Washington},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {808--822}
}
Rayment, W., Dawson, S., Slooten, L. and Childerhouse, S. Offshore distribution of Hector's dolphin at Banks Peninsula 2006 (232)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Rayment2006,
  author = {Rayment, W. and Dawson, S. and Slooten, L. and Childerhouse, S.},
  title = {Offshore distribution of Hector's dolphin at Banks Peninsula},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2006},
  number = {232}
}
Reading, R.P., Mix, H.M., Lhagvasuren, B., Feh, C., Kane, D.P., Dulamtseren, S. and Enkhbold, S. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in mongolia 2001 Journal of Zoology
Vol. 254, pp. 381-89 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Reading2001,
  author = {Reading, R. P. and Mix, H. M. and Lhagvasuren, B. and Feh, C. and Kane, D. P. and Dulamtseren, S. and Enkhbold, S.},
  title = {Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in mongolia},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {254},
  pages = {381--89},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836901000887}
}
Redmond, R.L., Bicak, T.K. and Jenni, D.A. An evaluation of breeding season census techniques for long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus) 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 197-201  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Redetal81,
  author = {Redmond, R. L. and Bicak, T. K. and Jenni, D. A.},
  title = {An evaluation of breeding season census techniques for long-billed curlews (Numenius americanus)},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {197--201}
}
Rego, F.C. and Catry, F.X. Modelling the effects of distance on the probability of fire detection from lookouts 2006 International Journal of Wildland Fire
Vol. 15, pp. 197-202 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rego2006,
  author = {Rego, F. C. and Catry, F. X.},
  title = {Modelling the effects of distance on the probability of fire detection from lookouts},
  journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {197--202},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WF04016}
}
Reid, D., Scalabrin, C., Petitgas, P., Masse, J., Aukland, R., Carrera, P. and Georgakarakos, S. Standard protocols for the analysis of school based data from echo sounder surveys 2000 Fisheries Research
Vol. 47(2-3), pp. 125-136 
article DOI  
Abstract: This paper presents a set of standard extraction parameters and protocols for the use of image analysis techniques in the processing of echo sounder data. The paper includes parameters at the school, elementary distance sampling unit (EDSU) and regional levels. The school level parameters, which are mainly derived from the image analysis, fall into four main categories: positional, morphometric, energetic and environmental. At the sampling unit level (i.e. standard integration units, commonly 1 or 2.5 nautical miles), parameters used include: school structures, protocols for including layers and general scatter plus ancillary (e.g. environmental) variables. These variables are derived mostly from visual examination of the echogram and from ancillary data collected underway. Regional level parameters include those mapped from point samples (e.g. trawls) or which are available as maps. Each school thus has its own unique parameters and is associated with an EDSU and through that to regional data. We discuss the application of such databases to the analysis of echo surveys at a school level in relation to aggregation patterns (school, school cluster and population) and to changes in those aggregation patterns with stock biomass and exploitation pattern. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX:
@article{Reid2000,
  author = {Reid, D. and Scalabrin, C. and Petitgas, P. and Masse, J. and Aukland, R. and Carrera, P. and Georgakarakos, S.},
  title = {Standard protocols for the analysis of school based data from echo sounder surveys},
  journal = {Fisheries Research},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {47},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {125--136},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00164-8}
}
Reidy, J.L., Thompson, F.R. and Bailey, J.W. Comparison of methods for estimating density of forest songbirds from point counts 2011 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 75, pp. 558-568 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Reidy2011,
  author = {Reidy, Jennifer L. and Thompson, Frank R. and Bailey, J. Wesley},
  title = {Comparison of methods for estimating density of forest songbirds from point counts},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {558--568},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.93}
}
Reilly, S.B., Rice, D.W. and Wolman, A.A. Population assessment of the gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus, from California shore censuses, 1967– 80 1983 Fishery Bulletin
Vol. 81, pp. 267-281 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Reietal83,
  author = {Reilly, S. B. and Rice, D. W. and Wolman, A. A.},
  title = {Population assessment of the gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus, from California shore censuses, 1967– 80},
  journal = {Fishery Bulletin},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {267--281}
}
Reilly, S.B., Rice, D.W. and Wolman, A.A. Preliminary population estimate for the California gray whale based upon Monterey shore censuses, 1967/68 to 1978/79. 1980 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 30, pp. 359-368 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Reietal80,
  author = {Reilly, S. B. and Rice, D. W. and Wolman, A. A.},
  title = {Preliminary population estimate for the California gray whale based upon Monterey shore censuses, 1967/68 to 1978/79.},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {359--368}
}
Reisinger, W.J., Stuart-Fox, D.M. and Erasmus, B.F.N. Habitat associations and conservation status of an endemic forest dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion sp.) from South Africa 2006 Oryx
Vol. 40(02), pp. 183-188 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Reisinger2006,
  author = {Reisinger, Walter J. and Stuart-Fox, Devi M. and Erasmus, Barend F. N.},
  title = {Habitat associations and conservation status of an endemic forest dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion sp.) from South Africa},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {40},
  number = {02},
  pages = {183--188},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000408}
}
Remis, M.J. Preliminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas GorillaGorilla Gorillaa and other wildlife at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic 2000 Oryx
Vol. 34(1), pp. 56-65 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rem00,
  author = {Remis, M. J.},
  title = {Preliminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas GorillaGorilla Gorillaa and other wildlife at Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56--65},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00091.x}
}
Rendas, L. Estimação da densidade populacional em amostragem por transectos lineares com recurso ao modelo logspline 2001 School: Universidade de Évora  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Rendas2001,
  author = {Rendas, Luis},
  title = {Estimação da densidade populacional em amostragem por transectos lineares com recurso ao modelo logspline},
  school = {Universidade de Évora},
  year = {2001}
}
Rendas, L. and Alpizar-Jara, R. O modelo logspline aplicado aos transectos lineares 2005 Estatística Jubilar, pp. 629-640  incollection  
Abstract: Continuo sem perceber porque é que: 1. Aparentemente se duplicam as amostras e não se diz nada sobre isso influenciar a variância (não percebo porque se duplicam as amostras se as observações são espacialemnte explicitas, e como tal tem sinal - se calhar esta so mal explicado). 2. o modelo exponencial negativo é melhor com spline q com o proprio modelo exp neg?
BibTeX:
@incollection{Rendas2005,
  author = {Rendas, L. and Alpizar-Jara, R.},
  title = {O modelo logspline aplicado aos transectos lineares},
  booktitle = {Estatística Jubilar},
  publisher = {SPE},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {629--640}
}
van Rensburg, B.J., Peacock, D.S. and Robertson, M.P. Biotic homogenization and alien bird species along an urban gradient in South Africa 2009 Landscape and Urban Planning
Vol. 92(3-4), pp. 233-241 
article DOI  
Abstract: Similar to the process seen in invasion biology, urbanized environments lead to biotic homogenization with a few species, often alien, dominating the urban habitat. We investigated avian communities across an urban gradient in Pretoria (South Africa). We defined three urbanization zones: urban, suburban and semi-natural, based on land-cover. We conducted point counts of all species at each of 13 sites in these zones over a 4-month period. We found significantly more species in the semi-natural zone than the urban zone but abundance was significantly lower in semi-natural than urban. The increase in abundance was mainly as a result of alien species with the three most abundant species in the urban zone being all alien. Semi-natural contained fewer alien species than urban and significantly fewer than suburban. The Common Myna Acridotheres tristis was the only alien species that was observed in all three urbanization zones and was the second most abundant species in the suburban and urban zones. Our study supports the process of biotic homogenization, where an increase in alien species occurs in the urban compared to semi-natural zone. Although the suburban zone made an important contribution towards native bird abundance in a larger city environment, this environment was also an important environment for alien species, especially for the Common Myna.
BibTeX:
@article{Rensburg2009,
  author = {van Rensburg, Berndt J. and Peacock, Derick S. and Robertson, Mark P.},
  title = {Biotic homogenization and alien bird species along an urban gradient in South Africa},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {92},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {233--241},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.05.002}
}
Reuleaux, A., Siregar, B.A., Collar, N.J., Panggur, M.R., Mardiastuti, A., Jones, M.J. and Marsden, S.J. Protected by Dragons: Density Surface Modeling Confirms Large Population of the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo on Komodo Island 2020 Ornithological Applications
Vol. 122(4), pp. duaa042 
article DOI  
Abstract: Intense trapping of the critically endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) for the international pet trade has devastated its populations across Indonesia such that populations of &gt;100 individuals remain at only a handful of sites. We combined distance sampling with density surface modeling (DSM) to predict local densities and estimate total population size for one of these areas, Komodo Island, part of Komodo National Park (KNP) in Indonesia. We modeled local density based on topography (topographic wetness index) and habitat types (percentage of palm savanna and deciduous monsoon forest). Our population estimate of 1,113 (95% CI: 587– 2,109) individuals on Komodo Island was considerably larger than previous conservative estimates. Our density surface maps showed cockatoos to be absent over much of the island, but present at high densities in wooded valleys. Coincidence between our DSM and a set of independent cockatoo observations was high (93%). Standardized annual counts by KNP staff in selected areas of the island showed increases in cockatoo records from &lt;400 in 2011 to textasciitilde 650 in 2017. Taken together, our results indicate that KNP, alongside and indeed because of preserving its iconic Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis), is succeeding in protecting a significant population of Indonesia's rarest cockatoo species. To our knowledge this is the first time DSM has been applied to a critically endangered species. Our findings highlight the potential of DSM for locating abundance hotspots, identifying habitat associations, and estimating global population size in a range of threatened taxa, especially if independent datasets can be used to validate model predictions.textbullet Yellow-crested Cockatoos are threatened by extinction due to illegal trapping for the pet trade. Komodo Island in Indonesia supports one of the largest remaining populations. The island is part of Komodo National Park, famous for its Komodo dragons. A 2006 survey indicated cockatoo numbers might have been declining.textbullet In contrast to previous surveys we sampled the whole island instead of focusing on coastal valleys, which are known to harbor the highest cockatoo densities. We used distance sampling and density surface modeling, which allowed us to estimate how many cockatoos remained undetected and to produce a map of predicted cockatoo densities.textbullet We estimate there are between 600 and 2,100 cockatoos on Komodo, most likely textasciitilde 1,100. Komodo National Park authorities also reported an increase in their annual counts of cockatoos from below 400 in 2011 to around 650 in 2017. Thus, the cockatoo population on Komodo Island is large and stable; Komodo National Park is successfully protecting its cockatoos.
BibTeX:
@article{Reuleaux2020,
  author = {Reuleaux, Anna and Siregar, Benny A and Collar, Nigel J and Panggur, Maria R and Mardiastuti, Ani and Jones, Martin J and Marsden, Stuart J},
  title = {Protected by Dragons: Density Surface Modeling Confirms Large Population of the Critically Endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo on Komodo Island},
  journal = {Ornithological Applications},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {122},
  number = {4},
  pages = {duaa042},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa042}
}
Rexstad, E. Point and interval estimates of abundance using multiple covariate distance sampling: an example using great bustards 2007 School: University of St. Andrews. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Rexstad2007,
  author = {Rexstad, Eric},
  title = {Point and interval estimates of abundance using multiple covariate distance sampling: an example using great bustards},
  school = {University of St. Andrews. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment},
  year = {2007}
}
Rexstad, E. Non-uniform coverage estimators for distance sampling 2007 School: Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, St. Andrews University  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Rexstad2007a,
  author = {Rexstad, Eric},
  title = {Non-uniform coverage estimators for distance sampling},
  school = {Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, St. Andrews University},
  year = {2007}
}
Reynolds, R.T., Scott, J.M. and Nussbaum, R.A. A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers 1980 Condor, The
Vol. 82, pp. 309-313 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Reyetal80,
  author = {Reynolds, R. T. and Scott, J. M. and Nussbaum, R. A.},
  title = {A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1980},
  volume = {82},
  pages = {309--313},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1367399}
}
Richards, D.G. Environmental acoustics and censuses of singing birds 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 297-300  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ric81,
  author = {Richards, D. G.},
  title = {Environmental acoustics and censuses of singing birds},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {297--300}
}
Richardson, A. An active tutorial on distance sampling 2007 Journal of Statistics Education
Vol. 15 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Richardson2007,
  author = {Richardson, Alice},
  title = {An active tutorial on distance sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Statistics Education},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {15},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2007.11889456}
}
Richman, N.I., Gibbons, J.M., Turvey, S.T., Akamatsu, T., Ahmed, B., Mahabub, E., Smith, B.D. and Jones, J.P.G. To see or not to see: investigating detectability of Ganges River dolphins using a combined visual-acoustic survey 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9, pp. e96811 
article DOI  
Abstract: Detection of animals during visual surveys is rarely perfect or constant, and failure to account for imperfect detectability affects the accuracy of abundance estimates. Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened group of mammals, and visual surveys are a commonly employed method for estimating population size despite concerns over imperfect and unquantified detectability. We used a combined visual-acoustic survey to estimate detectability of Ganges River dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in four waterways of southern Bangladesh. The combined visual-acoustic survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a single observer-team visual survey, thereby improving power to detect trends. Visual detectability was particularly low for dolphins close to meanders where these habitat features temporarily block the view of the preceding river surface. This systematic bias in detectability during visual-only surveys may lead researchers to underestimate the importance of heavily meandering river reaches. Although the benefits of acoustic surveys are increasingly recognised for marine cetaceans, they have not been widely used for monitoring abundance of freshwater cetaceans due to perceived costs and technical skill requirements. We show that acoustic surveys are in fact a relatively cost-effective approach for surveying freshwater cetaceans, once it is acknowledged that methods that do not account for imperfect detectability are of limited value for monitoring.
BibTeX:
@article{Richman2014,
  author = {Richman, Nadia I. and Gibbons, James M. and Turvey, Samuel T. and Akamatsu, Tomonari and Ahmed, Benazir and Mahabub, Emile and Smith, Brian D. and Jones, Julia P. G.},
  title = {To see or not to see: investigating detectability of Ganges River dolphins using a combined visual-acoustic survey},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e96811},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096811}
}
Ridgway, M.S. Line transect distance sampling in aerial surveys for double-crested cormorants in coastal regions of Lake Huron 2010 Journal of Great Lakes Research
Vol. 36(3), pp. 403-410 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ridgway2010,
  author = {Ridgway, Mark S.},
  title = {Line transect distance sampling in aerial surveys for double-crested cormorants in coastal regions of Lake Huron},
  journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {403--410},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.06.003}
}
Ringvall, A., Patil, G.P. and Taillie, C. A field test of surveyors' influence on estimates in line transect sampling 2000 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 137, pp. 103-111 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rinetal00,
  author = {Ringvall, A. and Patil, G. P. and Taillie, C.},
  title = {A field test of surveyors' influence on estimates in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {103--111},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00319-9}
}
Rinne, J. Density estimates and their errors in line transect counts of breeding birds 1985 Ornis Fennica
Vol. 62, pp. 1-8 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Rin85,
  author = {Rinne, J.},
  title = {Density estimates and their errors in line transect counts of breeding birds},
  journal = {Ornis Fennica},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {1--8}
}
Ritter, T., Nothdurft, A. and Saborowski, J. Correcting the nondetection bias of angle count sampling 2013 Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Vol. 43, pp. 344-354 
article DOI  
Abstract: The well-known angle count sampling (ACS) has proved to be an efficient sampling technique and has been applied in forest inventories for many decades. However, ACS assumes total visibility of objects; any violation of this assumption leads to a nondetection bias. We present a novel approach, in which the theory of distance sampling is adapted to traditional ACS to correct for the nondetection bias. Two new estimators were developed based on expanding design-based inclusion probabilities by model-based estimates of the detection probabilities. The new estimators were evaluated in a simulation study as well as in a real forest inventory. It is shown that the nondetection bias of the traditional estimator is up to -52.5%, whereas the new estimators are approximately unbiased.
BibTeX:
@article{Ritter2013,
  author = {Ritter, Tim and Nothdurft, Arne and Saborowski, Joachim},
  title = {Correcting the nondetection bias of angle count sampling},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {344--354},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0408}
}
Ritter, T. and Saborowski, J. Efficient integration of a deadwood inventory into an existing forest inventory carried out as two phase sampling for stratification 2014 Forestry - An International Journal of Forest Research
Vol. 87(4), pp. 571-581 
article DOI  
Abstract: Deadwood is an important component of many ecosystems and plays a major role for biodiversity, soil protection and carbon sequestration. Despite its high ecological value, deadwood is not included in the main focus of traditional forest inventories. The sampling designs of these inventories are therefore not optimal for deadwood sampling. However, in recent years, interest in non-timber aspects of forest structure and demand for multipurpose forest inventories has increased. Drawing on the example of a German state forest district inventory, we suggest an efficient integration of point transect and line intersect sampling of deadwood into an existing forest inventory, carried out as two-phase sampling for stratification. Compared with fixed area sampling, efficiency is tremendously increased using point transect sampling for standing deadwood and line intersect sampling for coarse woody debris.
BibTeX:
@article{Ritter2014,
  author = {Ritter, T. and Saborowski, J.},
  title = {Efficient integration of a deadwood inventory into an existing forest inventory carried out as two phase sampling for stratification},
  journal = {Forestry - An International Journal of Forest Research},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {87},
  number = {4},
  pages = {571--581},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu016}
}
Ritter, T. and Saborowski, J. Point transect sampling of deadwood: a comparison with well established sampling techniques for the estimation of volume and carbon storage in managed forests 2012 European Journal of Forest Research
Vol. 131, pp. 1845-1856 
article DOI  
Abstract: In managed forests, the occurrence of deadwood (DW) can be regarded as a stochastically rare event with strong clumping and high local variability (Meyer in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 118:167– 180, 1999). Traditional sampling techniques, such as Fixed Area Sampling, Angle Count Sampling and Line Intersect Sampling, do not regard this fact and may be inefficient for surveys of DW, because of limited search areas. A sampling technique that should remedy this shortcoming is Point Transect Sampling (Buckland et al. in Introduction to distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001; Advanced distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004), where as a matter of principle, all objects that are sighted from a fixed location are counted. We compare Point Transect Sampling with the other well-established sampling approaches for the estimation of volume, necromass and carbon storage in terms of precision and sampling effort. It is shown that Point Transect Sampling is the superior method for sampling standing DW regarding efficiency, whereas for sampling downed DW, it is clearly outperformed by Line Intersect Sampling.
BibTeX:
@article{Ritter2012,
  author = {Ritter, T. and Saborowski, J.},
  title = {Point transect sampling of deadwood: a comparison with well established sampling techniques for the estimation of volume and carbon storage in managed forests},
  journal = {European Journal of Forest Research},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {131},
  pages = {1845--1856},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0637-2}
}
Rivera-Milań, F.F. Population dynamics of Zenaida doves in Cidra, Puerto Rico 1999 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 63, pp. 232-244 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Riv99,
  author = {Rivera-Milań, F. F.},
  title = {Population dynamics of Zenaida doves in Cidra, Puerto Rico},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {232--244},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802505}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F., Bertuol, P., Simal, F. and Rusk, B.L. Distance sampling survey and abundance estimation of the critically endangered Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) 2015 The Condor
Vol. 117, pp. 87-93 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rivera-Milan2015,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, Frank F. and Bertuol, Paulo and Simal, Fernando and Rusk, Bonnie L.},
  title = {Distance sampling survey and abundance estimation of the critically endangered Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi)},
  journal = {The Condor},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {87--93},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-131.1}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F. and Bonilla-Martínez, G. Estimation of abundance and recommendations for monitoring white-cheeked pintails in wetlands of Puerto Rico and territorial islands 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 71, pp. 861-867 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rivera-Milan2007,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, F. F. and Bonilla-Martínez, G.},
  title = {Estimation of abundance and recommendations for monitoring white-cheeked pintails in wetlands of Puerto Rico and territorial islands},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {861--867},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-068}
}
Rivera-Milań, F.F., Collazo, J.A., Stahala, C., Moore, W.J., Davis, A., Herring, G., Steinkamp, M., Pagliaro, R., Thompson, J.L. and Bracey, W. Estimation of density and population size and recommendations for monitoring trends of Bahama parrots on great abaco and great inagua 2005 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 33(3), pp. 823-834 
article DOI  
Abstract: Once abundant and widely distributed, the Bahama parrot (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis) currently inhabits only the Great Abaco and Great lnagua Islands of the Bahamas. In January 2003 and May 2002-2004, we conducted point-transect surveys (a type of distance sampling) to estimate density and population size and make recommendations for monitoring trends. Density ranged from 0.061 (SE = 0.013) to 0.085 (SE = 0.018) parrots/ha and population size ranged from 1,600 (SE = 354) to 2,386 (SE = 508) parrots when extrapolated to the 26,154 ha and 28,162 ha covered by surveys on Abaco in May 2002 and 2003, respectively. Density was 0.183 (SE = 0.049) and 0.153 (SE = 0.042) parrots/ha and population size was 5,344 (SE = 1,431) and 4,450 (SE = 1,435) parrots when extrapolated to the 29,174 ha covered by surveys on Inagua in May 2003 and 2004, respectively. Because parrot distribution was clumped, we would need to survey 213-882 points on Abaco and 258-1,659 points on Inagua to obtain a CV of 10-20% for estimated density. Cluster size and its variability and clumping increased in wintertime, making surveys imprecise and cost-ineffective. Surveys were reasonably precise and cost-effective in springtime, and we recommend conducting them when parrots are pairing and selecting nesting sites. Survey data should be collected yearly as part of an integrated monitoring strategy to estimate density and other key demographic parameters and improve our understanding of the ecological dynamics of these geographically isolated parrot populations at risk of extinction.
BibTeX:
@article{Rivera-Milan2005,
  author = {Rivera-Milań, F. F. and Collazo, J. A. and Stahala, C. and Moore, W. J. and Davis, A. and Herring, G. and Steinkamp, M. and Pagliaro, R. and Thompson, J. L. and Bracey, W.},
  title = {Estimation of density and population size and recommendations for monitoring trends of Bahama parrots on great abaco and great inagua},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {823--834},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33%5B823:EODAPS%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F., Madden, H. and Verdel, K. Bridled Quail-dove Geotrygon Mystacea Population Assessment after Hurricanes Irma and Maria, St. Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands 2021 Bird Conservation International, pp. 1-12  article DOI  
Abstract: Structural vegetation damage and food limitation are important effects of major hurricanes, particularly for fruit/seed-eating, forest-dependent Caribbean birds with restricted distributions and small populations, such as the Bridled Quail-dove Geotrygon mystacea. Motivated by the lack of abundance estimates, corrected for detection probability, we conducted distance-sampling surveys inside and outside the Quill National Park each May in 2016-2019. Detection mode was the most important covariate, with others receiving no support from the data. Detectability of available single individuals and clusters of individuals within 60 m of transect centrelines averaged 0.957 ± 0.114 standard error for audio detections, 0.434 ± 0.052 for visual detections, and 0.693 ± 0.064 for detection modes combined. Availability averaged 0.475 ± 0.138 and the product of detectability and availability averaged 0.329 ± 0.098. Density averaged 1.459 ± 0.277 individuals ha-1 and population size averaged 642 ± 122 individuals in 440 ha. Density did not differ along and away from forest trails, but was higher inside than outside the park and at elevations within 201-400 m than 100-200 m and 401-600 m. Density declined by 76% after hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. We suggest that major hurricanes together with free-ranging livestock overgrazing degraded foraging habitats, limited food supply, and caused a population bottleneck. Our methodology can be implemented across the distribution range to assess population status and trends and evaluate the result of management actions at key conservation sites. Bridled Quail-dove populations probably were declining on most islands before the 2017 hurricanes and population status warrants revision.
BibTeX:
@article{RiveraMilan2021,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, Frank F. and Madden, Hannah and Verdel, Kevin},
  title = {Bridled Quail-dove Geotrygon Mystacea Population Assessment after Hurricanes Irma and Maria, St. Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {1--12},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270920000647}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F., Ruiz, C.R., Cruz, J.A., Vázquez, M. and Martínez, A.J. Population monitoring of plain pigeons in Puerto Rico 2003 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 115(1), pp. 45-51 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rivera-Milan2003,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, F. F. and Ruiz, C. R. and Cruz, J. A. and Vázquez, M. and Martínez, A. J.},
  title = {Population monitoring of plain pigeons in Puerto Rico},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {115},
  number = {1},
  pages = {45--51},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1676/02-068}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F., Zaccagnini, M.E. and Canavelli, S.B. Field trials of line-transect surveys of bird carcasses in agro-ecosystems of Argentina's pampas region 2004 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 32(4), pp. 1219-1228 
article DOI  
Abstract: Pesticides caused high mortality of birds in agro-ecosystems of Argentina's Pampas region during 1995-2003. As part of a program to monitor mortality events, we trained observers in distance sampling methods, conducted field trials under simulated conditions to assess the degree to which the critical assumptions of line-transect surveys were met, and estimated the density and number of chicken carcasses randomly placed along fixed transects in corn stubble, corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, and forest. The assumption of 100% detection probability of carcasses at 0 distance was met. We measured cluster size (1-5 carcasses) exactly and measured perpendicular distance from a cluster to transect centerline (0-40 m) with little error (absolute difference between actual and measured distances: x? = 0.14 m, SE = 0.01, n = 121). Cluster detection was not size-biased in corn stubble but was size-biased in corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, forest, and all strata combined. Thirteen 3-observer teams performed equally well in field trials regardless of having or not having observers with previous experience conducting transect surveys of bird carcasses in agro-ecosystems. Teams with experienced and inexperienced observers missed clusters near the centerline (defined here as 1.5-5 m for wheat and 5-15 m for other strata) but detected all clusters on the centerline (defined here as 0-1.5 m for wheat and 0-5 m for other strata). Percent relative bias was 0.36% for corn stubble (n = 39); 5.63% for the combined data of corn, alfalfa, wheat, pasture, and forest (n = 73); and 0.51% for all strata (n = 121). Bias estimates were small in relation to standard errors of density estimates, and the density estimator produced 95% confidence intervals that always included true densities. Predators and scavengers started removing carcasses during the first day of exposure (cumulative survival: x? = 0.69, SE = 0.04, n = 36) and stopped removing them after day 5 (cumulative survival: x? = 0.04, SE = 0.02, n = 5). Carcass removal rate averaged -0.38/day (SE = 0.03). Although line-transect sampling represents a viable method to estimate the density and number of dead birds in agro-ecosystems, scavenging data should be collected to adjust these estimates, even when surveys are conducted the day following pesticide application. An effective communication network between collaborators and the general public and observer readiness are needed as part of research and monitoring efforts to guide decision-making on agricultural practices, promote law enforcement, and manage wildlife in agro-ecosystems.
BibTeX:
@article{Rivera-Milan2004,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, F. F. and Zaccagnini, M. E. and Canavelli, S. B.},
  title = {Field trials of line-transect surveys of bird carcasses in agro-ecosystems of Argentina's pampas region},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1219--1228},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032%5B1219:FTOLSO%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Rizo-Aguilar, A., Delf\in-Alfonso, C., González-Romero, A. and Guerrero, J.A. Distribution and density of the zacatuche rabbit (Romerolagus diazi) at the Protected Natural Area "Corredor Biológico Chichinautzin" 2016 Therya
Vol. 7(2), pp. 333-342 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rizo-Aguilar2016,
  author = {Areli Rizo-Aguilar and Christian Delf\in-Alfonso and Alberto González-Romero and José Antonio Guerrero},
  title = {Distribution and density of the zacatuche rabbit (Romerolagus diazi) at the Protected Natural Area "Corredor Biológico Chichinautzin"},
  journal = {Therya},
  publisher = {Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {333--342},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-16-405}
}
Robbins, C.S. Effect of time of day on bird activity 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 275-286  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Rob81,
  author = {Robbins, C. S.},
  title = {Effect of time of day on bird activity},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {275--286}
}
Roberts, C.W. Estimating density of Florida key deer 2005 School: Texas A&M University  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Roberts2005,
  author = {Roberts, C. W.},
  title = {Estimating density of Florida key deer},
  school = {Texas A&M University},
  year = {2005}
}
Roberts, J.J., Best, B.D., Mannocci, L., Fujioka, E., Halpin, P.N., Palka, D.L., Garrison, L.P., Mullin, K.D., Cole, T.V.N., Khan, C.B., McLellan, W.A., Pabst, D.A. and Lockhart, G.G. Habitat-based cetacean density models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico 2016 Scientific Reports
Vol. 6, pp. 22615 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Roberts2016,
  author = {Roberts, Jason J. and Best, Benjamin D. and Mannocci, Laura and Fujioka, Ei and Halpin, Patrick N. and Palka, Debra L. and Garrison, Lance P. and Mullin, Keith D. and Cole, Timothy V. N. and Khan, Christin B. and McLellan, William A. and Pabst, D. Ann and Lockhart, Gwen G.},
  title = {Habitat-based cetacean density models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {22615}
}
Roberts, J.P. and Schnell, G.D. Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds 2006 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 77(1), pp. 46-60 
article DOI  
Abstract: Although investigators have evaluated the efficacy of survey methods for assessing densities of breeding birds, few comparisons have been made of survey methods for wintering birds, especially in grasslands. In winter, social behavior and spatial distributions often differ from those in the breeding season. We evaluated the degree of correspondence between density estimates based on different survey methods. Surveys were conducted during two winters (2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on 16 grassland sites in southwestern Oklahoma. Line-transect (using a detection function to account for birds present but not detected) and area-search (where density was based on the total count within a given area) methods were employed. Observations on line transects were also analyzed as strip transects, where density was based on total count within a given strip width and no detection function was used. Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), LeConte's Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Smith's Longspurs (Calcarius pictus), Chestnut-collared Longspurs (C. ornatus), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were sufficiently abundant to allow comparison. Area-search density estimates tended to be higher than line-transect estimates for Savannah Sparrows, Song Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks, suggesting that some individuals initially located close to the transect line were not detected on line transects. The area-search and line-transect methods gave similar density estimates for Chestnut-collared and Smith's longspurs. Area-search estimates of Eastern Meadowlarks were significantly higher in the second year of the study only. For this species, area-search estimates did not differ from those of strip transects covering an equal area, so the reason for the differing meadowlark estimates is not clear. Higher density estimates using the area-search method likely resulted from: (1) birds that might escape detection by hiding were more likely detected (flushed) during area searches because of the repeated passes through the area, and (2) birds close to the line in line transects escape detection by hiding, biasing those estimates low. We also evaluated the correspondence of density rankings for the six species as determined by the different survey methods and for the same species across survey sites. Correlations among the six species of the area-search results with those of line transects and strip transects generally were high, increasing in 2002-2003 when densities of birds were greater. All three methods provided similar density rankings among species. Density rankings within species across sites for the four non-longspur species generally were concordant for the three methods, suggesting that any of them will adequately reflect among-site differences, especially when densities vary greatly across sites. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which grassland birds are missed on line transects. We suggest that workers using line transects to study these species give careful consideration and make additional efforts to satisfy the distance-sampling assumption that all birds on or near the line are detected. If density is measured as a total count in a fixed area, we recommend that observers pass within ¡ 10 m of all points in the area. textcopyright 2006 Association of Field Ornithologists.
BibTeX:
@article{RobSch06,
  author = {Roberts, J. P. and Schnell, G. D.},
  title = {Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {77},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--60},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00024.x}
}
Robertson, F.C., Koski, W.R., Brandon, J.R., Thomas, T.A. and Trites, A.W. Correction factors account for the availability of bowhead whales exposed to seismic operations in the Beaufort Sea 2015 Journal Cetacean Research Management
Vol. 15, pp. 35-44 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Robertson2015,
  author = {Robertson, F. C. and Koski, W. R. and Brandon, J. R. and Thomas, T. A. and Trites, A. W.},
  title = {Correction factors account for the availability of bowhead whales exposed to seismic operations in the Beaufort Sea},
  journal = {Journal Cetacean Research Management},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {35--44}
}
Robertson, G., Moreno, C., Lawton, K., Kirkwood, R. and Valencia, J. Comparison of census methods for black-browed albatrosses breeding at the Ildefonso Archipelago, Chile 2008 Polar Biology
Vol. 31(2), pp. 153-162 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s00300-007-0342-7,
  author = {Robertson, Graham and Moreno, Carlos and Lawton, Kieran and Kirkwood, Roger and Valencia, José},
  title = {Comparison of census methods for black-browed albatrosses breeding at the Ildefonso Archipelago, Chile},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {153--162},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0342-7}
}
Robinet, O., Barre, N. and Salas, M. Population estimate for the Ouvea Parakeet Eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis: its present range and implications for conservation 1996 Emu
Vol. 96, pp. 151-157 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Robetal96,
  author = {Robinet, O. and Barre, N. and Salas, M.},
  title = {Population estimate for the Ouvea Parakeet Eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis: its present range and implications for conservation},
  journal = {Emu},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {96},
  pages = {151--157},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/MU9960151}
}
Robinette, W.L., Loveless, C.M. and Jones, D.A. Field tests of strip census methods 1974 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 38, pp. 81-96 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Robetal74,
  author = {Robinette, W. L. and Loveless, C. M. and Jones, D. A.},
  title = {Field tests of strip census methods},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {81--96},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800202}
}
Rodda, G.H., Adams, A.A.Y., Campbell, E.W. and Fritts, T.H. General herpetological collecting is size-biased for five Pacific lizards 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 507-512 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rodda2015,
  author = {Rodda, Gordon H. and Adams, Amy A. Yackel and Campbell, Earl W. and Fritts, Thomas H.},
  title = {General herpetological collecting is size-biased for five Pacific lizards},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {507--512},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/14-093}
}
Rodda, G.H. and Campbell, E.W. Distance sampling of forest snakes and lizards 2002 Herpetological Review
Vol. 33(4), pp. 271-274 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Rodda2002,
  author = {Rodda, G. H. and Campbell, E. W.},
  title = {Distance sampling of forest snakes and lizards},
  journal = {Herpetological Review},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {271--274}
}
Rodda, G.H., Dean-Bradley, K., Campbell, E.W., Fritts, T.H., Lardner, B., Adams, A.A.Y. and Reed, R.N. Stability of detectability over 17 years at a single site and other lizard detection comparisons from Guam 2015 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 49(4), pp. 513-521 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rodda2015a,
  author = {Rodda, Gordon H. and Dean-Bradley, Kathryn and Campbell, Earl W. and Fritts, Thomas H. and Lardner, Bjorn and Adams, Amy A. Yackel and Reed, Robert N.},
  title = {Stability of detectability over 17 years at a single site and other lizard detection comparisons from Guam},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {513--521},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/14-085}
}
Rodríguez-Caro, R.C., Oedekoven, C.S., Graciá, E., Anadón, J.D., Buckland, S.T., Esteve-Selma, M.A., Martinez, J. and Giménez, A. Low Tortoise Abundances in Pine Forest Plantations in Forest-Shrubland Transition Areas 2017 PLOS ONE
Vol. 12(3), pp. e0173485 
article DOI  
Abstract: In the transition between Mediterranean forest and the arid subtropical shrublands of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, humans have transformed habitat since ancient times. Understanding the role of the original mosaic landscapes in wildlife species and the effects of the current changes as pine forest plantations, performed even outside the forest ecological boundaries, are important conservation issues. We studied variation in the density of the endangered spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) in three areas that include the four most common land types within the species' range (pine forests, natural shrubs, dryland crop fields, and abandoned crop fields). Tortoise densities were estimated using a two-stage modeling approach with line transect distance sampling. Densities in dryland crop fields, abandoned crop fields and natural shrubs were higher (>6 individuals/ha) than in pine forests (1.25 individuals/ha). We also found large variation in density in the pine forests. Recent pine plantations showed higher densities than mature pine forests where shrub and herbaceous cover was taller and thicker. We hypothesize that mature pine forest might constrain tortoise activity by acting as partial barriers to movements. This issue is relevant for management purposes given that large areas in the tortoise's range have recently been converted to pine plantations.
BibTeX:
@article{RodriguezCaro2017,
  author = {Rodríguez-Caro, Roberto C. and Oedekoven, Cornelia S. and Graciá, Eva and Anadón, José D. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Esteve-Selma, Miguel A. and Martinez, Julia and Giménez, Andrés},
  title = {Low Tortoise Abundances in Pine Forest Plantations in Forest-Shrubland Transition Areas},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e0173485},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173485}
}
Roeder K., B.D. and Garton, E.O. Estimating density from variable circular plot censuses 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 224-230 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Roeetal87,
  author = {Roeder, K., B. Dennis and Garton, E. O.},
  title = {Estimating density from variable circular plot censuses},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {224--230},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801660}
}
Ronconi, R.A. Patterns and processes of marine habitat selection: foraging ecology, competition and coexistence among coastal seabirds 2008 School: University of Victoria  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Ronconi2008,
  author = {Ronconi, Robert Alfredo},
  title = {Patterns and processes of marine habitat selection: foraging ecology, competition and coexistence among coastal seabirds},
  school = {University of Victoria},
  year = {2008}
}
Ronconi, R.A. and Burger, A.E. Estimating seabird densities from vessel transects: distance sampling and implications for strip transects 2009 Aquatic Biology
Vol. 4, pp. 297-309 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ronconi2009,
  author = {Ronconi, Robert A. and Burger, Alan E.},
  title = {Estimating seabird densities from vessel transects: distance sampling and implications for strip transects},
  journal = {Aquatic Biology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {297--309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00112}
}
Rone, B.K., Zerbini, A.N., Douglas, A.B., Weller, D.W. and Clapham, P.J. Abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Gulf of Alaska 2017 Marine Biology
Vol. 164, pp. 1-23 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rone2017,
  author = {Rone, B. K. and Zerbini, A. N. and Douglas, A. B. and Weller, D. W. and Clapham, P. J.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Gulf of Alaska},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3052-2}
}
Rorabaugh, J.C., Palermo, C.L. and Dunn, S.C. Distribution and relative abundance of the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) in Arizona 1987 The Southwestern Naturalist
Vol. 32, pp. 103-109 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Roretal87,
  author = {Rorabaugh, J. C. and Palermo, C. L. and Dunn, S. C.},
  title = {Distribution and relative abundance of the flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) in Arizona},
  journal = {The Southwestern Naturalist},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {103--109},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3672014}
}
Rosenstock, S.S. Influence of Gambel oak on breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona 1998 Condor, The
Vol. 100, pp. 485-492 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ros98,
  author = {Rosenstock, S. S.},
  title = {Influence of Gambel oak on breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {100},
  pages = {485--492},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1369714}
}
Rosenstock, S.S., Anderson, D.R., Giesen, K.M., Leukering, T. and Carter, M.F. Landbird counting techniques: current practices and an alternative 2002 Auk, The
Vol. 119(1), pp. 46-53 
article DOI  
Abstract: Counting techniques are widely used to study and monitor terrestrial birds. To assess current applications of counting techniques, we reviewed landbird studies published 1989-1998 in nine major journals and one symposium. Commonly used techniques fell into two groups: Procedures that used counts of bird detections as an index to abundance (index counts), and procedures that used empirical models of detectability to estimate density. Index counts rely upon assumptions concerning detectability that are difficult or impossible to meet in most field studies, but nonetheless remain the technique of choice among ornithologists; 95% of studies we reviewed relied upon point counts, strip transects, or other index procedures. Detectability-based density estimates were rarely used and deserve wider application in landbird studies. Distance sampling is a comprehensive extension of earlier detectability-based procedures (variable-width transects, variable circular plots) and a viable alternative to index counts. We provide a conceptual overview of distance sampling, specific recommendations for applying this technique to studies of landbirds, and an introduction to analysis of distance sampling data using the program DISTANCE.
BibTeX:
@article{Rosenstock2002,
  author = {Rosenstock, S. S. and Anderson, D. R. and Giesen, K. M. and Leukering, T. and Carter, M. F.},
  title = {Landbird counting techniques: current practices and an alternative},
  journal = {Auk, The},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {119},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--53},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.46}
}
Rostro-García, S., Kamler, J.F., Crouthers, R., Sopheak, K., Prum, S., In, V., Pin, C., Caragiulo, A. and Macdonald, D.W. An adaptable but threatened big cat: density, diet and prey selection of the Indochinese leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in eastern Cambodia 2018 Royal Society Open Science
Vol. 5(2), pp. 171187 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Rostro-Garcia2018,
  author = {Rostro-García, Susana and Kamler, Jan F. and Crouthers, Rachel and Sopheak, Keo and Prum, Sovanna and In, Visattha and Pin, Chanratana and Caragiulo, Anthony and Macdonald, David W.},
  title = {An adaptable but threatened big cat: density, diet and prey selection of the Indochinese leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in eastern Cambodia},
  journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
  publisher = {The Royal Society},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {171187},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171187}
}
Rotella, J.J. and Ratti, J.T. Test of a critical density index assumption: a case study with gray partridge 1986 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 50, pp. 532-539 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{RotRat86,
  author = {Rotella, J. J. and Ratti, J. T.},
  title = {Test of a critical density index assumption: a case study with gray partridge},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {532--539},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800959}
}
Routledge, R.D. and Fyfe, D.A. TRANSAN : line transect estimates based on shape restrictions 1992 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 20, pp. 455-456 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{RouFyf92b,
  author = {Routledge, R. D. and Fyfe, D. A.},
  title = {TRANSAN : line transect estimates based on shape restrictions},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {455--456},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783069}
}
Routledge, R.D. and Fyfe, D.A. Confidence limits for line transect estimates based on shape restrictions 1992 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 56, pp. 402-407 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{RouFyf92,
  author = {Routledge, R. D. and Fyfe, D. A.},
  title = {Confidence limits for line transect estimates based on shape restrictions},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {402--407},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808843}
}
Rowcliffe, M.J., Carbone, C., Jansen, P.A., Kays, R. and Kranstauber, B. Quantifying the sensitivity of camera traps: an adapted distance sampling approach 2011 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 2(5), pp. 464-476 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MEE3:MEE394,
  author = {Rowcliffe, M. J. and Carbone, Chris and Jansen, Patrick A. and Kays, Roland and Kranstauber, Bart},
  title = {Quantifying the sensitivity of camera traps: an adapted distance sampling approach},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {464--476},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00094.x}
}
Roy, M., Qureshi, Q., Naha, D., Sankar, K., Gopal, R. and Jhala, Y.V. Demystifying the sundarban tiger: novel application of conventional population estimation methods in a unique ecosystem 2016 Population Ecology
Vol. 58(1), pp. 81-89 
article DOI  
Abstract: Conserving large populations with unique adaptations is essential for minimizing extinction risks. Sundarban mangroves (¿ 10,000 km2) are the only mangrove inhabited by tigers. Baseline information about this tiger population is lacking due to its man-eating reputation and logistic difficulties of sampling. Herein, we adapt photographic capture-mark-recapture (CMR) and distance sampling to estimate tiger and prey densities. We placed baited camera stations in a typical mangrove in 2010 and 2012. We used telemetry based tiger home-range radius (5.73 km, SE 0.72 km) to estimate effective trapping area (ETA). An effort of 407 and 1073 trap nights were exerted to photocapture 10 and 22 unique tigers in 2010 and 2012. We accounted for use of bait by modelling behaviour and heterogeneity effects in program MARK and secr package in program R. Using traditional CMR, tiger number was estimated at 11 (SE 2) and density at 4.07 (SE range 3.09– 5.17) in 2010 while in 2012, tiger number was 24 (SE 3) and density 4.63 (SE range 3.92– 5.40) tigers/100 km2. With likelihood based spatially explicit CMR, tiger densities were estimated at 4.08 (SE 1.51) in 2010 and 5.81 (SE 1.24) tigers/100 km2 in 2012. Using distance sampling along water channels, we estimated chital density at 5.24/km2, SE 1.23 which could potentially support 4.68 tigers/100 km2 [95 % CI (3.92, 5.57)]. Our estimates suggest that Sundarban tiger population is one of the largest in the world and therefore merits high conservation status.
BibTeX:
@article{Roy2016,
  author = {Roy, Manjari and Qureshi, Qamar and Naha, Dipanjan and Sankar, Kalyanasundaram and Gopal, Rajesh and Jhala, Yadvendradev Vikramsinh},
  title = {Demystifying the sundarban tiger: novel application of conventional population estimation methods in a unique ecosystem},
  journal = {Population Ecology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--89},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-015-0527-9}
}
Royama, T. The theory and practice of line transects in animal ecology by means of visual and auditory recognition 1960 Yamashina Institute of Ornithology and Zoology
Vol. 2, pp. 1-17 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Roy60,
  author = {Royama, T.},
  title = {The theory and practice of line transects in animal ecology by means of visual and auditory recognition},
  journal = {Yamashina Institute of Ornithology and Zoology},
  year = {1960},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {1--17},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3312/jyio1952.2.1}
}
Royle, J. Hierarchical modeling of cluster size in wildlife surveys 2008 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 13(1), pp. 23-36 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1198/108571108X273188,
  author = {Royle, J.},
  title = {Hierarchical modeling of cluster size in wildlife surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--36},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/108571108X273188}
}
Royle, J.A., Dawson, D.K. and Bates, S. Modeling abundance effects in distance sampling 2004 Ecology
Vol. 85(6), pp. 1591-1597 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance-sampling methods are commonly used in studies of animal populations to estimate population density. A common objective of such studies is to evaluate the relationship between abundance or density and covariates that describe animal habitat or other environmental influences. However, little attention has been focused on methods of modeling abundance covariate effects in conventional distance-sampling models. In this paper we propose a distance-sampling model that accommodates covariate effects on abundance. The model is based on specification of the distance-sampling likelihood at the level of the sample unit in terms of local abundance (for each sampling unit). This model is augmented with a Poisson regression model for local abundance that is parameterized in terms of available covariates. Maximum-likelihood estimation of detection and density parameters is based on the integrated likelihood, wherein local abundance is removed from the likelihood by integration. We provide an example using avian point-transect data of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) collected using a distance-sampling protocol and two measures of habitat structure (understory cover and basal area of overstory trees). The model yields a sensible description (positive effect of understory cover, negative effect on basal area) of the relationship between habitat and Ovenbird density that can be used to evaluate the effects of habitat management on Ovenbird populations.
BibTeX:
@article{Royleetal2004,
  author = {Royle, J. A. and Dawson, D. K. and Bates, S.},
  title = {Modeling abundance effects in distance sampling},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {85},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1591--1597},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/03-3127}
}
Royle, J. and Dorazio, R. Parameter-expanded data augmentation for bayesian analysis of capture-recapture models 2012 Journal of Ornithology
Vol. 152, pp. S521-S537 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Royle2012,
  author = {Royle, J. and Dorazio, Robert},
  title = {Parameter-expanded data augmentation for bayesian analysis of capture-recapture models},
  journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {S521--S537},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0619-4}
}
Ruette, S., Stahl, P. and Albaret, M. Applying distance-sampling methods to spotlight counts of red foxes 2003 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 40(1), pp. 32-43 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. Monitoring red fox Vulpes vulpes abundance is necessary to assess the status and management of this species and to understand predator-prey relationships. Spotlight counts are most often used for this purpose. However, comparisons between regions or over years may be questionable when using encounter rates, i.e. the number of foxes seen per kilometre. We evaluated whether distance-sampling methods, which take account of variation in visibility, could be applied to spotlight counts of foxes along roads and trails. 2. Distance-sampling methods were used at 12 contrasting sites in France in a systematic design with equally spaced transects or points. Line and point transects were simultaneously applied at two sites to find the more precise and efficient method. 3. The number of foxes seen near the centreline was always low, although some foxes may have been missed. A peak of sightings at subsequent intervals from the centreline suggested evasive movements. 4. Despite the low sighting frequency near the centreline, which may reflect a violation of distance-sampling assumptions, a good model fit was obtained for eight out of 12 data sets using a regular 50-m grouping of the distance data. Increasing the first interval to account for evasive movement improved model fit in the four other data sets. Density estimates ranged from 0.39 to 3.54 foxes km-2 (range of coefficient of variation 4.5-24.6%). 5. Point and line transects resulted in similar density estimates, but point transects were more time consuming and resulted in larger coefficients of variation due to a smaller number of foxes seen by this method. Line transects may therefore produce better estimates of fox numbers. 6. There were few differences among the effective strip width estimates between the 12 sites (range 191-286 m), thus line transect estimates may have a limited advantage over encounter rates. 7. Synthesis and applications. The systematic scheme we applied in this study improved sampling design and variance estimations and should be useful for surveying terrestrial mammals with spotlight counts. However, the location of transects along roads and in open habitats probably induced biased results. Methodological improvements are necessary before spotlight distance sampling can become a routine monitoring tool for foxes.
BibTeX:
@article{Ruette2003,
  author = {Ruette, S. and Stahl, P. and Albaret, M.},
  title = {Applying distance-sampling methods to spotlight counts of red foxes},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {32--43},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00776.x}
}
Rugh, D.J., Breiwick, J.M., Dahlheim, M.E. and Boucher, G.C. A comparison of independent, concurrent sighting records from a shore-based count of gray whales 1993 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 21, pp. 427-437 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Rugetal93,
  author = {Rugh, D. J. and Breiwick, J. M. and Dahlheim, M. E. and Boucher, G. C.},
  title = {A comparison of independent, concurrent sighting records from a shore-based count of gray whales},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {427--437},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783415}
}
Ruiz-Sánchez, A. and Renton K.and Rueda-Hernández, R. Winter habitat disturbance influences density and territory size of a neotropical migratory warbler 2017 Journal of Ornithology
Vol. 158, pp. 63-73 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ruiz-Sanchez2017,
  author = {Ruiz-Sánchez, A. and Renton, K.and Rueda-Hernández, R.},
  title = {Winter habitat disturbance influences density and territory size of a neotropical migratory warbler},
  journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {158},
  pages = {63--73},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1368-9}
}
Saavedra, C., Gerrodette, T., Louzao, M., Valeiras, J., García, S., Cerviño, S., Pierce, G.J. and Santos, M.B. Assessing the environmental status of the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in north-western Spanish waters using abundance trends and safe removal limits 2018 Progress in Oceanography
Vol. 166, pp. 66-75 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Saavedra2018,
  author = {Saavedra, Camilo and Gerrodette, Tim and Louzao, Maite and Valeiras, Julio and García, Salvador and Cerviño, Santiago and Pierce, Graham J. and Santos, M. Begoña},
  title = {Assessing the environmental status of the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in north-western Spanish waters using abundance trends and safe removal limits},
  journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {166},
  pages = {66--75},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.08.006}
}
Safranyik, L. and Linton, D.A. Line transect sampling to estimate the density of lodgepole pine currently attacked by mountain pine beetle 2002 (BC-X-392)School: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Safranyik2002,
  author = {Safranyik, L. and Linton, D. A.},
  title = {Line transect sampling to estimate the density of lodgepole pine currently attacked by mountain pine beetle},
  school = {Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre},
  year = {2002},
  number = {BC-X-392}
}
Salafsky, S.R., Reynolds, R.T. and Noon, B.R. Patterns of temporal variation in goshawk reproduction and prey resources 2005 Journal of Raptor Research
Vol. 39(3), pp. 237-246 
article  
Abstract: To investigate whether Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) reproduction is food-limited, we evaluated the reproductive output from 401 goshawk breeding opportunities on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona during 1999-2002. Concurrently, we estimated densities of 10 goshawk prey species (seven birds, three mammals) using distance sampling. We then assessed the relationship between goshawk productivity (number of fledglings produced) and prey density within and among years by relating the contribution of individual prey species and total prey density to goshawk productivity. We also estimated the proportion of total diet and biomass for each species that contributed ?3% of all prey items. Total prey density was highly correlated with variation in goshawk productivity (r2 = 0.98, P = 0.012). Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) density explained more variation in goshawk productivity than any other species (r2 = 0.94, P = 0.031), but density could not be estimated for every predominant prey species in goshawk diets. However, only red squirrels had a positive and significant relationship to goshawk productivity in terms of frequency (r2 = 0.97, P = 0.014) and biomass (r2 = 0.95, P = 0.033). Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), which contributed the greatest frequency and biomass, respectively, to goshawk diets, showed no relationship with goshawk productivity. Even though goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau have a diverse diet and will readily switch to alternate prey species, goshawk productivity showed significant interannual variation. Our results suggest that the magnitude of goshawk productivity was determined by total prey density and annual variation was driven by differences in the densities of critical prey species. textcopyright 2005 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
BibTeX:
@article{Salafsky2005,
  author = {Salafsky, S. R. and Reynolds, R. T. and Noon, B. R.},
  title = {Patterns of temporal variation in goshawk reproduction and prey resources},
  journal = {Journal of Raptor Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {237--246}
}
Salgado Kent, C., Jenner, K.C.S., Jenner, M.-N., Bouchet, P. and Rexstad, E. Southern hemisphere breeding stock "D" humpback whale population estimates from North West Cape, Western Australia 2012 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 12, pp. 29-38 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SalgadoKent2012,
  author = {Salgado Kent, C. and Jenner, K. C. S. and Jenner, M.-N. and Bouchet, P. and Rexstad, E.},
  title = {Southern hemisphere breeding stock "D" humpback whale population estimates from North West Cape, Western Australia},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {29--38}
}
Salmona, J., Ralantoharijaona, T., Thani, I.M., Rakotonanahary, A., Zaranaina, R., Jan, F., Rasolondraibe, E., Barnavon, M., Beck, A., Wohlhauser, S., Ranirison, P., Zaonarivelo, J.R., Rabarivola, C. and Chikhi, L. Daraina sportive lemur (Lepilemur milanoii) density and population size estimates in most of its distribution range: the Loky-Manambato region 2014 Lemur News
Vol. 18, pp. 16-19 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Salmona2014,
  author = {Salmona, Jordi and Ralantoharijaona, Tantely and Thani, Ibouroi Mohamed and Rakotonanahary, Ando and Zaranaina, Radavison and Jan, Fabien and Rasolondraibe, Emmanuel and Barnavon, Mélanie and Beck, Angelika and Wohlhauser, Sébastien and Ranirison, Patrick and Zaonarivelo, John Rigobert and Rabarivola, Clément and Chikhi, Lounès},
  title = {Daraina sportive lemur (Lepilemur milanoii) density and population size estimates in most of its distribution range: the Loky-Manambato region},
  journal = {Lemur News},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {16--19}
}
Saltz, D., Ward, D., Kapofi, I. and Karamata, J. Population estimation and harvesting potential for game in arid Namibia 2004 South African Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 34(2), pp. 153-161 
article  
Abstract: We determined the densities of game on mixed game and livestock ranches in arid Namibia over three years using ground survey techniques and distance and point sampling. Annual game yield estimates varied considerably, depending on the sampling technique used. Estimates were further confounded by the fact that game can move freely between ranches. Our estimates suggest that the number of game that could be harvested per annum over time is relatively small. The spatial separation between cattle and game indicates that combining game and cattle ranching may be economical. Further studies on the space-use patterns for these species are necessary to determine how many ranches share the same animals. Rigorous population estimation techniques using aerial transects, combined with setting threshold values below which the populations will not be harvested, are necessary to reliably assess the density of the animals in this region and to prevent over harvesting.
BibTeX:
@article{Saltz2004,
  author = {Saltz, D. and Ward, D. and Kapofi, I. and Karamata, J.},
  title = {Population estimation and harvesting potential for game in arid Namibia},
  journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {153--161}
}
Sammler, J.E. Population trends of tundra-nesting birds in Churchill, Manitoba: potential effects of increasing lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) populations 2001 School: The University of Minnesota  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Sammler2001,
  author = {Sammler, John Edward},
  title = {Population trends of tundra-nesting birds in Churchill, Manitoba: potential effects of increasing lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) populations},
  school = {The University of Minnesota},
  year = {2001}
}
Samuel, M.D., Garton, E.O., Schlegel, M.W. and Carson, R.G. Visibility bias during aerial surveys of elk in north central Idaho 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 622-630 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sametal87,
  author = {Samuel, M. D. and Garton, E. O. and Schlegel, M. W. and Carson, R. G.},
  title = {Visibility bias during aerial surveys of elk in north central Idaho},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {622--630},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801280}
}
Santangeli, A. and Dolman, P. Density and habitat preferences of male little bustard across contrasting agro-pastoral landscapes in Sardinia (Italy) 2011 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 57(4), pp. 805-815 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10344-011-0492-3,
  author = {Santangeli, Andrea and Dolman, Paul},
  title = {Density and habitat preferences of male little bustard across contrasting agro-pastoral landscapes in Sardinia (Italy)},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {805--815},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0492-3}
}
Santos, J.P.V., Vicente, J., Carvalho, J., Queirós, J., Villamuelas, M., Albanell, E., Acevedo, P., Gortázar, C., López-Olvera, J.R. and Fonseca, C. Determining changes in the nutritional condition of red deer in Mediterranean ecosystems: effects of environmental, management and demographic factors 2018 Ecological Indicators
Vol. 87, pp. 261-271 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Santos2018,
  author = {Santos, João P. V. and Vicente, Joaquín and Carvalho, João and Queirós, João and Villamuelas, Miriam and Albanell, Elena and Acevedo, Pelayo and Gortázar, Christian and López-Olvera, Jorge Ramón and Fonseca, Carlos},
  title = {Determining changes in the nutritional condition of red deer in Mediterranean ecosystems: effects of environmental, management and demographic factors},
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {261--271},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.039}
}
van Schaik, C.P., Wich, S.A., Utami, S.S. and Odom, K. A simple alternative to line transects of nests for estimating orangutan densities 2005 Primates
Vol. 46(4), pp. 249-254 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schaik2005,
  author = {van Schaik, C. P. and Wich, S. A. and Utami, S. S. and Odom, K.},
  title = {A simple alternative to line transects of nests for estimating orangutan densities},
  journal = {Primates},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {46},
  number = {4},
  pages = {249--254},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-005-0134-z}
}
Scheidat, M., Gilles, A., Kock, K.H. and Siebert, U. Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena abundance in the southwestern Baltic Sea 2008 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 5(2-3), pp. 215-223 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{M2008,
  author = {Scheidat, M. and Gilles, A. and Kock, K. H. and Siebert, U.},
  title = {Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena abundance in the southwestern Baltic Sea},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {215--223},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00161}
}
Schmidt, B.R. Declining amphibian populations: the pitfalls of count data in the study of diversity, distributions, dynamics, and demography 2004 Herpetological Journal
Vol. 14(4), pp. 167-174 
article DOI  
Abstract: Most data used in the study of the demography, dynamics, distributions, diversity, and declines of amphibians are count data that are not adjusted for detection probabilities, which are generally variable and low. Such unadjusted count data are unreliable for understanding amphibian ecology, amphibian declines, or when developing conservation and management strategies. In the future, detection probabilities should be estimated and counts adjusted accordingly. This could be achieved by using capture-mark-recapture, distance sampling or novel Bayesian methods.
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2004,
  author = {Schmidt, B. R.},
  title = {Declining amphibian populations: the pitfalls of count data in the study of diversity, distributions, dynamics, and demography},
  journal = {Herpetological Journal},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {167--174},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-58012}
}
Schmidt, B.R. and Pellet, J. Amphibian ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques 2009 , pp. 465-479  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Schmidt2009,
  author = {Schmidt, B. R. and Pellet, J.},
  title = {Amphibian ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {465--479}
}
Schmidt, J.H. and Deacy, W.W. Using Spatial Distance Sampling Models to Optimize Survey Effort and Address Violations of the Design Assumption 2021 Ecological Solutions and Evidence
Vol. 2(3), pp. e12091 
article DOI  
Abstract: Conventional distance sampling approaches rely on the design assumption (i.e. uniform distribution of individuals in relation to transects) to ensure unbiased inference to the population of interest. However, randomized design recommendations are not always followed or may be impractical to implement for some survey types, particularly in cases where transects must be placed perpendicular to the habitat gradient. Full-likelihood spatial distance sampling models provide a potential solution to violations of the design assumption by jointly modelling the detection and occurrence processes using spatially indexed habitat covariates. Through simulation and an applied example based on a survey for Dall's sheep in Alaska, USA, we used a full-likelihood distance sampling approach to investigate the potential for bias in cases where transects placed perpendicular to the habitat gradient (e.g. elevational contours) are non-randomly sampled. We also assessed the utility of spatial approaches in cases where transects are placed along linear features, such as roads or ridgelines, where habitat may be unrepresentative of the overall study area. Our results showed that the full-likelihood approach was generally unbiased, even in extreme scenarios where habitat was inversely related to distance from the transect. For the Dall's sheep example, our results showed that more efficient designs with reduced sampling effort in low-quality habitats are a practical solution for reducing logistical costs when the data are analysed in a spatial modelling framework. Together, our findings confirm and extend existing work suggesting that spatial distance sampling can be a useful solution when non-random designs are employed. Given the high cost of survey implementation in many cases, the development of valid alternatives to design-based inference will aid in the amount of information available for a variety of species. The results of our work will be useful for practitioners in assessing alternative designs relative to particular survey applications.
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2021,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Deacy, William W.},
  title = {Using Spatial Distance Sampling Models to Optimize Survey Effort and Address Violations of the Design Assumption},
  journal = {Ecological Solutions and Evidence},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e12091},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12091}
}
Schmidt, J.H. and Rattenbury, K.L. An open-population distance sampling framework for assessing population dynamics in group-dwelling species 2017 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 9(4), pp. 936-945 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2017a,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Rattenbury, Kumi L.},
  title = {An open-population distance sampling framework for assessing population dynamics in group-dwelling species},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {936--945},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12932}
}
Schmidt, J.H., Rattenbury, K.L., Lawler, J.P. and Maccluskie, M.C. Using distance sampling and hierarchical models to improve estimates of dall's sheep abundance 2011 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 76, pp. 317-327 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2011,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Rattenbury, Kumi L. and Lawler, James P. and Maccluskie, Margaret C.},
  title = {Using distance sampling and hierarchical models to improve estimates of dall's sheep abundance},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {317--327},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.216}
}
Schmidt, J.H., Reynolds, J.H., Rattenbury, K.L., Phillips, L.M., White, K.S., Schertz, D., Morton, J.M. and Kim, H.S. Integrating distance sampling with minimum counts to improve monitoring 2019 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 83(6), pp. 1454-1465 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2019,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Reynolds, Joel H. and Rattenbury, Kumi L. and Phillips, Laura M. and White, Kevin S. and Schertz, Dylan and Morton, John M. and Kim, H. Sharon},
  title = {Integrating distance sampling with minimum counts to improve monitoring},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {83},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1454--1465},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21691}
}
Schmidt, J.H., Thompson, W.L., Wilson, T.L. and Reynolds, J.H. Distance Sampling Surveys: Using Components of Detection and Total Error to Select among Approaches 2022 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 210(1), pp. e1070 
article DOI  
Abstract: Wildlife population estimators often require formal adjustment for imperfect detection of individuals during surveys. Conventional distance sampling (CDS) and its extensions (mark-recapture distance sampling [MRDS], temporary emigration distance sampling [TEDS]) are popular approaches for producing unbiased estimators of wildlife abundance. However, despite extensive discussion and development of distance sampling theory in the literature, deciding which of these alternatives is most appropriate for a particular scenario can be confusing. Some of this confusion may stem from an incomplete understanding of how each approach addresses the components of the detection process. Here we describe the proper application of CDS, MRDS, and TEDS approaches and use applied examples to help clarify their differing assumptions with respect to the components of the detection process. To further aid the practitioner, we summarize the differences in a decision tree that can be used to identify cases where a more complex alternative (e.g., MRDS or TEDS) may be appropriate for a given survey application. Although the more complex approaches can account for additional sources of bias, in practical applications one also must consider estimator precision. Therefore, we also review the concept of total estimator error in the context of comparing competing methods for a given application to aid in the selection of the most appropriate distance sampling approach. Finally, we detail how the use of more advanced techniques (i.e., informed priors, open-population distance sampling models, and integrated modeling approaches) can further reduce total estimator error by leveraging information from existing and ongoing data collection. By synthesizing the existing literature on CDS, MRDS, TEDS and their extensions, in conjunction with the concepts of total estimator error and the components of the detection process, we provide a comprehensive guide that can be used by the practitioner to more efficiently, effectively, and appropriately apply distance sampling in a variety of settings.
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2022,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Thompson, William L. and Wilson, Tammy L. and Reynolds, Joel H.},
  title = {Distance Sampling Surveys: Using Components of Detection and Total Error to Select among Approaches},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {210},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e1070},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1070}
}
Schmidt, J.H., Wilson, T.L., Thompson, W.L. and Reynolds, J.H. Improving Inference for Aerial Surveys of Bears: The Importance of Assumptions and the Cost of Unnecessary Complexity 2017 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(13), pp. 4812-4821 
article DOI  
Abstract: Obtaining useful estimates of wildlife abundance or density requires thoughtful attention to potential sources of bias and precision, and it is widely understood that addressing incomplete detection is critical to appropriate inference. When the underlying assumptions of sampling approaches are violated, both increased bias and reduced precision of the population estimator may result. Bear (Ursus spp.) populations can be difficult to sample and are often monitored using mark-recapture distance sampling (MRDS) methods, although obtaining adequate sample sizes can be cost prohibitive. With the goal of improving inference, we examined the underlying methodological assumptions and estimator efficiency of three datasets collected under an MRDS protocol designed specifically for bears. We analyzed these data using MRDS, conventional distance sampling (CDS), and open-distance sampling approaches to evaluate the apparent bias-precision tradeoff relative to the assumptions inherent under each approach. We also evaluated the incorporation of informative priors on detection parameters within a Bayesian context. We found that the CDS estimator had low apparent bias and was more efficient than the more complex MRDS estimator. When combined with informative priors on the detection process, precision was increased by >50% compared to the MRDS approach with little apparent bias. In addition, open-distance sampling models revealed a serious violation of the assumption that all bears were available to be sampled. Inference is directly related to the underlying assumptions of the survey design and the analytical tools employed. We show that for aerial surveys of bears, avoidance of unnecessary model complexity, use of prior information, and the application of open population models can be used to greatly improve estimator performance and simplify field protocols. Although we focused on distance sampling-based aerial surveys for bears, the general concepts we addressed apply to a variety of wildlife survey contexts.
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2017,
  author = {Schmidt, Joshua H. and Wilson, Tammy L. and Thompson, William L. and Reynolds, Joel H.},
  title = {Improving Inference for Aerial Surveys of Bears: The Importance of Assumptions and the Cost of Unnecessary Complexity},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  number = {13},
  pages = {4812--4821},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2912}
}
Schmidt, P.M., Pierce, B.L. and Lopez, R.R. Estimating free-roaming cat densities in urban areas: comparison of mark-resight and distance sampling 2007 Wildlife Biology in Practice
Vol. 3, pp. 18-27 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schmidt2007,
  author = {Schmidt, P. M. and Pierce, B. L. and Lopez, R. R.},
  title = {Estimating free-roaming cat densities in urban areas: comparison of mark-resight and distance sampling},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology in Practice},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {18--27},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2007.3.3}
}
Schroeder, N.M., González, A., Wisdom, M., Nielson, R., Rowland, M.M. and Novaro, A.J. Roads have no effect on guanaco habitat selection at a Patagonian site with limited poaching 2018 Global Ecology and Conservation
Vol. 14, pp. e00394 
article DOI  
Abstract: Roads affect flora and fauna across the world. Large mammals are particularly vulnerable to road effects because their large home ranges lead to a higher probability of contact with road networks. Disturbance associated with roads can alter the probability of habitat use by making suitable habitat near roads inaccessible or underused. Many studies and monitoring programs for large mammals such as guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in South America, however, rely on counts made from roads to estimate population abundance and distribution. These counts implicitly assume that animal responses to roads are negligible, an assumption almost universally unstudied. We used density surface models with aerial survey data to evaluate the effects of unpaved roads on guanaco habitat selection, at the scale of the species' home range, in a Patagonian site with limited poaching. Contrary to expectations and regardless of disturbance level associated with roads, guanacos did not avoid roads at site (0.36 km2) or patch (2.4 km2) scales during any season. We posit two non-exclusive hypotheses to explain our results: (1) disturbance levels of roads are below thresholds of guanaco response, and (2) guanacos in our study area tolerated motorized vehicles due to limited harassment by poachers from roads. Our results, considered with opposite findings of strong road effects on guanaco at a landscape and regional scales, highlight the need to assess whether road surveys lead to biased estimates of ungulate abundance and distribution under different environmental conditions, human activities and scales of interest. Where long-term monitoring of large mammal populations relies on road surveys, aerial or other non-road surveys could be strategically conducted to determine whether counts from roads provide reliable estimates.
BibTeX:
@article{schroeder_roads_2018,
  author = {Schroeder, Natalia M. and González, Alejandro and Wisdom, Michael and Nielson, Ryan and Rowland, Mary M. and Novaro, Andres J.},
  title = {Roads have no effect on guanaco habitat selection at a Patagonian site with limited poaching},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {e00394},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00394}
}
Schroeder, N.M., Matteucci, S.D., Moreno, P.G., Gregorio, P., Ovejero, R., Taraborelli, P. and Carmanchahi, P.D. Spatial and seasonal dynamic of abundance and distribution of guanaco and livestock: insights from using density surface and null models 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9, pp. e85960 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ p¿ Monitoring species abundance and distribution is a prerequisite when assessing species status and population viability, a difficult task to achieve for large herbivores at ecologically meaningful scales. Co-occurrence patterns can be used to infer mechanisms of community organization (such as biotic interactions), although it has been traditionally applied to binary presence/absence data. Here, we combine density surface and null models of abundance data as a novel approach to analyze the spatial and seasonal dynamics of abundance and distribution of guanacos (¡ italic¿ Lama guanicoe/italic¿ ) and domestic herbivores in northern Patagonia, in order to visually and analytically compare the dispersion and co-occurrence pattern of ungulates. We found a marked seasonal pattern in abundance and spatial distribution of ¡ italic¿ L. guanicoe/italictextquestiondown. The guanaco population reached its maximum annual size and spatial dispersion in spring-summer, decreasing up to 6.5 times in size and occupying few sites of the study area in fall-winter. These results are evidence of the seasonal migration process of guanaco populations, an increasingly rare event for terrestrial mammals worldwide. The maximum number of guanacos estimated for spring (25951) is higher than the total population size (10000) 20 years ago, probably due to both counting methodology and population growth. Livestock were mostly distributed near human settlements, as expected by the sedentary management practiced by local people. Herbivore distribution was non-random; i.e., guanaco and livestock abundances co-varied negatively in all seasons, more than expected by chance. Segregation degree of guanaco and small-livestock (goats and sheep) was comparatively stronger than that of guanaco and large-livestock, suggesting a competition mechanism between ecologically similar herbivores, although various environmental factors could also contribute to habitat segregation. The new and compelling combination of methods used here is highly useful for researchers who conduct counts of animals to simultaneously estimate population sizes, distributions, assess temporal trends and characterize multi-species spatial interactions./p¿
BibTeX:
@article{Schroeder2014,
  author = {Schroeder, Natalia M. and Matteucci, Silvia D. and Moreno, Pablo G. and Gregorio, Pablo and Ovejero, Ramiro and Taraborelli, Paula and Carmanchahi, Pablo D.},
  title = {Spatial and seasonal dynamic of abundance and distribution of guanaco and livestock: insights from using density surface and null models},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e85960},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085960}
}
Schwarz, C.J. and Seber, G.A.F. Estimating animal abundance: review III 1999 Statistical Science
Vol. 14, pp. 427-56 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SchSeb99,
  author = {Schwarz, C. J. and Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {Estimating animal abundance: review III},
  journal = {Statistical Science},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {427--56},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1009212521}
}
Schweder, T. Point process models in line transect studies 2003   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Schweder2003,
  author = {Schweder, Tore},
  title = {Point process models in line transect studies},
  year = {2003}
}
Schweder, T. Abundance estimation from multiple photo surveys: confidence distributions and reduced likelihoods for bowhead whales off Alaska 2003 Biometrics
Vol. 59, pp. 974-983 
article DOI  
Abstract: Maximum likelihood estimates of abundance are obtained from repeated photographic surveys of a closed stratified population with naturally marked and unmarked individuals. Capture intensities are assumed log-linear in stratum, year, and season. In the chosen model, an approximate confidence distribution for total abundance of bowhead whales, with an accompanying likelihood reduced of nuisance parameters, is found from a parametric bootstrap experiment. The confidence distribution depends on the assumed study protocol. A confidence distribution that is exact (except for the effect of discreteness) is found by conditioning in the unstratified case without unmarked individuals.
BibTeX:
@article{Sch2003,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Abundance estimation from multiple photo surveys: confidence distributions and reduced likelihoods for bowhead whales off Alaska},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {974--983},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2003.00112.x}
}
Schweder, T. Line transecting with difficulties; lessons from surveying minke whales 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 149-166  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Sch99,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Line transecting with difficulties; lessons from surveying minke whales},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {149--166}
}
Schweder, T. Measurement error models for the Norwegian minke whale survey in 1995 1997 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 47, pp. 485-488 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SCH97,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Measurement error models for the Norwegian minke whale survey in 1995},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {485--488}
}
Schweder, T. A note on a buoy-sighting experiment in the North Sea in 1990 1996 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 46, pp. 383-385 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SCH96,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {A note on a buoy-sighting experiment in the North Sea in 1990},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {383--385}
}
Schweder, T. Independent observer experiments to estimate the detection function in line transect surveys of whales 1990 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 40, pp. 349-355 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Sch90,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Independent observer experiments to estimate the detection function in line transect surveys of whales},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {349--355}
}
Schweder, T. Point process models for line transect experiments 1977 Recent Developments in Statistics, pp. 221-242  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Sch77,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Point process models for line transect experiments},
  booktitle = {Recent Developments in Statistics},
  publisher = {North-Holland Publishing Company},
  year = {1977},
  pages = {221--242}
}
Schweder, T. Transformations of point processes: applications to animal sighting and catch problems, with special emphasis on whales 1974 School: University of California  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Sch74,
  author = {Schweder, T.},
  title = {Transformations of point processes: applications to animal sighting and catch problems, with special emphasis on whales},
  school = {University of California},
  year = {1974}
}
Schweder, T., Hagen, G., Helgeland, J. and Koppervik, I. Abundance estimation of northeastern Atlantic minke whales 1996 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 46, pp. 391-408 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal96,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Hagen, G. and Helgeland, J. and Koppervik, I.},
  title = {Abundance estimation of northeastern Atlantic minke whales},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {391--408}
}
Schweder, T. and Høst, G. Integrating experimental data and survey data to estimate g(0): a first approach 1992 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 42, pp. 575-582 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SchHos92,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Høst, G.},
  title = {Integrating experimental data and survey data to estimate g(0): a first approach},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {575--582}
}
Schweder, T., Høst, G. and Øien, N. A note on the bias in capture-recapture type estimates of g(0) due to the fact that whales are diving 1991 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 41, pp. 397-399 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal91,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Høst, G. and Øien, N.},
  title = {A note on the bias in capture-recapture type estimates of g(0) due to the fact that whales are diving},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {397--399}
}
Schweder, T., Skaug, H.J., Dimakos, X.K., Langaas, M. and Øien, N. Abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales, estimates for 1989 and 1995 1997 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 47, pp. 453-483 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal97,
  author = {Schweder, T and Skaug, H. J and Dimakos, X. K and Langaas, M. and Øien, N.},
  title = {Abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales, estimates for 1989 and 1995},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {453--483}
}
Schweder, T., Skaug, H.J., Langaas, M. and Dimakos, X.K. Simulated likelihood methods for complex double-platform line transect surveys 1999 Biometrics
Vol. 55, pp. 678-687 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal99,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Skaug, H. J. and Langaas, M. and Dimakos, X. K.},
  title = {Simulated likelihood methods for complex double-platform line transect surveys},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {678--687},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00678.x}
}
Schweder, T., Øien, N. and Høst, G. Estimates of abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales in 1989 1993 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 43, pp. 323-331 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal93,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Øien, N. and Høst, G.},
  title = {Estimates of abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales in 1989},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {323--331}
}
Schweder, T., Øien, N. and Høst, G. Estimates of the detection probability for shipboard surveys of northeastern Atlantic minke whales, based on a parallel ship experiment 1991 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 41, pp. 417-432 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Schetal91b,
  author = {Schweder, T. and Øien, N. and Høst, G.},
  title = {Estimates of the detection probability for shipboard surveys of northeastern Atlantic minke whales, based on a parallel ship experiment},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {41},
  pages = {417--432}
}
Scott, J.M., Jacobi, J.D. and Ramsey, F.L. Avian surveys of large geographical areas: a systematic approach 1981 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 9, pp. 190-200 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Scoetal81,
  author = {Scott, J. M. and Jacobi, J. D. and Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Avian surveys of large geographical areas: a systematic approach},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {190--200},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3781837}
}
Scott, J.M. and Ramsey, F.L. Length of count period as a possible source of bias in estimating bird densities 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 409-413  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{ScoRam81,
  author = {Scott, J. M. and Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Length of count period as a possible source of bias in estimating bird densities},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {409--413}
}
Scott, J.M., Ramsey, F.L. and Kepler, C.B. Distance estimation as a variable in estimating bird numbers 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 334-340  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Scoetal81b,
  author = {Scott, J. M. and Ramsey, F. L. and Kepler, C. B.},
  title = {Distance estimation as a variable in estimating bird numbers},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {334--340}
}
Seber, G.A.F. Some new directions in estimating animal population parameters 2001 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 6, pp. 140-151 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Seber2001,
  author = {Seber, George A. F.},
  title = {Some new directions in estimating animal population parameters},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {140--151},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524490}
}
Seber, G.A.F. A review of estimating animal abundance II 1992 International Statistical Review
Vol. 60, pp. 129-166 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Seb92,
  author = {Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {A review of estimating animal abundance II},
  journal = {International Statistical Review},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {129--166},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1403646}
}
Seber, G.A.F. A review of estimating animal abundance 1986 Biometrics
Vol. 42, pp. 267-292 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Seb86,
  author = {Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {A review of estimating animal abundance},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {267--292},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531049}
}
Seber, G.A.F. The estimation of animal abundance, 2nd ed 1982   book  
BibTeX:
@book{SEB82,
  author = {Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {The estimation of animal abundance, 2nd ed},
  publisher = {Griffin},
  year = {1982}
}
Seber, G.A.F. Transects of random length 1979 Sampling Biological Populations, pp. 183-192  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Seb79,
  author = {Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {Transects of random length},
  booktitle = {Sampling Biological Populations},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {183--192}
}
Secchi, E.R., Ott, P.H., Crespo, E.A., Kinas, P.G., Pedraza, S.N. and Bordino, P. A first estimate of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) abundance off southern Brazil. 2001 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 3(1), pp. 95-100 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Secchi2001,
  author = {Secchi, E. R. and Ott, P. H. and Crespo, E. A. and Kinas, P. G. and Pedraza, S. N. and Bordino, P.},
  title = {A first estimate of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) abundance off southern Brazil.},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {95--100}
}
Secchi, E.R., Rosa, L.D., Kinas, P.G., Nicolette, R.F., Azevedo, A. and Maia, Y.G. Abundance of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae,in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits, Antarctic peninsula region 2006 (SC/A06/HW43)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Secci2006,
  author = {Secchi, E. R. and Rosa, L. D. and Kinas, P. G. and Nicolette, R. F. and Azevedo, A. and Maia, Y. G.},
  title = {Abundance of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae,in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits, Antarctic peninsula region},
  year = {2006},
  number = {SC/A06/HW43}
}
Seddon, P.J., Ismail, K., Shobrak, M., Ostrowski, S. and Magin, C. A comparison of derived population estimate, mark-resighting and distance sampling methods to determine the population size of a desert ungulate, the Arabian oryx 2003 ORYX
Vol. 37(3), pp. 286-294 
article DOI  
Abstract: Post-release monitoring, including abundance estimation, is an important part of reintroductions, providing a basis for management intervention designed to achieve long-term persistence. The Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx became extinct in the wild in 1972, surviving as captive populations. Since 1982 reintroductions of Arabian oryx have taken place in Oman and Saudi Arabia. Modelling of oryx population dynamics has highlighted the importance of precise estimation of population size (N). Between 1990 and 2000 three methods of estimating N have been applied in Mahazat as-Sayd protected area in Saudi Arabia: derived population estimates (DPE) based on known births and deaths, distance sampling, and mark-resighting (MR). This study assesses the feasibility and precision of these methods. Inability to assess precision, interdependence of consecutive estimates, and the assumption that all gains and losses are recorded, make DPE of limited value. At current densities, distance sampling along 455 km of driven transects yields too few detections to derive precise estimates of N. To achieve a coefficient of variation of 20% it would be necessary to drive up to c. 2,900 km of transect; this amount of survey effort could be achieved through pooling of data across repeat surveys of established transects. MR estimates, based on re-sighting of collared oryx, have the potential to yield the most precise estimates of N when the proportion of marked animals reaches 30% of the total population. The most reliable MR estimates available indicate the Mahazat as-Sayd Arabian oryx population had grown to ¿ 400 animals by 2000. textcopyright 2003 FFI.
BibTeX:
@article{Seddon2003,
  author = {Seddon, P. J. and Ismail, K. and Shobrak, M. and Ostrowski, S. and Magin, C.},
  title = {A comparison of derived population estimate, mark-resighting and distance sampling methods to determine the population size of a desert ungulate, the Arabian oryx},
  journal = {ORYX},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {37},
  number = {3},
  pages = {286--294},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000541}
}
Sedgwick, J.A. and Knopf, F.L. Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland 1987 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 51, pp. 230-237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SedKno87,
  author = {Sedgwick, J. A. and Knopf, F. L.},
  title = {Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {230--237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801661}
}
de Segura, A.G., Crespo, E.A., Pedraza, S.N., Hammond, P.S. and Raga, J.A. Abundance of small cetaceans in waters of the central Spanish Mediterranean 2006 Marine Biology
Vol. 150, pp. 149-160 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Segura2006,
  author = {de Segura, Amaia Gomez and Crespo, E. A. and Pedraza, S. N. and Hammond, P. S. and Raga, J. A.},
  title = {Abundance of small cetaceans in waters of the central Spanish Mediterranean},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {150},
  pages = {149--160},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0334-0}
}
Sen, A.R., Smith, G.E.J. and Butler, G. On a basic assumption in the line transect method 1978 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 20, pp. 363-369 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sen78,
  author = {Sen, A. R. and Smith, G. E. J. and Butler, G.},
  title = {On a basic assumption in the line transect method},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1978},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {363--369},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710200406}
}
Sen, A.R., Tourigny, J. and Smith, G.E.J. On the line transect sampling method 1974 Biometrics
Vol. 30, pp. 329-341 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Senetal74,
  author = {Sen, A. R. and Tourigny, J. and Smith, G. E. J.},
  title = {On the line transect sampling method},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1974},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {329--341},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2529653}
}
Serrano A., I.C.H.-C.T.S.-R.G.C.-L.L.D.-R. and Basáñez-Muñoz, A. Is the west Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) at the brink of extinction in the state of Veracruz, Mexico? 2017 Aquatic Mammals
Vol. 43, pp. 201-207 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Serrano2017,
  author = {Serrano, A., I. C. Hernández-Cabrera T. Sánchez-Rojas G. Cuervo-López L. Daniel-Rentería and Basáñez-Muñoz, A.},
  title = {Is the west Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) at the brink of extinction in the state of Veracruz, Mexico?},
  journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {201--207},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.43.2.2017.201}
}
Shaw, P. and Mungaya, E. The status and habitat of karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae in the Wembere steppe, Sukumaland, Tanzania 2006 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 16(2), pp. 97-111 
article DOI  
Abstract: Karamoja Apalis Apalis karamojae is a globally Vulnerable warbler, restricted to north-east Uganda, north-central Tanzania and southern Kenya. Here, we describe its status and habitat in the Wembere Steppe, Sukumaland, Tanzania, an unprotected area of seasonally inundated grassland bordered partly by Acacia scrub. Although its habitat in the steppe was thought likely to span c. 175 km north-south during the 1960s to 1970s, we found the apalis to be patchily distributed over a distance of only 102 km north-south. Distance sampling yielded a density estimate of c. 7-16 birds km-2; equivalent to c. 3-7 pairs km-2, after juveniles (18% of the population) were excluded, and assuming that all adults were paired. The species occupied a very narrow foraging niche, feeding almost exclusively in Whistling Thorn Acacia drepanolobium, which accounted for 66% of woody stems in the study area, but for 95% of stems in the immediate vicinity of apalis sightings. Half of all individuals were encountered in the tallest, densest stands of A. drepanolobium, which covered less than 6% of the study area. Signs of scrub clearance, pruning and browsing were widespread in the steppe, and may have intensified during 1967-2002, when the human population in surrounding districts increased at a mean rate of c. 2-4% per year. Further research is required to determine whether our findings are representative of the species in other seasons and at other sites. textcopyright 2006 BirdLife International.
BibTeX:
@article{Shaw2006,
  author = {Shaw, P. and Mungaya, E.},
  title = {The status and habitat of karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae in the Wembere steppe, Sukumaland, Tanzania},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97--111},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270906000049}
}
Shaw, P. and Shewry, M. Population density and habitat associations of restricted-range bird species at Ruhija, Bwindi impenetrable forest, Uganda 2001 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 11(3), pp. 161-174 
article DOI  
Abstract: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, south-west Uganda, supports 24 of 37 restricted-range bird species of the Albertine Rift Mountains Endemic Bird Area (EBA). In common with other montane forest fragments in the EBA, Bwindi's structure and ecology have been substantially modified by human activities, the impact of which on its birds is difficult to gauge in the absence of quantitative information on their habitat use and abundance. During October 1999, habitat associations of nine restricted-range species and of 12 species with which they were commonly associated, were measured at Ruhija, Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between habitat, topography, altitude and species occurrence. Population densities of 19 species were estimated using distance sampling, at survey points visited between dawn and midday. Although the detection rate declined during the morning, observations made towards midday helped to improve precision, without lowering density estimates. Eight habitat and topographical features significantly associated with restricted-range species are described. Few of the features measured were significantly associated with more than one species, underlining the importance of maintaining a diverse forest structure. Two restricted-range species were among the commonest birds in the study area, while a further four species were at least as abundant as their more widespread congeners.
BibTeX:
@article{Shaw2001,
  author = {Shaw, P. and Shewry, M.},
  title = {Population density and habitat associations of restricted-range bird species at Ruhija, Bwindi impenetrable forest, Uganda},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {161--174},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270901000259}
}
Sheldon, F.H., Styring, A. and Hosner, P.A. Bird species richness in a bornean exotic tree plantation: a long-term perspective 2010 Biological Conservation
Vol. 143(2), pp. 399-407 
article DOI  
Abstract: To provide sustainable income from forestlands, large areas in the tropics are planted with "agricultural" trees, such as oil palm and rubber, and "industrial" trees, such as Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea. To examine how native forest birds use such plantations, we surveyed in 2005 the avifauna at Sabah Softwoods, a plantation in southeastern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We focused on A. mangium, Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), and logged native forest, and compared our results to those of a study conducted at the same plantation in 1982. The number of forest species in the industrial groves did not change dramatically between 1982 and 2005, even though the trees had been cropped several times and the plantation was, by 2005, completely surrounded by cleared land and far removed from primary forest. However, as is common in logged or isolated forests throughout the world, certain primary forest groups (e.g., muscicapine flycatchers) have been extirpated from the entire plantation area. The industrial groves also lacked some larger species of kingfisher, woodpeckers, and canopy frugivores. Nevertheless, numerous primary forest taxa (ca. 50% of species) were found in mature industrial tree groves. Albizia attracted the most species of birds, followed closely by Acacia. Both tree types underpinned relatively complex secondary forests that attracted forest birds. In contrast, younger groves of Acacia and Albizia held mainly open country and scrub species. Oil palm, as a remarkably simple and unusual habitat, attracted few bird species. Sustained occurrence of forest birds in all groves of exotic trees at Sabah Softwoods was substantially enhanced by the relatively rich avifauna of the logged native forest remaining in substantial stands throughout the plantation.
BibTeX:
@article{Sheldon2010,
  author = {Sheldon, Frederick H. and Styring, Alison and Hosner, Peter A.},
  title = {Bird species richness in a bornean exotic tree plantation: a long-term perspective},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {143},
  number = {2},
  pages = {399--407},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.004}
}
Sherman, D.E., Kaminski, R.M. and Leopold, B.D. Winter line-transect surveys of wood ducks and mallards in Mississippi Greentree Reservoirs 1995 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 23, pp. 155-163 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Sheetal95,
  author = {Sherman, D. E. and Kaminski, R. M. and Leopold, B. D.},
  title = {Winter line-transect surveys of wood ducks and mallards in Mississippi Greentree Reservoirs},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {155--163},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782782}
}
Shirakihara, M., Shirakihara, K. and Takemura, A. Distribution and seasonal density of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan 1994 Fisheries Science
Vol. 60, pp. 41-46 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Shietal94,
  author = {Shirakihara, M. and Shirakihara, K. and Takemura, A.},
  title = {Distribution and seasonal density of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan},
  journal = {Fisheries Science},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {41--46},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.60.41}
}
Shirkey, B.T., Luukkonen, D.R. and Winterstein, S.R. Application of Distance Sampling Techniques for Diving Ducks on Lake St. Clair and Western Lake Erie 2014 Journal of Great Lakes Research
Vol. 40(2), pp. 274-280 
article DOI  
Abstract: Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie are important migration staging areas for diving ducks including canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), redheads (Aythya americana), and lesser and greater scaup (Aythya affinis and Aythya marila). Starting in 1983, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) attempted to census diving ducks on the United States portion of Lake St. Clair throughout autumn migration; however, in 2010 the MDNR expanded the traditionally surveyed area to include all of Lake St. Clair and a portion of western Lake Erie. The idea of achieving a census over the expanded study area was unrealistic, and instead distance sampling techniques were adopted in an effort to generate statistically valid estimates of detection probabilities and abundances for diving ducks during spring and autumn migration. We found distance sampling techniques to be a viable option for estimating diving duck abundance as long as flock size is accounted for as a covariate affecting the detection function. Diving ducks were generally more abundant on our study area during autumn migration with a mean of 306,327ducks/survey (SE=40,729) compared to an average spring abundance of 91,053ducks/survey (SE=19,175). Peak abundance occurred on 20 November 2012 with an estimated 596,335 diving ducks on Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie. Ultimately, our methodology could be used to establish long-term, standardized data collection techniques and applied to conservation planning for waterfowl in the Great Lakes region.
BibTeX:
@article{Shirkey2014,
  author = {Shirkey, Brendan T. and Luukkonen, David R. and Winterstein, Scott R.},
  title = {Application of Distance Sampling Techniques for Diving Ducks on Lake St. Clair and Western Lake Erie},
  journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {274--280},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.015}
}
Shorrocks, B., Cristescu, B. and Magane, S. Estimating density of Kirk's dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii günther), impala (Aepyceros melampus lichtenstein) and common zebra (Equus burchelli gray) at Mpala, Laikipia district, Kenya 2008 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 46, pp. 612-619 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Shorrocks2008,
  author = {Shorrocks, Bryan and Cristescu, Bogdan and Magane, Samiro},
  title = {Estimating density of Kirk's dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii günther), impala (Aepyceros melampus lichtenstein) and common zebra (Equus burchelli gray) at Mpala, Laikipia district, Kenya},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {612--619},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00915.x}
}
Short, J. and Turner, B. The distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare-wallabies, Lagostrophus fasciatus and Lagorchestes hirsutus 1992 Biological Conservation
Vol. 60, pp. 157-166 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ShoTur92,
  author = {Short, J. and Turner, B.},
  title = {The distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare-wallabies, Lagostrophus fasciatus and Lagorchestes hirsutus},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {157--166},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91249-R}
}
Shupe, T.E., Guthery, F.S. and Beasom, S.L. Use of helicopters to survey northern bobwhite populations on rangeland 1987 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 15, pp. 458-462 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Shuetal87,
  author = {Shupe, T. E. and Guthery, F. S. and Beasom, S. L.},
  title = {Use of helicopters to survey northern bobwhite populations on rangeland},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {458--462},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782559}
}
Sillett, T.S., Chandler, R.B., Royle, J.A., Kéry, M. and Morrison, S.A. Hierarchical distance-sampling models to estimate population size and habitat-specific abundance of an island endemic 2012 Ecological Applications
Vol. 22, pp. 1997-2006 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sillett2012,
  author = {Sillett, T. Scott and Chandler, Richard B. and Royle, J. Andrew and Kéry, Marc and Morrison, Scott A.},
  title = {Hierarchical distance-sampling models to estimate population size and habitat-specific abundance of an island endemic},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {1997--2006},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1400.1}
}
Simons, T.R., Alldredge, M.W., Pollock, K.H. and Wettroth, J.M. Experimental analysis of the auditory detection process on avian point counts 2007 The Auk
Vol. 124, pp. 986-999 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Simetal0000,
  author = {Simons and T.R. and Alldredge, M. W. and Pollock, K. H. and Wettroth, John M.},
  title = {Experimental analysis of the auditory detection process on avian point counts},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {986--999},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.3.986}
}
Simons, T.R., Pollock, K.H., Wettroth, J.M., Alldredge, M.W., Pacifici, K. and Brewster, J. Modeling demographic processes in marked populations 2009 , pp. 237-254  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Simons2009,
  author = {Simons, Theodore R. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Wettroth, John M. and Alldredge, Mathew W. and Pacifici, Krishna and Brewster, Jerome},
  title = {Modeling demographic processes in marked populations},
  publisher = {Springer, New York},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {237--254}
}
Simons, T.R., Shriner, S.A. and Farnsworth, G.L. Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park 2006 Biological Conservation
Vol. 129, pp. 302-311 
article DOI  
Abstract: We compared breeding bird communities and vegetation characteristics at paired point locations in primary (undisturbed) and mature secondary forest (70-100 years old) sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA to understand how sites logged prior to creation of the park compare to undisturbed sites following 70 years of protection from human disturbance. We found that bird and vegetation communities are currently similar, but retain some differences in species composition. Rank abundance curves for primary and secondary forest bird communities showed very similar patterns of species dominance. Species composition was also similar on the two sites which shared 24 of the 25 most frequently recorded species. Nonetheless, comparisons of density estimates derived from distance sampling showed three bird species were more abundant on primary forest sites and that one bird species was significantly more abundant on secondary forest sites. Notably, comparisons based on raw counts (unadjusted for potential differences in detectability) produced somewhat different results. Analyses of vegetation samples for the paired sites also showed relative similarity, but with some differences between primary and secondary forests. Primary forest sites had more large trees (trees greater than 50 cm diameter at breast height) and late successional species. Primary forest sites had a denser tall shrub layer while secondary forest sites had a denser canopy layer. Nonetheless, tree species richness, basal area of live trees and number of standing snags did not differ between primary and secondary forest sites. Results indicate that breeding bird communities on sites within the park that were logged commercially 70 years ago are currently quite similar to bird communities on sites with no history of human disturbance. Similarities between the bird communities on previously disturbed and undisturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park may exceed those on more fragmented landscapes because large patches of primary forest, adjacent to commercially logged sites, remained in the park when it was established in 1935. These patches of primary forest may have served as source areas for commercially logged sites.
BibTeX:
@article{Simons2006,
  author = {Simons, T. R. and Shriner, S. A. and Farnsworth, G. L.},
  title = {Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {302--311},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.044}
}
Singleton, I. Ranging behaviour and seasonal movements of sumatran orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus abelii in swamp forests 2000 School: The University of Kent at Canterbury  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Singleton2000,
  author = {Singleton, I.},
  title = {Ranging behaviour and seasonal movements of sumatran orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus abelii in swamp forests},
  school = {The University of Kent at Canterbury},
  year = {2000}
}
Singleton, I. Ranging behaviour and seasonal movements of sumatran orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus abelii in swamp forests 2000 Dodo-journal of The Wildlife Preservation Trusts
Vol. 36, pp. 88- 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Singleton2000b,
  author = {Singleton, I.},
  title = {Ranging behaviour and seasonal movements of sumatran orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus abelii in swamp forests},
  journal = {Dodo-journal of The Wildlife Preservation Trusts},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {88--}
}
Skalski, J.R. Estimating wildlife populations based on incomplete area surveys 1994 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 22, pp. 192-203 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Ska94,
  author = {Skalski, J. R.},
  title = {Estimating wildlife populations based on incomplete area surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {192--203},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783246}
}
Skaug, H.J. Markov modulated poisson processes for clustered line transect data 2006 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 13, pp. 199-211 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Skaug2006,
  author = {Skaug, Hans J.},
  title = {Markov modulated poisson processes for clustered line transect data},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {199--211},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-005-0006-0}
}
Skaug, H.J. Perpendicular distance line transect methods based on integrated spatial hazard probability models 1997 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 47, pp. 493-497 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Ska97,
  author = {Skaug, H. J.},
  title = {Perpendicular distance line transect methods based on integrated spatial hazard probability models},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {493--497}
}
Skaug, H.J. and Schweder, T. Hazard models for line transect surveys with independent observers 1999 Biometrics
Vol. 55, pp. 29-36 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SkaSch99,
  author = {Skaug, H. J. and Schweder, T.},
  title = {Hazard models for line transect surveys with independent observers},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {29--36},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00029.x}
}
Skaug, H.J., Øien, N., Bøthun, G. and Schweder, T. Abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales for the survey period 1996-2001 2002 (SC/54/RMP5)  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Skaug2002,
  author = {Skaug, Hans J. and Øien, Nils and Bøthun, Gjermund and Schweder, Tore},
  title = {Abundance of northeastern Atlantic minke whales for the survey period 1996-2001},
  year = {2002},
  number = {SC/54/RMP5}
}
Skaug, H.J., Øien, N., Schweder, T. and Bøthun, G. Abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Northeast Atlantic: variability in time and space 2004 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 61, pp. 870-886 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Skaetal04,
  author = {Skaug, H. J. and Øien, N. and Schweder, T. and Bøthun, G.},
  title = {Abundance of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Northeast Atlantic: variability in time and space},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {870--886},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f04-020}
}
Skellam, J.G. The mathematical foundations underlying the use of line transects in animal ecology 1958 Biometrics
Vol. 14, pp. 385-400 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Ske58,
  author = {Skellam, J. G.},
  title = {The mathematical foundations underlying the use of line transects in animal ecology},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1958},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {385--400},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2527881}
}
Skirvin, A.A. Effect of time of day and time of season on the number of observations and density estimates of breeding birds 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 271-274  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ski81,
  author = {Skirvin, A. A.},
  title = {Effect of time of day and time of season on the number of observations and density estimates of breeding birds},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {271--274}
}
Sliwinski, K., Strauß, E., Jung, K. and Siebert, U. Comparison of Spotlighting Monitoring Data of European Brown Hare (Lepus Europaeus) Relative Population Densities with Infrared Thermography in Agricultural Landscapes in Northern Germany 2021 PLOS ONE
Vol. 16(7), pp. e0254084 
article DOI  
Abstract: A successful wildlife management requires monitoring. Including non-scientific volunteers into monitoring actions is a common way for obtaining long-term and comprehensive data. Hunters present a valuable target group as they are spread out nationwide in Germany and additionally, they provide a know-how regarding game species. Since 1990s, various German hunting associations established monitoring programs and motivated hunters to join, in order to record population sizes of huntable game species under standardized census methods. The aim of this study was to compare instructed hunters performed spotlight counts of European brown hares with thermography in three federal states (Lower-Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, North Rhine-Westphalia) in 2015– 2018 in Northern Germany. Therefore, we modelled the number of hares counted by both methods with the associated observed area. Moreover, we performed repeated thermographic counts in selected areas and performed distance sampling to test the deviations of estimated population densities within a short time period. Repeated infrared thermographic counts on three consecutive nights show a coefficient of variation from 6.6% to 15.5% with deviations of 2.2– 2.7 hares per 100 ha, while the method of distance sampling reveals minor deviations of 0.9– 1.7 hares per 100 ha and a coefficient of variation from 3.1– 7.4%. The coefficient of variation value between spotlight and infrared thermographic count lies between 0 to 21.4%. Our model confirmed no significant differences between the European brown hare density estimations based on a spotlight count and an infrared thermographic count on the following night. The results provide insight into the dimension of the error margin of density estimations performed by spotlight counts. Therefore, we recommend to take possible counting errors into account and to ideally perform repeated counts to assess the error margin for each counting site. This would help for example to quantify the uncertainty in the calculation of mortality rates. Additionally, our results show that monitoring data generated by instructed hunters can provide reliable and valid data, if implemented and conducted in a standardized scientific way.
BibTeX:
@article{Sliwinski2021,
  author = {Sliwinski, Katharina and Strauß, Egbert and Jung, Klaus and Siebert, Ursula},
  title = {Comparison of Spotlighting Monitoring Data of European Brown Hare (Lepus Europaeus) Relative Population Densities with Infrared Thermography in Agricultural Landscapes in Northern Germany},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {16},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0254084},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254084}
}
Slooten, E., Dawson, S. and Rayment, W. Quantifying abundance of Hector's dolphins between Farewell Spit and Milford Sound 2002 (35)School: Department of Conservation  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Slooten2002,
  author = {Slooten, E. and Dawson, S. and Rayment, W.},
  title = {Quantifying abundance of Hector's dolphins between Farewell Spit and Milford Sound},
  school = {Department of Conservation},
  year = {2002},
  number = {35}
}
Smart, J.C.R., Ward, A.I. and White, P.C.L. Monitoring woodland deer populations in the UK: an imprecise science 2004 Mammal Review
Vol. 34(1-2), pp. 99-114 
article DOI  
Abstract: 1. The need to assess population size and change is central to any population monitoring programme. A range of monitoring techniques is available for deer, but few studies have addressed the performance of these techniques in terms of their accuracy and their power to detect population changes reliably. This study compares the performance of three commonly used techniques to monitor woodland deer populations in terms of their accuracy, precision and statistical power using field data and simulation modelling. 2. Faecal Standing Crop (FSC) was found to provide the most accurate estimates at all deer densities studied, but was outperformed by distance sampling using thermal imaging in terms of precision and statistical power. Faecal Accumulation Rate (FAR) performed worst in terms of precision and statistical power, and was inferior in terms of accuracy to FSC. The accuracy of FAR and distance sampling using thermal imaging was similar. 3. Annual surveying is not the best use of resources, since 10% per annum increases or decreases in a population could not be detected by any of the techniques within a 3-year time period. Even with the best technique under the most favourable conditions of deer density simulated in this study, a population change could only be detected reliably once the population had increased by 33% or decreased by 27%. In the least favourable conditions, the respective figures were a 380% increase or extinction. 4. All the techniques studied are relatively poor at detecting population change, so their use in practical deer management needs to be treated with caution. The consequences of relying on similar techniques to detect population change for rare species could be severe. textcopyright 2004 Mammal Society, Mammal Review.
BibTeX:
@article{Smart2004,
  author = {Smart, J. C. R. and Ward, A. I. and White, P. C. L.},
  title = {Monitoring woodland deer populations in the UK: an imprecise science},
  journal = {Mammal Review},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {99--114},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-1838.2003.00026.x}
}
Smith, C.J., Marrs, S.J., Atkinson, R.J.A., Papadopoulou, K.N. and Hills, J.M. Underwater television for fisheries-independent stock assessment of Nephrops norvegicus from the aegean (eastern mediterranean) sea 2003 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 256, pp. 161-170 
article DOI  
Abstract: The underwater television (UWTV) technique for Nephrops stock assessment was evaluated from 7 grounds in the Aegean. Expert analysts made all burrow identification and burrow size measurements. Burrow density was given by (1) real-time in situ counts; (2) post-sampling laboratory replicate counts; and (3) multiple laboratory counts in strips analyzed by DISTANCE sampling in order to account for partial burrows and edge effects leading to over- or underestimation of densities. Trawls were used to estimate densities, mean carapace length and weight per ground. The laboratory method was the most efficient approach. In situ counts resulted in underestimation at high densities and overestimation at low densities. Further work with DISTANCE should include simulations with hypothetical data to optimise band widths related to the expected burrow size. All burrow density estimates produced similar significant negative relationships with burrow size and positive relationships with trawl density. Based on the tow length effects analysis, the use of tow lengths of 500 and 1000 m per station for high and mid-/low-density sites, respectively, is recommended. With expert analysts, laboratory counts, trawl support data, accurate delimitation of the grounds and adequate sampling spread to allow for local stock variability differences, the UWTV technique can be used for fishery-independent stock assessments, and its precision refined by taking into account edge effects.
BibTeX:
@article{Smith2003,
  author = {Smith, C. J. and Marrs, S. J. and Atkinson, R. J. A. and Papadopoulou, K. N. and Hills, J. M.},
  title = {Underwater television for fisheries-independent stock assessment of Nephrops norvegicus from the aegean (eastern mediterranean) sea},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {256},
  pages = {161--170},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps256161}
}
Smith, G.E.J. Some aspects of line transect sampling when the target population moves 1979 Biometrics
Vol. 35, pp. 323-329 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Smith79,
  author = {Smith, G. E. J.},
  title = {Some aspects of line transect sampling when the target population moves},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1979},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {323--329},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2529953}
}
Smith, G.W. and Nydegger, N.C. A spot-light, line transect method for surveying jack rabbits 1985 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 49, pp. 699-702 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SmiNyd85,
  author = {Smith, G. W. and Nydegger, N. C.},
  title = {A spot-light, line transect method for surveying jack rabbits},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {49},
  pages = {699--702},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801698}
}
Smith, G.W., Nydegger, N.C. and Yensen, D.L. Passerine bird densities in shrubsteppe vegetation 1984 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 55, pp. 261-264 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Smietal84,
  author = {Smith, G. W. and Nydegger, N. C. and Yensen, D. L.},
  title = {Passerine bird densities in shrubsteppe vegetation},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {261--264}
}
Smith, L.L., Linehan, J.M., Stober, J.M., Elliott M, J. and Jensen, J.B. An evaluation of distance sampling for large-scale gopher tortoise surveys in Georgia, USA 2009 Applied Herpetology
Vol. 6, pp. 355-368 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Smith2009,
  author = {Smith, L. L. and Linehan, J. M. and Stober, J. M. and Elliott M, J. and Jensen, J. B.},
  title = {An evaluation of distance sampling for large-scale gopher tortoise surveys in Georgia, USA},
  journal = {Applied Herpetology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {355--368},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/157075309X12470350858550}
}
Smith, M.D., Barbour, P.J., Burger Jr., L.W. and Dinsmore, S.J. Density and diversity of overwintering birds in managed field borders in Mississippi 2005 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 117(3), pp. 258-269 
article DOI  
Abstract: Grassland bird populations are sharply declining in North America. Changes in agricultural practices during the past 50 years have been suggested as one of the major causes of this decline. Field-border conservation practices encouraged by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Conservation Buffer Initiative meet many of the needs of sustainable agriculture and offer excellent opportunities to enhance local grassland bird populations within intensive agricultural production systems. Despite the abundant information on avian use of and reproductive success in, strip habitats during the breeding season, few studies have examined the potential value of field borders for wintering birds. We planted 89.0 km of field borders (6.1 m wide) along agricultural field edges on one-half of each of three row crop and forage production farms in northeastern Mississippi. We sampled bird communities along these field edges during February-March 2002 and 2003 using line-transect distance sampling and strip transects to estimate density and community structure, respectively. We used Program DISTANCE to estimate densities of Song (Melospiza melodia), Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis), and other sparrows along bordered and non-bordered transects while controlling for adjacent plant community. Greater densities of several sparrow species were observed along most bordered transects. However, effects of field borders differed by species and adjacent plant community types. Diversity, species richness, and relative conservation value (a weighted index derived by multiplying species-specific abundances by their respective Partners in Flight conservation priority scores) were similar between bordered and non-bordered edges. Field borders are practical conservation tools that can be used to accrue multiple environmental benefits and enhance wintering farmland bird populations. Provision of wintering habitat at southern latitudes may influence population trajectories of short-distance migrants of regional conservation concern.
BibTeX:
@article{Smith2005,
  author = {Smith, M. D. and Barbour, P. J. and Burger Jr., L. W. and Dinsmore, S. J.},
  title = {Density and diversity of overwintering birds in managed field borders in Mississippi},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {117},
  number = {3},
  pages = {258--269},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1676/04-097.1}
}
Smith, M.D., Hamrick, R.G., L. Wes Burger, J. and Carroll, J.P. Estimating sample sizes for distance sampling of autumn northern bobwhite calling coveys 2006 Gamebird 2006, pp. 46-53  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Smith2006,
  author = {Smith, Mark D. and Hamrick, Richard G. and L. Wes Burger, Jr. and Carroll, John P.},
  title = {Estimating sample sizes for distance sampling of autumn northern bobwhite calling coveys},
  booktitle = {Gamebird 2006},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {46--53}
}
Smith, T.D. Line-transect techniques for estimating density of porpoise schools 1981 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 45, pp. 650-657 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Smi81,
  author = {Smith, T. D.},
  title = {Line-transect techniques for estimating density of porpoise schools},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1981},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {650--657},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3808698}
}
Smolensky, N.L. and Fitzgerald, L.A. Distance sampling underestimates population densities of dune-dwelling lizards 2010 Journal of Herpetology
Vol. 44, pp. 372-381 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Smolensky2010,
  author = {Smolensky, Nicole L. and Fitzgerald, Lee A.},
  title = {Distance sampling underestimates population densities of dune-dwelling lizards},
  journal = {Journal of Herpetology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {372--381},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1670/10-008.1}
}
Smyser, T.J., Guenzel, R.J., Jacques, C.N. and Garton, E.O. Double-observer evaluation of pronghorn aerial line-transect surveys 2016 Wildlife Research
Vol. 43, pp. 474-481 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Smyser2016,
  author = {Smyser, Timothy J. and Guenzel, Richard J. and Jacques, Christopher N. and Garton, Edward O.},
  title = {Double-observer evaluation of pronghorn aerial line-transect surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {474--481},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR16006}
}
Sollmann, R., Gardner, B., Chandler, R.B., Royle, J.A. and Sillett, T.S. An open-population hierarchical distance sampling model 2015 Ecology
Vol. 96(2), pp. 325-331 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sollmann2015,
  author = {Sollmann, Rahel and Gardner, Beth and Chandler, Richard B. and Royle, J. Andrew and Sillett, T. Scott},
  title = {An open-population hierarchical distance sampling model},
  journal = {Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {96},
  number = {2},
  pages = {325--331},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1625.1}
}
Sollmann, R., Gardner, B., Williams, K.A., Gilbert, A.T. and Veit, R.R. A hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate abundance and covariate associations of species and communities 2016 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(5), pp. 529-537 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sollmann2016,
  author = {Sollmann, Rahel and Gardner, Beth and Williams, Kathryn A. and Gilbert, Andrew T. and Veit, Richard R.},
  title = {A hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate abundance and covariate associations of species and communities},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {7},
  number = {5},
  pages = {529--537},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12518}
}
Solymos, P., Matsuoka, S.M., Bayne, E.M., Lele, S.R., Fontaine, P., Cumming, S.G., Stralberg, D., Schmiegelow, F.K.A. and Song, S.J. Calibrating indices of avian density from non-standardized survey data: making the most of a messy situation 2013 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 4, pp. 1047-1058 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Solymos2013,
  author = {Solymos, P. and Matsuoka, S. M. and Bayne, E. M. and Lele, S. R. and Fontaine, P. and Cumming, S. G. and Stralberg, D. and Schmiegelow, F. K. A. and Song, S. J.},
  title = {Calibrating indices of avian density from non-standardized survey data: making the most of a messy situation},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1047--1058},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12106}
}
Somershoe, S.G., Twedt, D.J. and Reid, B. Combining breeding bird survey and distance sampling to estimate density of migrant and breeding birds 2006 Condor, The
Vol. 108(3), pp. 691-699 
article DOI  
Abstract: We combined Breeding Bird Survey point count protocol and distance sampling to survey spring migrant and breeding birds in Vicksburg National Military Park on 33 days between March and June of 2003 and 2004. For 26 of 106 detected species, we used program DISTANCE to estimate detection probabilities and densities from 660 3-min point counts in which detections were recorded within four distance annuli. For most species, estimates of detection probability, and thereby density estimates, were improved through incorporation of the proportion of forest cover at point count locations as a covariate. Our results suggest Breeding Bird Surveys would benefit from the use of distance sampling and a quantitative characterization of habitat at point count locations. During spring migration, we estimated that the most common migrant species accounted for a population of 5000-9000 birds in Vicksburg National Military Park (636 ha). Species with average populations of ¿ 300 individuals during migration were: Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum), White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). Of 56 species that bred in Vicksburg National Military Park, we estimated that the most common 18 species accounted for ¿ 8150 individuals. The six most abundant breeding species, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, White-eyed Vireo, Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), accounted for ¿ 5800 individuals. textcopyright The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.
BibTeX:
@article{Somershoe2006,
  author = {Somershoe, S. G. and Twedt, D. J. and Reid, B.},
  title = {Combining breeding bird survey and distance sampling to estimate density of migrant and breeding birds},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {108},
  number = {3},
  pages = {691--699},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.691}
}
Sousa, F.M. Densidade de Pan troglodytes verus e uso de recursos naturais pela população local, (gadamael, república da guiné-bissau) 2009 School: Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Ciências, Departamento De Biologia Animal  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Sousa2009,
  author = {Sousa, Fernando Miguel},
  title = {Densidade de Pan troglodytes verus e uso de recursos naturais pela população local, (gadamael, república da guiné-bissau)},
  school = {Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Ciências, Departamento De Biologia Animal},
  year = {2009}
}
Southwell, C. Response behaviour of seals and penguins to helicopter surveys over the pack ice off east Antarctica 2005 Antarctic Science
Vol. 17(3), pp. 328-334 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2005,
  author = {Southwell, C.},
  title = {Response behaviour of seals and penguins to helicopter surveys over the pack ice off east Antarctica},
  journal = {Antarctic Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {328--334},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102005002798}
}
Southwell, C. Evaluation of walked line transect counts for estimating macropod density 1994 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 58, pp. 348-356 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SOU94,
  author = {Southwell, C.},
  title = {Evaluation of walked line transect counts for estimating macropod density},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {348--356},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809401}
}
Southwell, C., Borchers, D., de la Mare, B., Paxton, C.G.M., Burt, L. and de la Mare, W. Estimation of detection probability on aerial surveys of Antarctic pack-ice seals 2007 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 12, pp. 1-14 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2007,
  author = {Southwell, C. and Borchers, D. and de la Mare, B. and Paxton, C. G. M. and Burt, L. and de la Mare, W.},
  title = {Estimation of detection probability on aerial surveys of Antarctic pack-ice seals},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {1--14},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/108571107X162920}
}
Southwell, C., De la Mare, B., Underwood, M., Quartararo, F. and Cope, K. An automated system to log and process distance sight-resight aerial survey data 2002 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 30(2), pp. 394-404 
article URL 
Abstract: Distance sight-resight sampling has particular relevance to aerial surveys, in which height above ground and aircraft speed make the critical assumption of certain detection on the track-line unrealistic. Recent developments in distance sight-resight theory have left practical issues related to data collection as the major impediment to widespread use of distance sight-resight sampling in aerial surveys. We describe and evaluate a system to automatically log, store, and process data from distance sight-resight aerial surveys. The system has a primary digital system and a secondary audio system. The digital system comprises a sighting "gun" and small keypad for each observer, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, and an altimeter interface, all linked to a central laptop computer. The gun is used to record time and angle of declination from the horizon of sighted groups of animals as they pass the aircraft. The keypad is used to record information on species and group size. The altimeter interface records altitude from the aircraft's radar altimeter, and the GPS receiver provides location data at user-definable intervals. We wrote software to import data into a database and convert it into a form appropriate for distance sight-resight analyses. Perpendicular distance of sighted groups of animals from the flight path is calculated from altitude and angle of declination. Time, angle of declination, species, and group size of sightings by independent observers on the same side of the aircraft are used as criteria to classify single and duplicate sightings, allowing testing of the critical distance sampling assumption [g(0)=1] and estimation of g(0) if that assumption fails. An audio system comprising headphones for each observer and a 4-track tape recorder allows recording of data that are difficult to accommodate in the digital system and provides a backup to the digital system. We evaluated the system by conducting experimental surveys and reviewing results from actual surveys.
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2002,
  author = {Southwell, C. and De la Mare, B. and Underwood, M. and Quartararo, F. and Cope, K.},
  title = {An automated system to log and process distance sight-resight aerial survey data},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {394--404},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784496}
}
Southwell, C. and Low, M. Black and white or shades of grey? detectability of Adélie penguins during shipboard surveys in the Antarctic pack-ice 2009 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 46, pp. 136-143 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2009,
  author = {Southwell, Colin and Low, Matthew},
  title = {Black and white or shades of grey? detectability of Adélie penguins during shipboard surveys in the Antarctic pack-ice},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {136--143},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01584.x}
}
Southwell, C., de la Mare, B., Borchers, D.L. and Burt, L. Shipboard line transect surveys of crabeater seal abundance in the pack-ice off east Antarctica: evaluation of assumptions 2004 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 20, pp. 602-620 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2004,
  author = {Southwell, C. and de la Mare, B. and Borchers, D. L. and Burt, L.},
  title = {Shipboard line transect surveys of crabeater seal abundance in the pack-ice off east Antarctica: evaluation of assumptions},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {602--620},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01182.x}
}
Southwell, C., Paxton, C.G.M. and Borchers, D.L. Detectability of penguins in aerial surveys over the pack-ice off Antarctica 2008 Wildlife Research
Vol. 35, pp. 349-357 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2008a,
  author = {Southwell, C. and Paxton, C. G. M. and Borchers, D. L.},
  title = {Detectability of penguins in aerial surveys over the pack-ice off Antarctica},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {349--357},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07093}
}
Southwell, C., Paxton, C.G.M., Rogers, T., Borchers, D.L., Boveng, P. and de la Mare, W.K. Uncommon or cryptic? challenges in estimating leopard seal abundance by conventional but state-of-the-art methods 2008 Deep Sea Research Part I
Vol. 55, pp. 519-531 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Southwell2008,
  author = {Southwell, C. and Paxton, C. G. M. and Rogers, T. and Borchers, D. L. and Boveng, P. and de la Mare, W. K.},
  title = {Uncommon or cryptic? challenges in estimating leopard seal abundance by conventional but state-of-the-art methods},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {519--531},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.005}
}
Southwell, C. and Weaver, K. Evaluation of analytical procedures for density estimation from line transect data — data grouping, data truncation and the unit of analysis 1993 Wildlife Research
Vol. 20, pp. 433-444 
article DOI  
Abstract: Examined three aspects of line-transect analytical procedures: data grouping, data truncation and the use of individuals or clusters as the analytical unit. Bias and precision of density estimation in relation to various levels of these factors were assessed for four types of line-transect estimator (simple parametric, generalised parametric, non-parametric and quasi-strip) using line-transect survey data from macropod populations of known density. Bias was stable across all grouping levels tested for the simple parametric estimator, and stable across all but the coarsest grouping level for the generalized parametric and non-parametric estimators, but varied substantially across the range of levels tested for the quasi-strip estimator. Precision improved as the number of grouping levels increased for all estimators tested, but the extent of improvement varied between estimators, and for the estimator most affected, improvement was marginal beyond intermediate grouping levels. Density estimates were generally more accurate and precise when analysed in ungrouped form than in grouped form. Varying the analytical unit did not affect bias, but precision was significantly lower for cluster analysis than individual analysis for all estimators.
BibTeX:
@article{SouWea93,
  author = {Southwell, C. and Weaver, K.},
  title = {Evaluation of analytical procedures for density estimation from line transect data — data grouping, data truncation and the unit of analysis},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {433--444},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9930433}
}
Southwell, C.J., Cairns, S.C., Palmer R., R., Delaney and Broers, R. Abundance of large macropods in the eastern highlands of Australia 1997 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 25, pp. 125-132 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Souetal97,
  author = {Southwell, C. J. and Cairns, S. C. and Palmer, R., R. and Delaney and Broers, R.},
  title = {Abundance of large macropods in the eastern highlands of Australia},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {125--132},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783294}
}
Southwell, C.J., Weaver, K.E., Cairns, S.C., Pople, A.R., Gordon, A.N., Shepard, N.W. and Broers, R. Abundance of macropods in north-eastern New South Wales, and the logistics of broad-scale ground surveys 1995 Wildlife Research
Vol. 22, pp. 757-766 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Souetal95b,
  author = {Southwell, C. J. and Weaver, K. E. and Cairns, S. C. and Pople, A. R. and Gordon, A. N. and Shepard, N. W. and Broers, R.},
  title = {Abundance of macropods in north-eastern New South Wales, and the logistics of broad-scale ground surveys},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {22},
  pages = {757--766},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9950757}
}
Spear, L., Nur, N. and Ainley, D.G. Estimating absolute densities of flying seabirds using analyses of relative movement 1992 The Auk
Vol. 109, pp. 385-389 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Speetal92,
  author = {Spear, L. and Nur, N. and Ainley, D. G.},
  title = {Estimating absolute densities of flying seabirds using analyses of relative movement},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {385--389},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4088211}
}
Spurr, E.B., Borkin, K.M. and Drew, K.W. Line-transect distance sampling compared with fixed-width strip-transect counts for assessing tomtit (Petroica macrocephala) population trends 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36(3), pp. 365-370 
article  
Abstract: Distance sampling and fixed-width strip-transect counts were compared as methods for estimating population trends of the tomtit (Petroica macrocephala) from late September / early October to early November 2004, before and after aerial 1080-poisoning for control of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Two observers independently recorded the distance and compass bearing to tomtits detected along 36 transect lines in each of two forests (one prefed with non-toxic bait and one not prefed). From these data we calculated (a) male tomtit density in the program DISTANCE and (b) the number of male tomtits within 50 m of each transect line. The number of male tomtit detections increased from September/October to November, probably as a result of changes in bird behaviour. Detections peaked at 21– 25 m from the transect lines, most likely indicating that some closer birds stopped singing on approach of an observer and were undetected. The mean detection distance did not differ significantly between observers in September/October but did differ in November, suggesting changes over time in the relative performance of the observers. Thus, several key assumptions underlying distance sampling were not met. The two methods produced similar population trends, indicating no difference in bias. Also, both indicated that poisoning with prefeeding had either no adverse impact on the tomtit population or no greater adverse impact than poisoning without prefeeding.
BibTeX:
@article{spurr_line-transect_2012,
  author = {Spurr, Eric B. and Borkin, Kerry M. and Drew, Keven W.},
  title = {Line-transect distance sampling compared with fixed-width strip-transect counts for assessing tomtit (Petroica macrocephala) population trends},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  publisher = {New Zealand Ecological Society},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  pages = {365--370}
}
Stȧhl, G., Ringvall, A. and Lämȧs, T. Guided transect sampling for assessing sparse populations 2000 Forest Science
Vol. 46, pp. 108-115 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Staetal00,
  author = {Stȧhl, G. and Ringvall, A. and Lämȧs, T.},
  title = {Guided transect sampling for assessing sparse populations},
  journal = {Forest Science},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {108--115},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/46.1.108}
}
Staicer, C.A. and McLennan, D. Using point-distance sampling of bird densities as an indicator of forest ecological integrity - a pilot study in Kejimkujik National Park 1997   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Staicer1997,
  author = {Staicer, C. A. and McLennan, D.},
  title = {Using point-distance sampling of bird densities as an indicator of forest ecological integrity - a pilot study in Kejimkujik National Park},
  year = {1997}
}
Stanbury, A. and Gregory, R. Exploring the effects of truncated, pooled and sexed data in distance sampling estimation of breeding bird abundance 2009 Bird Study
Vol. 56, pp. 298-309 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Stanbury2009,
  author = {Stanbury, Andrew and Gregory, Richard},
  title = {Exploring the effects of truncated, pooled and sexed data in distance sampling estimation of breeding bird abundance},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {298--309},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063650902792130}
}
Stanley, T.R. and Royle, J.A. Estimating site occupancy and abundance using indirect detection indices 2005 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 69(3), pp. 874-883 
article DOI  
Abstract: Knowledge of factors influencing animal distribution and abundance is essential in many areas of ecological research, management, and policy-making. Because common methods for modeling and estimating abundance (e.g., capture-recapture, distance sampling) are sometimes not practical for large areas or elusive species, indices are sometimes used as surrogate measures of abundance. We present an extension of the Royle and Nichols (2003) generalization of the MacKenzie et al. (2002) site-occupancy model that incorporates length of the sampling interval into the model for detection probability. As a result, we obtain a modeling framework that shows how useful information can be extracted from a class of index methods we call indirect detection indices (IDIs). Examples of IDIs include scent station, tracking tube, snow track, tracking plate, and hair snare surveys. Our model is maximum likelihood, and it can be used to estimate site occupancy and model factors influencing patterns of occupancy and abundance in space. Under certain circumstances, it can also be used to estimate abundance. We evaluated model properties using Monte Carlo simulations and illustrate the method with tracking tube and scent station data. We believe this model will be a useful tool for determining factors that influence animal distribution and abundance.
BibTeX:
@article{Stanley2005,
  author = {Stanley, T. R. and Royle, J. A.},
  title = {Estimating site occupancy and abundance using indirect detection indices},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {69},
  number = {3},
  pages = {874--883},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069%5B0874:ESOAAU%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Stapp, P. and Guttilla, D.A. Population density and habitat use of mule deer (Odocoilus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, California 2006 The Southwestern Naturalist
Vol. 51, pp. 572-578 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Stapp2006,
  author = {Stapp, P. and Guttilla, Darcee A.},
  title = {Population density and habitat use of mule deer (Odocoilus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, California},
  journal = {The Southwestern Naturalist},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {572--578},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51%5B572:PDAHUO%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Stedman, R., Diefenbach, D.R., Swope, C.B., Finley, J.C., Luloff, A.E., Zinn, H.C., San Julian, G.J. and Wang, G.A. Integrating wildlife and human-dimensions research methods to study hunters 2004 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 68(4), pp. 762-773 
article DOI  
Abstract: Recreational hunting is the primary management tool used by natural resource agencies to control ungulate populations. Although free-ranging ungulates have been studied extensively in North America, relatively little is known about the field behavior of hunters or the factors that influence hunting behavior, except on small study areas where access is limited and controlled. We developed 3 integrated protocols to estimate hunter density, distribution, movements, habitat use, characteristics, and attitudes, which can be used on large areas with unrestricted access. We described how aerial surveys, in conjunction with distance sampling techniques and a Geographic Information System (GIS) database of landscape characteristics, provide estimates of hunter density and a map of hunter distribution and habitat use. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) units issued to hunters to systematically record hunter locations. Hunters also completed a simple questionnaire. We linked these data and used them to obtain detailed information on habitat use, movements, and activity patterns. Whereas aerial surveys are limited to discrete points in time and relate only to aggregations of hunters, data collected on hunters that carry GPS units can be used to study habitat use and distribution at different times of day for individual hunters. Finally, linked responses from a traditional mail or telephone survey to hunter location data collected via GPS units to assess how hunter characteristics (e.g., age, physical condition, attitudes) were related to field behavior. We applied these techniques during a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunting season on a large tract (45,749 ha) of public land in Pennsylvania, USA, with unrestricted hunter access. We estimated density of 7 hunters/1,000 ha (95% CI: 4.2 to 10.3) in the morning and 6.3 hunters/1,000 ha (95% CI: 3.5 to 10.0) in the afternoon. We found that hunter density was negatively related to distance from roads and slope. Most hunters preferred stand hunting, especially in the early morning hours (0600-0800 hr; 72% stationary); more walked or stalked in the afternoon (1400-1600 hr; 58% stationary). The average maximum distance hunters reached from a road open to public vehicles was 0.84 km (SE = 0.03), and they walked an average of 5.48 km (SE = 0.193) during their daily hunting activities. We believe that the approaches we used for studying hunter behavior will be useful for understanding the connections between hunter attitudes and behavior and hence will allow managers to predict hunter response to changes in harvest regulations. Furthermore, our methods are more accurate than requesting hunters to self-report where they hunted. For example, we found that hunters reported that they walked ¿ 2.5 times farther from the nearest road (x? = 2.23 km, SE = 0.13) than actual distance recorded via GPS units (x? = 0.84 km, SE = 0.03). Our research provides wildlife managers with new knowledge on several levels. At the most basic level, we learned a great deal about what hunters actually do while in the field, rather than simply what they report. Second, linking field behavior with hunter characteristics will provide insights into the likely effects of changing hunter demographics. Finally, linking these data with traditional human-dimensions research topics, such as attitudes toward hunting regulations, may allow managers to better forecast the potential effects of regulation changes on hunter distribution and effort.
BibTeX:
@article{Steetal04,
  author = {Stedman, R. and Diefenbach, D. R. and Swope, C. B. and Finley, J. C. and Luloff, A. E. and Zinn, H. C. and San Julian, G. J. and Wang, G. A.},
  title = {Integrating wildlife and human-dimensions research methods to study hunters},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {68},
  number = {4},
  pages = {762--773},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068%5B0762:IWAHRM%5D2.0.CO;2}
}
Steinhorst, R.K. and Samuel, M.D. Sightability adjustment methods for aerial surveys of wildlife populations 1989 Biometrics
Vol. 45, pp. 415-425 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{SteSam89,
  author = {Steinhorst, R. K. and Samuel, M. D.},
  title = {Sightability adjustment methods for aerial surveys of wildlife populations},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {415--425},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531486}
}
Stephens, P.A., D'Sa, C.A., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Leader-Williams, N. Impact of livestock and settlement on the large mammalian wildlife of Bale Mountains National Park, southern Ethiopia 2001 Biological Conservation
Vol. 100(3), pp. 307-322 
article DOI  
Abstract: Large mammals, both wild and domestic, were censused in four study areas in Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP), southern Ethiopia, from April until August 1997, using established road counts, horse-back counts and systematic transects, a new approach to censusing large mammals in BMNP. Data collected since 1983 were also examined to indicate trends in mammalian abundance. Civil unrest following the government changeover in 1991 disrupted management of BMNP, leading to an increase in human settlement and livestock densities. The effect of these factors on BMNP's wildlife is assessed and discussed. Most large mammalian wildlife has declined since 1983 but signs of recovery for some species in recent years are positive. The fates of two charismatic endemics are emphasised. BMNP's current population of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni, an endangered antelope) was estimated to be between 1100 and 1300. This is lower than estimates for the late 1980s, but shows an increase from very low levels recorded following social turmoil during the government changeover in 1991. Data on the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis, a critically endangered canid) also indicate positive trends in abundance, following severe declines between 1989 and 1992 due to rabies epizootics. Action to reduce human utilisation of parts of BMNP is urgently required to prevent further degradation of the environment and to safeguard the future of both the mountain nyala and Ethiopian wolf. textcopyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Stephens2001,
  author = {Stephens, P. A. and D'Sa, C. A. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Leader-Williams, N.},
  title = {Impact of livestock and settlement on the large mammalian wildlife of Bale Mountains National Park, southern Ethiopia},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {100},
  number = {3},
  pages = {307--322},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00035-0}
}
Stoate, C., Borralho, R. and Araújo, M. Factors affecting corn bunting Miliaria calandra abundance in a Portuguese agricultural landscape 2000 Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Vol. 77(3), pp. 219-226 
article DOI  
Abstract: Breeding and wintering abundance of corn buntings in an agricultural landscape of Alentejo (southern Portugal) was assessed in relation to agricultural intensification and other environmental variables during 1994-1997, using distance sampling and multivariate regression. Bird abundance was lowest in intensively managed farmland in both seasons, and was related positively to fallow area in winter and to the presence of game management and oats in spring. Fallows and oats were associated with extensively managed farmland, but the implementation of a managed hunting regime was unrelated to agricultural intensification. The importance of extensive arable systems to corn bunting conservation is discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Stoate2000,
  author = {Stoate, C. and Borralho, R. and Araújo, M.},
  title = {Factors affecting corn bunting Miliaria calandra abundance in a Portuguese agricultural landscape},
  journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {77},
  number = {3},
  pages = {219--226},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00101-2}
}
Stober, J.M., Prieto-Gonzalez R. Smith, L.L., Marques, T.A. and Thomas, L. Techniques for estimating the size of low density gopher tortoise populations 2017 Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
Vol. 8, pp. 377-386 
article DOI  
Abstract: Ecologia Numérica. Um exemplo de amostragem sistemática, figura 1, aula 3, slide 96
BibTeX:
@article{Stober2017,
  author = {Stober, J. M. and Prieto-Gonzalez, R. Smith, L. L. and Marques, T. A. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Techniques for estimating the size of low density gopher tortoise populations},
  journal = {Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {377--386},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3996/012017-JFWM-005}
}
Stoyan, D. A remark on the line transect method 1982 Biometrical Journal
Vol. 24, pp. 191-195 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sto82,
  author = {Stoyan, D.},
  title = {A remark on the line transect method},
  journal = {Biometrical Journal},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {191--195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710240210}
}
Strindberg, S. Optimized automated survey design in wildlife population assessment 2001 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Str01,
  author = {Strindberg, S.},
  title = {Optimized automated survey design in wildlife population assessment},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2001}
}
Strindberg, S. and Buckland, S.T. Zigzag survey designs in line transect sampling 2004 Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics
Vol. 9, pp. 443-461 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{StrBuc04,
  author = {Strindberg, S. and Buckland, S. T.},
  title = {Zigzag survey designs in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {443--461},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1198/108571104X15601}
}
Strindberg, S., Buckland, S.T. and Thomas, L. Design of distance sampling surveys and geographic information systems 2004 Advanced Distance Sampling, pp. 190-228  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Strin2004,
  author = {Strindberg, S. and Buckland, S. T. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Design of distance sampling surveys and geographic information systems},
  booktitle = {Advanced Distance Sampling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {190--228}
}
Strindberg, S., Coleman, R.A., Perez, V.R.B., Campbell, C.L., Majil, I. and Gibson, J. In-water assessments of sea turtles at Glover's Reef Atoll, Belize 2016 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 31, pp. 211-225 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Strindberg2016,
  author = {Strindberg, Samantha and Coleman, Robin A. and Perez, Virginia R. Burns and Campbell, Cathi L. and Majil, Isaias and Gibson, Janet},
  title = {In-water assessments of sea turtles at Glover's Reef Atoll, Belize},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {211--225},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00765}
}
Strindberg, S., Ersts, P.J., Collins, T., Sounguet, G.-P. and Rosenbaum, H.C. Line transect estimates of humpback whale abundance and distribution on their wintering grounds in the coastal waters of Gabon 2020 J. Cetacean Res. Manage., pp. 153-160  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{strindberg_line_2020,
  author = {Strindberg, Samantha and Ersts, Peter J. and Collins, Tim and Sounguet, Guy-Philippe and Rosenbaum, Howard C.},
  title = {Line transect estimates of humpback whale abundance and distribution on their wintering grounds in the coastal waters of Gabon},
  journal = {J. Cetacean Res. Manage.},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {153--160},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.vi3.324}
}
Strobel, B.N. and Butler, M.J. Monitoring whooping crane abundance using aerial surveys: influences on detectability 2014 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 38, pp. 188-195 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Strobel2014,
  author = {Strobel, B. N. and Butler, M. J.},
  title = {Monitoring whooping crane abundance using aerial surveys: influences on detectability},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {188--195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.374}
}
Styring, A.R., Ragai, R., Zakaria, M. and Sheldon, F.H. Foraging ecology and occurrence of 7 sympatric babbler species (Timaliidae) in the lowland rainforest of Borneo and peninsular Malaysia 2016 Current Zoology
Vol. 62, pp. 345-355 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Styring2016,
  author = {Styring, Alison R. and Ragai, Roslina and Zakaria, Mohamed and Sheldon, Frederick H.},
  title = {Foraging ecology and occurrence of 7 sympatric babbler species (Timaliidae) in the lowland rainforest of Borneo and peninsular Malaysia},
  journal = {Current Zoology},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {345--355},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zow022}
}
Sucunza, F., Danilewicz, D., Cremer, M., Andriolo, A. and Zerbini, A.N. Refining estimates of availability bias to improve assessments of the conservation status of an endangered dolphin 2018 PLOS ONE
Vol. 13(3), pp. e0194213 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sucunza2018,
  author = {Sucunza, Federico and Danilewicz, Daniel and Cremer, Marta and Andriolo, Artur and Zerbini, Alexandre N.},
  title = {Refining estimates of availability bias to improve assessments of the conservation status of an endangered dolphin},
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e0194213},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194213}
}
Sukumal, N., Dowell, S.D. and Savini, T. Micro-habitat selection and population recovery of the Endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in western Thailand: implications for conservation guidance 2017 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 27(3), pp. 414-430 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sukumal2017,
  author = {Sukumal, Niti and Dowell, Simon D. and Savini, Tommaso},
  title = {Micro-habitat selection and population recovery of the Endangered Green Peafowl Pavo muticus in western Thailand: implications for conservation guidance},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {27},
  number = {3},
  pages = {414--430},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927091600037X}
}
Summers, R.W. and Buckland, S.T. A first survey of the global population size and distribution of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica 2011 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 21, pp. 186-198 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Summers2011,
  author = {Summers, Ron W. and Buckland, Stephen T.},
  title = {A first survey of the global population size and distribution of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {186--198},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270909990323}
}
Summers, R.W., Mavor, R.A., Buckland, S.T. and MacLennan, A.M. Winter population size and habitat selection by crested tits Parus cristatuss in Scotland 1999 Bird Study
Vol. 46, pp. 230-242 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Sum99,
  author = {Summers, R. W. and Mavor, R. A. and Buckland, S. T. and MacLennan, A. M.},
  title = {Winter population size and habitat selection by crested tits Parus cristatuss in Scotland},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {230--242},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909461135}
}
Swann, D.E., Averill-Murray, R.C. and Schwalbe, C.R. Distance sampling for sonoran desert tortoises 2002 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 66(4), pp. 969-975 
article DOI  
Abstract: We used line transects and distance sampling in combination with radiotelemetry to estimate density of a desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Rincon Mountains near Tucson, Arizona, USA, as part of a long-term study evaluating the impact of urban development on tortoises. During 2000, 34 1-km transects were each sampled twice in the 368.5-ha study area. We observed 46 tortoises with midline carapace lengths ?150 mm (subadults and adults) plus 7 juveniles on transects. For subadults and adults, the encounter rate was 0.63 tortoises/km, and the mean proportion of tortoises observable during radiotelemetry, conducted concurrently with transect sampling, was 82%. Corrected mean density based on line transects and radiotelemetry was 0.523 tortoises/ha (CV = 22.99, 95% CI = 0.29-0.79), and absolute abundance in the study area was estimated to be 193 (CV = 23.0%, CI = 107-291). Using the 2 independent coverages of transects as separate samples, the Lincoln-Petersen mark-recapture estimator produced an abundance estimate of 224 subadult and adult tortoises (CV = 53.9%, CI = 72-440). Transects measured on the ground over uneven topography resulted in 3% smaller estimates of density when compared to analysis with transect lengths determined from coordinates plotted on a map. Distance sampling appears to be a feasible method of estimating density of Sonoran Desert populations of the desert tortoise, but transect lengths should be based on mapped rather than measured distances to prevent biases caused by uneven topography.
BibTeX:
@article{Swann2002,
  author = {Swann, D. E. and Averill-Murray, R. C. and Schwalbe, C. R.},
  title = {Distance sampling for sonoran desert tortoises},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {969--975},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802929}
}
Swartz, S.L., Martinez, A., Cole, T., Clapham, P.J., McDonald, M.A., Hildebrand, J.A., Oleson, E.M., Burks, C. and Barlow, J. Visual and acoustic survey of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Eastern and Southern Caribbean Sea: preliminary findings 2001 (NMFS-SEFSC-456)School: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Swartz2001,
  author = {Swartz, Steven L. and Martinez, Anthony and Cole, Tim and Clapham, Phillip J. and McDonald, Mark A. and Hildebrand, John A. and Oleson, Erin M. and Burks, Carolyn and Barlow, Jay},
  title = {Visual and acoustic survey of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Eastern and Southern Caribbean Sea: preliminary findings},
  school = {National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration},
  year = {2001},
  number = {NMFS-SEFSC-456}
}
Szaro, R.C. and Jakle, M.D. Comparison of variable circular-plot and spot-map methods in desert riparian and scrub habitat 1982 Wilson Bulletin
Vol. 94, pp. 546-50 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{SzaJak82,
  author = {Szaro, R. C. and Jakle, M. D.},
  title = {Comparison of variable circular-plot and spot-map methods in desert riparian and scrub habitat},
  journal = {Wilson Bulletin},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {546--50}
}
Tanner, R.A. and Gange, A.C. Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity 2005 Landscape and Urban Planning
Vol. 71(2-4), pp. 137-146 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tanner2005,
  author = {Tanner, R. A. and Gange, A. C.},
  title = {Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity},
  journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {71},
  number = {2-4},
  pages = {137--146},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00034-9}
}
Tarvin, K.A., Garvin, M.C., Jawor, J.M. and Dayer, K.A. A field evaluation of techniques used to estimate density of Blue Jays 1998 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 69, pp. 209-222 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Taretal98,
  author = {Tarvin, K. A. and Garvin, M. C. and Jawor, J. M. and Dayer, K. A.},
  title = {A field evaluation of techniques used to estimate density of Blue Jays},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {69},
  pages = {209--222}
}
Tasker, M.L., Hope Jones, P., Dixon, T. and Blake, B.F. Counting seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized approach 1984 The Auk
Vol. 101, pp. 567-577 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tasetal84,
  author = {Tasker, M. L. and Hope Jones, P. and Dixon, T. and Blake, B. F.},
  title = {Counting seabirds at sea from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized approach},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1984},
  volume = {101},
  pages = {567--577},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/101.3.567}
}
Tella, J.L., Romero-Vidal, P., Dénes, F.V., Hiraldo, F., Toledo, B., Rossetto, F., Blanco, G., Hernández-Brito, D., Pac\ifico, E., D\iaz-Luque, J.A., Rojas, A., Bermúdez-Cavero, A., Luna, Á., Barbosa, J.M. and Carrete, M. Roadside Car Surveys: Methodological Constraints and Solutions for Estimating Parrot Abundances across the World 2021 Diversity
Vol. 13(7), pp. 300 
article DOI  
Abstract: Parrots stand out among birds because of their poor conservation status and the lack of available information on their population sizes and trends. Estimating parrot abundance is complicated by the high mobility, gregariousness, patchy distributions, and rarity of many species. Roadside car surveys can be useful to cover large areas and increase the probability of detecting spatially aggregated species or those occurring at very low densities. However, such surveys may be biased due to their inability to handle differences in detectability among species and habitats. We conducted 98 roadside surveys, covering &gt; 57,000 km across 20 countries and the main world biomes, recording ca. 120,000 parrots from 137 species. We found that larger and more gregarious species are more easily visually detected and at greater distances, with variations among biomes. However, raw estimates of relative parrot abundances (individuals/km) were strongly correlated (r = 0.86– 0.93) with parrot densities (individuals/km2) estimated through distance sampling (DS) models, showing that variability in abundances among species (&gt;40 orders of magnitude) overcomes any potential detectability bias. While both methods provide similar results, DS cannot be used to study parrot communities or monitor the population trends of all parrot species as it requires a minimum of encounters that are not reached for most species (64% in our case), mainly the rarest and more threatened. However, DS may be the most suitable choice for some species-specific studies of common species. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of both methods to guide researchers in choosing the best– fitting option for their particular research hypotheses, characteristics of the species studied, and logistical constraints.
BibTeX:
@article{Tella2021,
  author = {José L. Tella and Pedro Romero-Vidal and Francisco V. Dénes and Fernando Hiraldo and Bernardo Toledo and Federica Rossetto and Guillermo Blanco and Dailos Hernández-Brito and Erica Pac\ifico and José A. D\iaz-Luque and Abraham Rojas and Alan Bermúdez-Cavero and Álvaro Luna and Jomar M. Barbosa and Martina Carrete},
  title = {Roadside Car Surveys: Methodological Constraints and Solutions for Estimating Parrot Abundances across the World},
  journal = {Diversity},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {300},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070300}
}
Theuerkauf, J. and Gula, R. Towards standardisation of population estimates: defecation rates of elephants should be assessed using a rainfall model 2010 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 47, pp. 398-402 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Theuerkauf2010,
  author = {Theuerkauf, Jörn and Gula, Roman},
  title = {Towards standardisation of population estimates: defecation rates of elephants should be assessed using a rainfall model},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {398--402},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5735/086.047.0603}
}
Theuerkauf, J., Rouys, S. and Jedrzejewski, W. Detectability and disappearance of ungulate and hare faeces in a European temperate forest 2008 Annales Zoologici Fennici
Vol. 45, pp. 73-80 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Theuerkauf2008,
  author = {Theuerkauf, Jorn and Rouys, Sophie and Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz},
  title = {Detectability and disappearance of ungulate and hare faeces in a European temperate forest},
  journal = {Annales Zoologici Fennici},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {73--80},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5735/086.045.0107}
}
Thirgood, S.J., Leckie, F.M. and Redpath, S.M. Diurnal and seasonal variation in line transect counts of moorland passerines 1995 Bird Study
Vol. 42, pp. 257-259 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thietal95,
  author = {Thirgood, S. J. and Leckie, F. M. and Redpath, S. M.},
  title = {Diurnal and seasonal variation in line transect counts of moorland passerines},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {257--259},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659509477177}
}
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Rexstad, E., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Burt, M.L., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B. and Marques, T.A. Distance 6.0. release 1 2009 Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/  book  
BibTeX:
@book{Thomas2006a,
  author = {Thomas and L. and Laake, J. L. and Rexstad, E. and Strindberg, S. and Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Burt, M. L. and Hedley, S. L. and Pollard, J. H. and Bishop, J. R. B. and Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Distance 6.0. release 1},
  year = {2009}
}
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Burnham, K.P., Hedley, S.L. and Pollard, J.H. Distance 4.0. release 2 2002 Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/  book  
BibTeX:
@book{D4,
  author = {Thomas and L. and Laake, J. L. and Strindberg, S. and Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Burnham, K. P. and Hedley, S. L. and Pollard, J. H.},
  title = {Distance 4.0. release 2},
  year = {2002}
}
Thomas, L. Distance 3.5 1999 Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
Vol. 80, pp. 114-115 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Thomas1999,
  author = {Thomas, L.},
  title = {Distance 3.5},
  journal = {Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {80},
  pages = {114--115}
}
Thomas, L., Buckland, S.T., Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Strindberg, S. Distance sampling 2012
Vol. IEncyclopedia of Environmetrics, pp. 687-697 
incollection DOI  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Thomas2012a,
  author = {Thomas, L. and Buckland, S. T. and Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Strindberg, S.},
  title = {Distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmetrics},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {I},
  pages = {687--697},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vad033.pub2}
}
Thomas, L., Buckland, S.T., Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Strindberg, S. Distance sampling 2002
Vol. IEncyclopedia of Environmetrics, pp. 544-552 
incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Thomas2002,
  author = {Thomas, L. and Buckland, S. T. and Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. R. and Laake, J. L. and Borchers, D. L. and Strindberg, S.},
  title = {Distance sampling},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmetrics},
  publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {I},
  pages = {544--552}
}
Thomas, L., Buckland, S.T., Rexstad, E.A., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Hedley, S.L., Bishop, J.R.B., Marques, T.A. and Burnham, K.P. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size 2010 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. 47, pp. 5-14 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thomas2010,
  author = {Thomas, Len and Buckland, Stephen T. and Rexstad, Eric A. and Laake, Jeff L. and Strindberg, Samantha and Hedley, Sharon L. and Bishop, Jon R. B. and Marques, Tiago A. and Burnham, Kenneth P.},
  title = {Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {5--14},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01737.x}
}
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Derry, J.F., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Strindberg, S., Hedley, S.L., Marques, F.F.C., Pollard, J.H. and Fewster, R.M. Distance 3.5 2002 Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK.  book  
BibTeX:
@book{D35,
  author = {Thomas, L. and Laake, J. L. and Derry, J. F. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Strindberg, S. and Hedley, S. L. and Marques, F. F. C. and Pollard, J. H. and Fewster, R. M.},
  title = {Distance 3.5},
  year = {2002}
}
Thomas, L. and Marques, T.A. Passive acoustic monitoring for estimating animal density 2012 Acoustics Today
Vol. 8, pp. 35-44 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thomas2012,
  author = {Thomas, Len and Marques, Tiago A.},
  title = {Passive acoustic monitoring for estimating animal density},
  journal = {Acoustics Today},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {35--44},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4753915}
}
Thomas, L., Williams, R. and Sandilands, D. Designing line transect surveys for complex survey regions 2007 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 9, pp. 1-13 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Thomas2007,
  author = {Thomas, Len and Williams, Rob and Sandilands, Doug},
  title = {Designing line transect surveys for complex survey regions},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1--13}
}
Thomas, S.C. Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid primates of the Ituri Forest, Zaire 1991 Biotropica
Vol. 23, pp. 68-83 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tho91,
  author = {Thomas, S. C.},
  title = {Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid primates of the Ituri Forest, Zaire},
  journal = {Biotropica},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {68--83},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2388690}
}
Thompson, D. and Hiby, A.R. The use of scale binoculars for distance estimation and a time lapse camera for angle estimation during the 1983/84 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise 1985 Reports of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 35, pp. 309-314 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Thompson1985,
  author = {Thompson, D. and Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {The use of scale binoculars for distance estimation and a time lapse camera for angle estimation during the 1983/84 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise},
  journal = {Reports of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {35},
  pages = {309--314}
}
Thompson, F.R. and La Sorte, F.A. Comparison of methods for estimating bird abundance and trends from historical count data 2008 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 72, pp. 1674-1682 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thompson2008,
  author = {Thompson, Frank R. and La Sorte, Frank A.},
  title = {Comparison of methods for estimating bird abundance and trends from historical count data},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {1674--1682},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-135}
}
Thompson, M.E., Schwager, S.J., Payne, K.B. and Turkalo, A.K. Acoustic estimation of wildlife abundance: methodology for vocal mammals in forested habitats 2009 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 48, pp. 654-661 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thompson2009,
  author = {Thompson, Mya E. and Schwager, Steven J. and Payne, Katharine B. and Turkalo, Andrea K.},
  title = {Acoustic estimation of wildlife abundance: methodology for vocal mammals in forested habitats},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {654--661},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01161.x}
}
Thompson, S.K. and Ramsey, F.L. Detectability functions in observing spatial point processes 1987 Biometrics
Vol. 43, pp. 355-362 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ThoRam87,
  author = {Thompson, S. K. and Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Detectability functions in observing spatial point processes},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {355--362},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531818}
}
Thompson, S.K. and Seber, G.A.F. Detectability in conventional and adaptive sampling 1994 Biometrics
Vol. 50, pp. 712-724 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{ThoSeb94,
  author = {Thompson, S. K. and Seber, G. A. F.},
  title = {Detectability in conventional and adaptive sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {712--724},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532785}
}
Thompson, W.L. Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: limitations and alternatives 2003 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Vol. 132(1), pp. 69-75 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thompson2003,
  author = {Thompson, W. L.},
  title = {Hankin and Reeves' approach to estimating fish abundance in small streams: limitations and alternatives},
  journal = {Transactions of the American Fisheries Society},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {132},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--75},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132%3C0069:HARATE%3E2.0.CO;2}
}
Thompson, W.L. Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected 2002 The Auk
Vol. 119, pp. 18-25 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tho2002,
  author = {Thompson, W. L.},
  title = {Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {18--25},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.18}
}
Thomsen, F., Laczny, M. and Piper, W. A recovery of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the southern North Sea? a case study off eastern Frisia, Germany 2006 Helgoland Marine Research
Vol. 60(3), pp. 189-195 
article DOI  
Abstract: Detailed information on year-round distribution, seasonal abundance and inter-annual trends of a given species is essential for any conservation effort. However, for most odontocetes this knowledge is rather limited. Therefore, area-specific management or conservation plans are often difficult to argue for. This is also true for the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), although it is the most common cetacean species in the North Sea. Knowledge of the current status of local stocks as well as fine scale information on the temporal use of certain areas by the species is incomplete. One area of concern is the southern North Sea where the abundance of harbour porpoises has declined in the twentieth century. Recent studies using stranding data and observations from seabird surveys indicate a comeback of the species along the Dutch and Belgian coast. However, data on other regions of the southern North Sea is sparse. Between 2002 and 2004, we undertook 25 aerial line transect surveys (11,000 km on effort; altitude = 250 and 600 ft) in a 2,500 km2 coastal area off Eastern Frisia, Germany including a small portion of Dutch coastal waters. The data were g(0) corrected using a double platform approach and analysed with distance sampling software. A total of 426 harbour porpoises were sighted, including eight calves. Densities ranged between ¡ 0.1 and 1.62 individuals/km2 with peaks in February and July 2003 as well as February and May 2004. The results of our study show that harbour porpoises are present in the coastal part of the southern North Sea even during their reproductive period. However, they seem to appear in lower numbers and much more irregular than in other areas, for example off Northern Frisia. The results of this study support the recent findings that despite a decline in the mid-twentieth century, harbour porpoises are now at times quite abundant in the southern North Sea. The underlying factors of this 'return' should be investigated using a combination of surveys and satellite telemetry. textcopyright Springer-Verlag and AWI 2006.
BibTeX:
@article{Thomsen2006,
  author = {Thomsen, F. and Laczny, M. and Piper, W.},
  title = {A recovery of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the southern North Sea? a case study off eastern Frisia, Germany},
  journal = {Helgoland Marine Research},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3},
  pages = {189--195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-006-0021-z}
}
Thomson, J.A., Cooper, A.B., Burkholder, D.A., Heithaus, M.R. and Dill, L.M. Heterogeneous patterns of availability for detection during visual surveys: spatiotemporal variation in sea turtle dive-surfacing behaviour on a feeding ground 2012 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 3(2), pp. 378-387 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Thomson2012,
  author = {Thomson, Jordan A. and Cooper, Andrew B. and Burkholder, Derek A. and Heithaus, Michael R. and Dill, Lawrence M.},
  title = {Heterogeneous patterns of availability for detection during visual surveys: spatiotemporal variation in sea turtle dive-surfacing behaviour on a feeding ground},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {378--387},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00163.x}
}
Tianbiao, Z., Xinmin, L., Zhongbing, Z., Chunfu, Z. and Lin, Q. Studies on the spatial patterns of the populations of Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus 1998 Acta Theriologica Sinica
Vol. 18(2), pp. 131-136 
article  
Abstract: The spatial patterns of the populations of great gerbil Rhombomys opimus and mid-day gerbil Meriones meridianus in Tengenor area of Damaolianheqi Banner were studied during the period from October 1995 to October 1996. There were analyzed by means of the nearest individual, T-distance sampling and negative binomial distribution. The results were shown that Rhombomys opinus is in a state of collecting distribution around the all year but Meriones meridianus is of even distribution in summer. Collecting or even distribution is the states in winter but remarkably collecting distribution in summer between both populations shows negative relative in winter but positive one in summer.
BibTeX:
@article{Tianbiao1998,
  author = {Tianbiao, Zhao and Xinmin, Li and Zhongbing, Zhang and Chunfu, Zhang and Lin, Qi},
  title = {Studies on the spatial patterns of the populations of Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus},
  journal = {Acta Theriologica Sinica},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {131--136}
}
Tilghman, N.G. and Rusch, D.H. Comparison of line-transect methods for estimating breeding bird densities in deciduous woodlots 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 202-208  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{TilRus81,
  author = {Tilghman, N. G. and Rusch, D. H.},
  title = {Comparison of line-transect methods for estimating breeding bird densities in deciduous woodlots},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {202--208}
}
Timmer, J.M., Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Boal, C.W. and Whitlaw, H.A. Spatially explicit modeling of lesser prairie-chicken lek density in Texas 2014 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 78(1), pp. 142-152 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JWMG:JWMG646,
  author = {Timmer, Jennifer M. and Butler, Matthew J. and Ballard, Warren B. and Boal, Clint W. and Whitlaw, Heather A.},
  title = {Spatially explicit modeling of lesser prairie-chicken lek density in Texas},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  pages = {142--152},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.646}
}
Timmer, M.J., Butler, M.J., Ballard, W.B., Boal, C.W. and Whitlaw, H.A. Abundance and density of lesser prairie-chickens and leks in Texas 2013 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 37, pp. 741-749 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Timmer2013,
  author = {Timmer, M. J. and Butler, M. J. and Ballard, W. B. and Boal, C. W. and Whitlaw, H. A.},
  title = {Abundance and density of lesser prairie-chickens and leks in Texas},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {741--749},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.304}
}
Tobias, J.A. and Seddon, N. Estimating population size in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi): new methods and implications for conservation 2002 Biological Conservation
Vol. 108(2), pp. 199-212 
article DOI  
Abstract: The subdesert mesite, a terrestrial non-passerine bird endemic to the Mikea Forest of southwest Madagascar, is currently classified as globally threatened (category: Vulnerable). However, accurate assessment of threat in accordance with the IUCN Red List criteria (A, B and C) requires data on effective population size, area of habitat occupied and rate of decline, none of which is available for this species. Here we present the first empirical estimates of its population size using five complementary methods, three incorporating data on territory size and two using data gathered during call-playback surveys conducted throughout its entire global range. Estimates vary from 98,000 to 152,000 individuals, with the most reliable possibly being that generated by distance sampling (115,000). This figure is more than an order of magnitude greater than the only published estimate of ¡ 10,000 individuals. By analysing data on forest cover change, we estimate the population of the subdesert mesite to have declined by, at most, 10% in three generations. Although the rate of deforestation in 1994-1999 is double that calculated for 1962-1994, it is deemed unlikely that the population will decline by 20% over the next three generations. As such the species fails to meet criterion A. Although the subdesert mesite's range and area of occupancy are small, they are not fragmented and do not comprise fewer than 10 locations. Consequently, this species does not meet criterion B. Further, the species fails to meet criterion C, for which a maximum of 10,000 mature adults is required. According to IUCN (2000 Red List of Threatened Species) this species should therefore be downlisted in status. We discuss why it still warrants conservation attention and suggest the need for modifications to the criteria thresholds in relation to basic information about the ecology and taxonomic distinctness of species. textcopyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BibTeX:
@article{Tobias2002,
  author = {Tobias, J. A. and Seddon, N.},
  title = {Estimating population size in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi): new methods and implications for conservation},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {108},
  number = {2},
  pages = {199--212},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00106-4}
}
Tomás, W.M., McShea, W., de Miranda, G.H.B., Moreira, J.R., Mourão, G. and Lima Borges, P.A. A survey of a pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus leucogaster (Arctiodactyla, Cervidae), population in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, using the distance sampling technique 2001 Animal Biodiversity and Conservation
Vol. 24, pp. 101-106 
article  
Abstract: The pampas deer is an endangered South American species which occurs in open grasslands and savannas. This aim of this survey was to evaluate the use of the distance sampling technique to estimate densities of the species in the Pantanal wetland, as well as to analyze the applicability of the method for a monitoring program. The surveys were conducted on roads from vehicles and also on foot along 26 parallel transects in November 1999 and 2000 at Campo Dora ranch, south-central Pantanal, Brazil. Deer densities were estimated using the program DISTANCE, and the program MONITOR was used to run a power analysis to estimate the probability of detection of a decline in the population. The deer density estimated from vehicles, with data from both years, was 9.81±3.8 individual/km2, and 5.53±0.68 individuals/km2 from transects sampled on foot. The power analysis of these data revealed a monitoring program would require at least two surveys per year over seven years to obtain a 90% chance of detecting a 5% decline in the population. Our results also indicate surveys from roads are not recommended for pampas deer counts as the animals appear to keep a relatively safe distance from cars.
BibTeX:
@article{Tomas2001,
  author = {Tomás, W. M. and McShea, W. and de Miranda, G. H. B. and Moreira, J. R. and Mourão, G. and Lima Borges, P. A.},
  title = {A survey of a pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus leucogaster (Arctiodactyla, Cervidae), population in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, using the distance sampling technique},
  journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {101--106}
}
Tomiatojc, L. and Verner, J. Do point counts and spot mapping produce equivalent estimates of bird densities? 1990 The Auk
Vol. 107, pp. 447-450 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{TomVer90,
  author = {Tomiatojc, L. and Verner, J.},
  title = {Do point counts and spot mapping produce equivalent estimates of bird densities?},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1990},
  volume = {107},
  pages = {447--450},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4087640}
}
de Tores, P.J. and Elscot, S. Estimating the population size of a threatened arboreal marsupial: use of distance sampling to dispense with ad hoc survey techniques 2010 Wildlife Research
Vol. 37, pp. 512-523 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tores2010,
  author = {de Tores, P. J. and Elscot, S.},
  title = {Estimating the population size of a threatened arboreal marsupial: use of distance sampling to dispense with ad hoc survey techniques},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {512--523},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10090}
}
Torres, R., Valente, A., Marques, T.A. and Fonseca, C. Estimating red deer abundance using the pellet-based distance sampling method 2015 Journal of Forest Science
Vol. 61, pp. 422-430 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Torres2015,
  author = {Torres, Rita and Valente, Ana and Marques, T. A. and Fonseca, Carlos},
  title = {Estimating red deer abundance using the pellet-based distance sampling method},
  journal = {Journal of Forest Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {422--430},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.17221/52/2015-JFS}
}
Torres-Pereira, A., Araújo, H., Matos, F.L., Bastos-Santos, J., Sá, S., Ferreira, M., Martínez-Cedeira, J., López, A., Sequeira, M., Vingada, J. and Eira, C. Harbour Porpoise Abundance in Portugal over a 5-Year Period and Estimates of Potential Distribution 2022 Animals
Vol. 12(15), pp. 1935 
article DOI  
Abstract: The Iberian porpoise population is small and under potentially unsustainable removal by fisheries bycatch. Recently, a marine Site of Community Importance (SCI) was legally approved in Portugal, but no measures ensued to promote porpoise conservation. Information about porpoise abundance and distribution is fundamental to guide any future conservation measures. Annual aerial surveys conducted between 2011 and 2015 show a low overall porpoise abundance and density (2254 individuals; 0.090 ind/km2, CV = 21.99%) in the Portuguese coast. The highest annual porpoise estimates were registered in 2013 (3207 individuals, 0.128 ind/km2), followed by a sharp decrease in 2014 (1653 individuals, 0.066 ind/km2). The porpoise density and abundance estimated in 2015 remained lower than the 2013 estimates. A potential distribution analysis of the Iberian porpoise population was performed using ensembles of small models (ESMs) with MaxEnt and showed that the overall habitat suitability is particularly high in the Portuguese northern area. The analysis also suggested a different pattern in porpoise potential distribution across the study period. These results emphasize the importance of further porpoise population assessments to fully understand the spatial and temporal porpoise habitat use in the Iberian Peninsula as well as the urgent need for on-site threat mitigation measures.
BibTeX:
@article{TorresPereira2022,
  author = {Torres-Pereira, Andreia and Araújo, Hélder and Matos, Fábio L. and Bastos-Santos, Jorge and Sá, Sara and Ferreira, Marisa and Martínez-Cedeira, José and López, Alfredo and Sequeira, Marina and Vingada, José and Eira, Catarina},
  title = {Harbour Porpoise Abundance in Portugal over a 5-Year Period and Estimates of Potential Distribution},
  journal = {Animals},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {12},
  number = {15},
  pages = {1935},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151935}
}
Tougaard, J. Radial distance sampling with passive acoustics: the prospect of estimating absolute densities of cetaceans from static acoustic datalogger data 2010 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Vol. 123, pp. 3100 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tougaard2010,
  author = {Tougaard, J.},
  title = {Radial distance sampling with passive acoustics: the prospect of estimating absolute densities of cetaceans from static acoustic datalogger data},
  journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {123},
  pages = {3100},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2932960}
}
Trenkel, V.M., Buckland, S.T., McLean, C. and Elston, D.A. Evaluation of aerial line transect methodology for estimating red deer (Cervus elaphus) abundance in Scotland 1997 Journal of Environmental Management
Vol. 50, pp. 39-50 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Treenal97,
  author = {Trenkel, V. M. and Buckland, S. T. and McLean, C. and Elston, D. A.},
  title = {Evaluation of aerial line transect methodology for estimating red deer (Cervus elaphus) abundance in Scotland},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {39--50},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0094}
}
Treydte, A.C., Edwards, P.J. and Suter, W. Shifts in native ungulate communities on a former cattle ranch in Tanzania 2005 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 43(4), pp. 302-311 
article DOI  
Abstract: When an area is brought under protection, current animal populations and their habitat preferences need to be assessed to predict population trends and future habitat availability. Using data from walking transects, we estimated the size of native ungulate populations on an abandoned cattle ranch in a coastal savannah in Tanzania, now included in the new Saadani National Park. Data were analysed with DISTANCE sampling and conventional strip transect techniques and were compared with results of previous wildlife counts. Few individuals of mainly browsing species were present in former cattle grazing areas exhibiting high bush-encroachment while a ten times higher biomass of browsers and grazers was found in the cattle-unmodified savannah. Population sizes of some species increased twofold between 1991 and 2001 within the entire area but neither population size nor species richness increased in the abandoned rangeland during our 3-year study period from 2001 to 2003. We conclude that the former ranch has potential for future recolonization by wild ungulates. Resettlement will take place gradually with 'pioneer-species' facilitating the entry of more demanding species. Habitat restoration through wildlife can be observed and quantified on Mkwaja Ranch which will be of importance for future management of native ungulates reclaiming abandoned rangeland. textcopyright 2005 African Journal of Ecology.
BibTeX:
@article{Treydte2005,
  author = {Treydte, A. C. and Edwards, P. J. and Suter, W.},
  title = {Shifts in native ungulate communities on a former cattle ranch in Tanzania},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {302--311},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00573.x}
}
Trolle, M., Noss, A.J., Cordeiro, J.L.P. and Oliveira, L.F.B. Brazilian tapir density in the Pantanal: a comparison of systematic camera-trapping and line-transect surveys 2007 Biotropica
Vol. 40, pp. 211-217 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Trolle2007,
  author = {Trolle, Mogens and Noss, Andrew J. and Cordeiro, José Luis Passos and Oliveira, Luiz Flamarion B.},
  title = {Brazilian tapir density in the Pantanal: a comparison of systematic camera-trapping and line-transect surveys},
  journal = {Biotropica},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {211--217},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00350.x}
}
Tsatiris, A., Papadopoulos, V., Makri, D., Topouzelis, K., Manoutsoglou, E., Hasiotis, T. and Katsanevakis, S. Spatial distribution, abundance and habitat use of the endemic Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Gera Gulf, Lesvos (Greece): comparison of design-based and model-based approaches 2018 Mediterranean Marine Science
Vol. 19(3), pp. 642 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{TSATIRIS2018,
  author = {Tsatiris, A. and Papadopoulos, V. and Makri, D. and Topouzelis, K. and Manoutsoglou, E. and Hasiotis, T. and Katsanevakis, S.},
  title = {Spatial distribution, abundance and habitat use of the endemic Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Gera Gulf, Lesvos (Greece): comparison of design-based and model-based approaches},
  journal = {Mediterranean Marine Science},
  publisher = {National Documentation Centre},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {642},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.14156}
}
Turner, F.B. and Medica, P.A. The distribution and abundance of flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) 1982 Copeia
Vol. 4, pp. 815-823 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{TurMed82,
  author = {Turner, F. B. and Medica, P. A.},
  title = {The distribution and abundance of flat-tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii)},
  journal = {Copeia},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {815--823},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1444091}
}
Turnock, B.J. and Quinn II, T.J. The effect of responsive movement on abundance estimation using line transect sampling 1991 Biometrics
Vol. 47, pp. 701-716 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{TQ91,
  author = {Turnock, B. J. and Quinn, II, T. J.},
  title = {The effect of responsive movement on abundance estimation using line transect sampling},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {701--716},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2532156}
}
Tweh, C.G., Lormie, M.M., Kouakou, C.Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H.S. and Junker, J. Conservation status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and other large mammals across Liberia: results from a nationwide survey 2014 Oryx
Vol. 49(4), pp. 710-718 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Tweh2014,
  author = {Clement G. Tweh and Menladi M. Lormie and Célestin Y. Kouakou and Annika Hillers and Hjalmar S. Kühl and Jessica Junker},
  title = {Conservation status of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and other large mammals across Liberia: results from a nationwide survey},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {710--718},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001191}
}
Underwood, F.M. Design-based adaptive monitoring strategies for wildlife population assessment 2004 School: University of St Andrews  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Und04,
  author = {Underwood, F. M.},
  title = {Design-based adaptive monitoring strategies for wildlife population assessment},
  school = {University of St Andrews},
  year = {2004}
}
Vacquié-Garcia, J., Lydersen, C., Marques, T.A., Aars, J., Ahonen, H., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Øien, N. and Kovac, K.M. Late summer distribution and abundance of ice-associated whales in the Norwegian high arctic 2017 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 32, pp. 59-70 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Vacquie-Garcia2017,
  author = {Vacquié-Garcia, Jade and Lydersen, Christian and Marques, Tiago A. and Aars, Jon and Ahonen, Heidi and Skern-Mauritzen, Mette and Øien, Nils and Kovac, Kit M.},
  title = {Late summer distribution and abundance of ice-associated whales in the Norwegian high arctic},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {59--70},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00791}
}
Valente, A.M., Fonseca, C., Marques, T.A., Santos, J.P., Rodrigues, R. and Torres, R.T. Living on the edge: roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) density in the margins of its geographical range 2014 PLoS ONE
Vol. 9, pp. e88459 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Valente2014,
  author = {Valente, Ana M. and Fonseca, Carlos and Marques, Tiago A. and Santos, João P. and Rodrigues, Rogério and Torres, Rita Tinoco},
  title = {Living on the edge: roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) density in the margins of its geographical range},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {e88459},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088459}
}
Valente, A.M., Marques, T.A., Fonseca, C. and Torres, R.T. A new insight for monitoring ungulates: density surface modelling of roe deer in a Mediterranean habitat 2016 European Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 62, pp. 577-587 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Valente2016,
  author = {Valente, Ana M. and Marques, Tiago A. and Fonseca, Carlos and Torres, Rita Tinoco},
  title = {A new insight for monitoring ungulates: density surface modelling of roe deer in a Mediterranean habitat},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {577--587},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-1030-0}
}
Varman, K.S. and Sukumar, R. The line transect method for estimating densities of large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest: an evaluation of models and field experiments 1995 Journal of Bioscience
Vol. 20, pp. 273-287 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{VarSuk95,
  author = {Varman, K. S. and Sukumar, R.},
  title = {The line transect method for estimating densities of large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest: an evaluation of models and field experiments},
  journal = {Journal of Bioscience},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {273--287},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703274}
}
Velazquez, A. Distribution and population size of Romerolagus diazi on El Pelado volcano, Mexico 1994 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 75, pp. 743-749 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Vel94,
  author = {Velazquez, A.},
  title = {Distribution and population size of Romerolagus diazi   on El Pelado volcano, Mexico},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {743--749},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1382525}
}
Venturato, E., Cavallini, P. and Dessa-Fulgheri, F. Are pheasants attracted or repelled by roads? A test of a crucial assumption for transect censuses 2010 European Journal of Wildlife Research
Vol. 56(3), pp. 233-237 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{springerlink:10.1007/s10344-009-0309-9,
  author = {Venturato, Emilia and Cavallini, Paolo and Dessa-Fulgheri, Francesco},
  title = {Are pheasants attracted or repelled by roads? A test of a crucial assumption for transect censuses},
  journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {233--237},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-009-0309-9}
}
Ver Hoef, J.M., Cameron, M.F., Boveng, P.L., London, J.M. and Moreland, E.E. A spatial hierarchical model for abundance of three ice-associated seal species in the eastern Bering Sea 2014 Statistical Methodology
Vol. 17, pp. 46-66 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{VerHoef2014,
  author = {Ver Hoef, Jay M. and Cameron, Michael F. and Boveng, Peter L. and London, Josh M. and Moreland, Erin E.},
  title = {A spatial hierarchical model for abundance of three ice-associated seal species in the eastern Bering Sea},
  journal = {Statistical Methodology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {46--66},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stamet.2013.03.001}
}
Verner, J. Assessment of counting techniques 1985 Current Ornithology, Volume 2, pp. 247-302  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{Ver85,
  author = {Verner, J.},
  title = {Assessment of counting techniques},
  booktitle = {Current Ornithology, Volume 2},
  publisher = {Plenum Press},
  year = {1985},
  pages = {247--302}
}
Verner, J. and Ritter, L.V. A comparison of transect and spot mapping in oak– pine woodlands of California 1988 Condor, The
Vol. 90, pp. 401-419 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{VerRit88,
  author = {Verner, J. and Ritter, L. V.},
  title = {A comparison of transect and spot mapping in oak– pine woodlands of California},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {90},
  pages = {401--419},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1368569}
}
Verner, J. and Ritter, L.V. Hourly variation in morning point counts of birds 1986 The Auk
Vol. 103, pp. 117-124 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{VerRit86,
  author = {Verner, J. and Ritter, L. V.},
  title = {Hourly variation in morning point counts of birds},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {1986},
  volume = {103},
  pages = {117--124},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.117}
}
Verner, J. and Ritter, L.V. A comparison of transects and point counts in oak– pine woodlands of California 1985 Condor, The
Vol. 87, pp. 47-68 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{VerRit85,
  author = {Verner, J. and Ritter, L. V.},
  title = {A comparison of transects and point counts in oak– pine woodlands of California},
  journal = {Condor, The},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {47--68},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1367130}
}
Vidal, O., Barlow, J., Hurtado, L.A., Torre, J., Cendon, P. and Ojeda, Z. Distribution and abundance of the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) in the Upper Amazon river 1997 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. 13, pp. 427-445 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Videtal97,
  author = {Vidal, O. and Barlow, J. and Hurtado, L. A. and Torre, J. and Cendon, P. and Ojeda, Z.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) in the Upper Amazon river},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {427--445},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00650.x}
}
Víkingsson, G.A., Pike, D.G., Desportes, G., Øien, N., Gunnlaugsson, T. and Bloch, D. Distribution and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Northeast and Central Atlantic as inferred from the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys 1987-2001 2009 NAMMCO Scientific Publications
Vol. 7, pp. 49-72 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Vikingsson2009,
  author = {Víkingsson, G. A. and Pike, D. G. and Desportes, G. and Øien, N. and Gunnlaugsson, Th. and Bloch, D.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Northeast and Central Atlantic as inferred from the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys 1987-2001},
  journal = {NAMMCO Scientific Publications},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {49--72},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2705}
}
Vilella, F.J. and Fogarty, J.H. Diversity and abundance of forest frogs (anura: leptodactylidae) before and after Hurricane Georges in the Cordillera Central of Puerto Rico 2005 Caribbean Journal of Science
Vol. 41(1), pp. 157-162 
article  
Abstract: Caribbean hurricanes often impact terrestrial vertebrates in forested environments. On 21 September 1998, Hurricane Georges impacted Puerto Rico with sustained winds in excess of 166 km/hr, causing damage to forests of the island's principal mountain range; the Cordillera Central. We estimated forest frog abundance and diversity from call counts conducted along marked transects before and after Hurricane Georges in two forests reserves of the Cordillera Central (Maricao and Guilarte). We used distance sampling to estimate density of Eleutherodactylus coqui and recorded counts of other species. After the hurricane, the abundance of E. coqui increased in both reserves compared to prehurricane levels while abundance of other frog species decreased. In Maricao, relative abundance of E. richmondi (P = 0.013) and E. brittoni (P = 0.034) were significantly lower after the hurricane. Moreover, species richness and evenness of the Maricao and Guilarte frog assemblages declined after the hurricane. Our results on abundance patterns of the forest frog assemblages of Maricao and Guilarte Forests were similar to those reported from the Luquillo Experimental Forest after Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. Long-term demographic patterns of the forest frog assemblages in the Cordillera Central may be associated with changes due to the ecological succession in post-hurricane forests. Copyright 2005 College of Arts and Sciences.
BibTeX:
@article{Vilella2005,
  author = {Vilella, F. J. and Fogarty, J. H.},
  title = {Diversity and abundance of forest frogs (anura: leptodactylidae) before and after Hurricane Georges in the Cordillera Central of Puerto Rico},
  journal = {Caribbean Journal of Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {157--162}
}
Viquerat, S. and Herr, H. Mid-summer abundance estimates of fin whales Balaenoptera physalus around the South Orkney Islands and Elephant Island 2017 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 32, pp. 515-524 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Viquerat2017,
  author = {Viquerat, S. and Herr, H.},
  title = {Mid-summer abundance estimates of fin whales Balaenoptera physalus around the South Orkney Islands and Elephant Island},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {515--524},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00832}
}
Viquerat, S., Herr, H., Gilles, A., Peschko, V., Siebert, U., Sveegaard, S. and Teilmann, J. Abundance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the western Baltic, Belt Seas and Kattegat 2014 Marine Biology, pp. 1-10  article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Viquerat2014,
  author = {Viquerat, Sacha and Herr, Helena and Gilles, Anita and Peschko, Verena and Siebert, Ursula and Sveegaard, Signe and Teilmann, Jonas},
  title = {Abundance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the western Baltic, Belt Seas and Kattegat},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1--10},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2374-6}
}
Virgili, A., Authier, M., Boisseau, O., Cañadas, A., Claridge, D., Cole, T., Corkeron, P., Dorémus, G., David, L., Di-Méglio, N., Dunn, C., Dunn, T.E., García-Barón, I., Laran, S., Lauriano, G., Lewis, M., Louzao, M., Mannocci, L., Martínez-Cedeira, J., Palka, D., Panigada, S., Pettex, E., Roberts, J.J., Ruiz, L., Saavedra, C., Santos, M.B., Canneyt, O.V., Bonales, J.A.V., Monestiez, P. and Ridoux, V. Combining multiple visual surveys to model the habitat of deep-diving cetaceans at the basin scale 2018 Global Ecology and Biogeography
Vol. 28(3), pp. 300-314 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Virgili2018,
  author = {Virgili, Auriane and Authier, Matthieu and Boisseau, Oliver and Cañadas, Ana and Claridge, Diane and Cole, Tim and Corkeron, Peter and Dorémus, Ghislain and David, Léa and Di-Méglio, Nathalie and Dunn, Charlotte and Dunn, Tim E. and García-Barón, Isabel and Laran, Sophie and Lauriano, Giancarlo and Lewis, Mark and Louzao, Maite and Mannocci, Laura and Martínez-Cedeira, José and Palka, Debra and Panigada, Simone and Pettex, Emeline and Roberts, Jason J. and Ruiz, Leire and Saavedra, Camilo and Santos, M. Begoña and Canneyt, Olivier Van and Bonales, José Antonio Vázquez and Monestiez, Pascal and Ridoux, Vincent},
  title = {Combining multiple visual surveys to model the habitat of deep-diving cetaceans at the basin scale},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {300--314},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12850}
}
Voigt, M., Wich, S.A., Ancrenaz, M., Meijaard, E., Abram, N., Banes, G.L., Campbell-Smith, G., d'Arcy , L.J., Delgado, R.A., Erman, A., Gaveau, D., Goossens, B., Heinicke, S., Houghton, M., Husson, S.J., Leiman, A., Sanchez, K.L., Makinuddin, N., Marshall, A.J., Meididit, A., Miettinen, J., Mundry, R., Musnanda, Nardiyono, Nurcahyo, A., Odom, K., Panda, A., Prasetyo, D., Priadjati, A., Purnomo, Rafiastanto, A., Russon, A.E., Santika, T., Sihite, J., Spehar, S., Struebig, M., Sulbaran-Romero, E., Tjiu, A., Wells, J., Wilson, K.A. and Kühl, H.S. Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean orangutans 2018 Current Biology
Vol. 28(5), pp. 761-769.e5 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Voigt2018,
  author = {Voigt, Maria and Wich, Serge A. and Ancrenaz, Marc and Meijaard, Erik and Abram, Nicola and Banes, Graham L. and Campbell-Smith, Gail and d'Arcy, Laura J. and Delgado, Roberto A. and Erman, Andi and Gaveau, David and Goossens, Benoit and Heinicke, Stefanie and Houghton, Max and Husson, Simon J. and Leiman, Ashley and Sanchez, Karmele Llano and Makinuddin, Niel and Marshall, Andrew J. and Meididit, Ari and Miettinen, Jukka and Mundry, Roger and Musnanda and Nardiyono and Nurcahyo, Anton and Odom, Kisar and Panda, Adventus and Prasetyo, Didik and Priadjati, Aldrianto and Purnomo and Rafiastanto, Andjar and Russon, Anne E. and Santika, Truly and Sihite, Jamartin and Spehar, Stephanie and Struebig, Matthew and Sulbaran-Romero, Enrique and Tjiu, Albertus and Wells, Jessie and Wilson, Kerrie A. and Kühl, Hjalmar S.},
  title = {Global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 Bornean orangutans},
  journal = {Current Biology},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {28},
  number = {5},
  pages = {761--769.e5},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.053}
}
Waagepetersen, R. and Schweder, T. Likelihood-based inference for clustered line transect data 0   unpublished  
BibTeX:
@unpublished{Waagepetersen,
  author = {Waagepetersen, Rasmus and Schweder, Tore},
  title = {Likelihood-based inference for clustered line transect data},
  year = {0}
}
Wade, P.R. and DeMaster, D.P. Determining the optimum interval for abundance surveys 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 53-66  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{WadDem99,
  author = {Wade, P. R. and DeMaster, D. P.},
  title = {Determining the optimum interval for abundance surveys},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {53--66}
}
Wade, P.R. and Gerrodette, T. Estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific 1993 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 43, pp. 477-493 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{WadGer93,
  author = {Wade, P. R. and Gerrodette, T.},
  title = {Estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1993},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {477--493}
}
Wahle, R.A., Bergeron, C.E., Chute, A.S., Jacobson, L.D. and Chen, Y. The Northwest Atlantic deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) population before and after the onset of harvesting 2008 ICES Journal of Marine Science
Vol. 65(6), pp. 862-872 
article DOI  
Abstract: Wahle, R. A., Bergeron, C. E., Chute, A. S., Jacobson, L. D., and Chen, Y. 2008. The Northwest Atlantic deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) population before and after the onset of harvesting. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 862– 872.The population structure of deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) in a nearly unexploited state is compared with its condition three decades later after more than a decade of sustained harvesting. Our study is based on a camera and net trawl survey conducted in 1974, which we repeated between 2003 and 2005 on the southern New England shelf break. Although the overall biomass of red crabs was estimated to be higher than in 1974, the abundance of large males, which are targeted by the fishery, was considerably lower. In particular, the biomass of large males (≥114 mm carapace width), considered in 1974 to be marketable, declined by 42%. Declines were most evident at depths and regions most accessible to the fishing fleet based in southern New England. With the change in fishery selectivity towards smaller male crabs, the abundance of currently harvestable crabs is about equal to 1974 levels. No declines were observed in the biomass of female and smaller male crabs not targeted by the fishery. Indeed, the abundance of juveniles appears considerably higher than in 1974. Perhaps, adverse effects on reproduction attributable to a reduction in the numbers of large males may be a consequence of fishing, but fishery impacts and productivity are difficult to assess because key biological information is lacking.
BibTeX:
@article{Wahle2008,
  author = {Richard A. Wahle and Charlene E. Bergeron and Antonie S. Chute and Larry D. Jacobson and Yong Chen},
  title = {The Northwest Atlantic deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) population before and after the onset of harvesting},
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {65},
  number = {6},
  pages = {862--872},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn058}
}
Wakefield, E.D., Miller, D.L., Bond, S.L., le Bouard, F., Carvalho, P.C., Catry, P., Dilley, B.J., Fifield, D.A., Gjerdrum, C., González-Sol\is, J., Hogan, H., Laptikhovsky, V., Merkel, B., Miller, J.A., Miller, P.I., Pinder, S.J., Pipa, T., Ryan, P.M., Thompson, L.A., Thompson, P.M. and Matthiopoulos, J. The summer distribution, habitat associations and abundance of seabirds in the sub-polar frontal zone of the Northwest Atlantic 2021 Progress in Oceanography
Vol. 198, pp. 102657 
article DOI  
Abstract: Biological production in the oceanic zone (i.e. waters beyond the continental shelves) is typically spatially patchy and strongly seasonal. In response, seabirds have adapted to move rapidly within and between ocean basins, making them important pelagic consumers. Studies in the Pacific, Southern and Indian Oceans have shown that seabirds are relatively abundant in major frontal systems, with species composition varying by water mass. In contrast, surprisingly little was known about seabird distribution in the oceanic North Atlantic until recent tracking showed that relative abundance and diversity peak in the Sub-polar Frontal Zone, west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, now proposed as a Marine Protected Area. However, absolute seabird abundance, distribution, age and species composition, and their potential environmental drivers in the oceanic temperate NW Atlantic remain largely unknown. Consequently, we systematically surveyed seabirds and environmental conditions across this area by ship in June, 2017, then modelled the density of common species as functions of environmental covariates, validating model predictions against independent tracking data. Medium-sized petrels (99.8%), especially Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis, 63%), accounted for the majority of total avian biomass, which correlated at the macroscale with net primary production and peaked at the sub-polar front. At the mesoscale, the density of each species was associated with sea surface temperature, indicating zonation by water mass. Most species also exhibited scale-dependent associations with eddies and fronts. Approximately 51, 26, 23, 7 and 1 % of the currently estimated Atlantic populations of Cory's Shearwaters (Calonectris borealis), Great Shearwaters, Sooty Shearwaters (A. grisea), Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and Leach's Storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) occurred in the area during our survey, many of which were undergoing moult (a vital maintena nce activity). For some species, these estimates are higher than suggested by tracking, probably due to the presence of immatures and birds from untracked populations. Our results support the conclusion that MPA status is warranted and provide a baseline against which future changes can be assessed. Moreover, they indicate potential drivers of seabird abundance and diversity in the oceanic zone of the North Atlantic that should be investigated further.
BibTeX:
@article{Wakefield2021,
  author = {Ewan D. Wakefield and David L. Miller and Sarah L. Bond and Fabrice le Bouard and Paloma C. Carvalho and Paulo Catry and Ben J. Dilley and David A. Fifield and Carina Gjerdrum and Jacob González-Sol\is and Holly Hogan and Vladimir Laptikhovsky and Benjamin Merkel and Julie A.O. Miller and Peter I. Miller and Simon J. Pinder and Tânia Pipa and Peter M. Ryan and Laura A. Thompson and Paul M. Thompson and Jason Matthiopoulos},
  title = {The summer distribution, habitat associations and abundance of seabirds in the sub-polar frontal zone of the Northwest Atlantic},
  journal = {Progress in Oceanography},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {198},
  pages = {102657},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102657}
}
Walker, R.C.J. and Rafeliarisoa, T.H. Status of the relict population of the critically endangered madagascar spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides 2012 Oryx
Vol. 46, pp. 457-463 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Walker2012,
  author = {Walker, R. C. J. and Rafeliarisoa, T. H.},
  title = {Status of the relict population of the critically endangered madagascar spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {457--463},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605311001293}
}
Wallace, R.B., Painter, R.L.E. and Taber, A.B. Primate diversity, habitat preferences, and population density estimates in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia 1998 American Journal of Primatology
Vol. 46, pp. 197-211 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Waletal98,
  author = {Wallace, R. B. and Painter, R. L. E. and Taber, A. B.},
  title = {Primate diversity, habitat preferences, and population density estimates in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia},
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {197--211},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:3%3C197::AID-AJP2%3E3.0.CO;2-7}
}
Wallgren, M., Skarpe, C., BergstrÃ, R., Danell, K., BergstrÃ, A., Jakobsson, T., Karlsson, K. and Strand, T. Influence of land use on the abundance of wildlife and livestock in the Kalahari, Botswana 2009 Journal of Arid Environments
Vol. 73(3), pp. 314-321 
article DOI  
Abstract: Human land use such as pastoralism may be a key determinant of wildlife populations. We studied the influence of land use on wildlife and livestock in south-western Kalahari, Botswana, during the wet and dry seasons. We included two types of livestock areas and two types of wildlife protection areas. Wild and domestic mammals ¿ 0.2Â kg were sampled by distance technique. Small mammals ¡ 0.2Â kg were trapped and a vegetation survey was performed. Livestock and some medium-sized wildlife species were most abundant in livestock areas, while large-sized wildlife species were mainly restricted to wildlife areas. Most red-listed species were confined to the national park. The influence of land use on abundances changed moderately between seasons. However, cattle moved into wildlife areas during the wet season. Differences in species richness and diversity were most pronounced during the dry season. The trapping frequency of small mammals was highest in the national park. Differences in vegetation structure included sparser field layer and higher cover of an invasive shrub in livestock areas. Our study shows the importance of protected areas for many wildlife species in the Kalahari. It also shows the value of a multi-species approach for investigating the effects of land use on wildlife communities.
BibTeX:
@article{Wallgren2009,
  author = {Wallgren, M. and Skarpe, C. and BergstrÃ, R. and Danell, K. and BergstrÃ, A. and Jakobsson, T. and Karlsson, K. and Strand, T.},
  title = {Influence of land use on the abundance of wildlife and livestock in the Kalahari, Botswana},
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {314--321},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.019}
}
Walsh, P., Reynolds, J., Collins, G., Russell, B., Winfree, M. and Denton, J. Application of a double-observer aerial line-transect method to estimate brown bear population density in southwestern Alaska 2010 Journal of Fisheries and Wildlife Management
Vol. 1, pp. 47-58 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Walsh2010,
  author = {Walsh, P. and Reynolds, J. and Collins, G. and Russell, B. and Winfree, M. and Denton, J.},
  title = {Application of a double-observer aerial line-transect method to estimate brown bear population density in southwestern Alaska},
  journal = {Journal of Fisheries and Wildlife Management},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {47--58},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-006}
}
Walsh, P.D. and White, L.J.T. What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations 1999 Conservation Biology
Vol. 13, pp. 1194-1202 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WhaWhi99,
  author = {Walsh, P. D. and White, L. J. T.},
  title = {What it will take to monitor forest elephant populations},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {1194--1202},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98148.x}
}
Walter, M.J. and Hone, J. A comparison of 3 aerial survey techniques to estimate wild horse abundance in the Australian Alps 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31, pp. 1138-1149 
article URL 
Abstract: Estimates of the size or density of wildlife populations are essential for effective management. Aerial surveys often are the only practical way of obtaining these estimates for large mammals ranging over a large area. Different aerial survey techniques are available. This paper reports on a study that estimated abundance and population density of wild horses (Equus caballus) in the Australian Alps using helicopter aerial surveys. Three frequently used techniques were compared simultaneously: strip counts, mark-recapture, and line transect. Using data on horse groups over a strip width of 200 m, estimates of horse abundance from mark-recapture analyses were higher (N=3,045 modified Petersen and N=3,298 Huggins estimators, respectively) than from strip counts (N=1,814 and N=2,242 for observers 1 and 2, respectively). Use of line-transect analysis yielded the highest estimates of abundance (N=5,200-5,830, population density D=1.86-2.09 km^-2). The coefficient of variation (CV) of estimates varied from 22% for strip counts (0-50 m) to 28% for mark-recapture analysis (0-50 m) and 31-32% for line-transect analysis (0-200 m). Mark-recapture estimates of horse abundance from the modified Petersen estimator were substantially lower when the strip width was 200 m (N=2,061) compared with a strip width of 50 m (N=4,345). These results suggested that in aerial surveys using strip or mark-recapture analyses, the effect of wide strip width should be examined; otherwise estimates may be strongly negatively biased. Observer 1 estimated mean group size of 4.91+-0.61 SE horses and observer 2 estimated mean group size as 3.79+-0.57 SE horses. Mean group size observed from the ground was 5.65+-0.51 SE. We recommend that aerial surveys be implemented periodically using line-transect methodology to monitor trends in wild horse abundance in the Australian Alps.
BibTeX:
@article{Walter2003,
  author = {Walter, Michelle J. and Hone, Jim},
  title = {A comparison of 3 aerial survey techniques to estimate wild horse abundance in the Australian Alps},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {1138--1149},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784462}
}
Waltert, M., Heber, S., Riedelbauch, S., Lien, J.L. and Mühlenberg, M. Estimates of blue duiker densities from diurnal and nocturnal line transects in the Korup region, SW Cameroon 2006 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. 44, pp. 290-292 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Waltert2006,
  author = {Waltert, M. and Heber, S. and Riedelbauch, S. and Lien, J. L. and Mühlenberg, M.},
  title = {Estimates of blue duiker densities from diurnal and nocturnal line transects in the Korup region, SW Cameroon},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {290--292},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00631.x}
}
Waltert, M., Meyer, B., Shanyangi, M.W., Balozi, J.J., Kitwara, O., Qolli, S., Krischke, H. and Muhlenberg, M. Foot surveys of large mammals in woodlands of western Tanzania 2008 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 72, pp. 603-610 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Waltert2008,
  author = {Waltert, M. and Meyer, B. and Shanyangi, M. W. and Balozi, J. J. and Kitwara, O. and Qolli, S. and Krischke, H. and Muhlenberg, M.},
  title = {Foot surveys of large mammals in woodlands of western Tanzania},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {603--610},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-456}
}
Ward, A.I., White, P.C.L. and Critchley, C.H. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus behaviour affects density estimates from distance sampling surveys 2004 Mammal Review
Vol. 34, pp. 315-319 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{War2004,
  author = {Ward, A. I. and White, P. C. L. and Critchley, C. H.},
  title = {Roe deer Capreolus capreolus behaviour affects density estimates from distance sampling surveys},
  journal = {Mammal Review},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {315--319},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2004.00046.x}
}
Ward, A.J. and Hiby, A.R. Analysis of cue-counting and blow rate estimation experiments carried out during the 1985/86 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise 1987 Report of the International Whaling Commission
Vol. 37, pp. 259-262 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{WarHib87,
  author = {Ward, A. J. and Hiby, A. R.},
  title = {Analysis of cue-counting and blow rate estimation experiments carried out during the 1985/86 IDCR minke whale assessment cruise},
  journal = {Report of the International Whaling Commission},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {259--262}
}
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Williams, M. Edges and gaps in mature karri forest, south-western Australia: logging effects on bird species abundance and diversity 2000 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 131, pp. 1-21 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WarWil00,
  author = {Wardell-Johnson, G. and Williams, M.},
  title = {Edges and gaps in mature karri forest, south-western Australia: logging effects on bird species abundance and diversity},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {131},
  pages = {1--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00197-8}
}
Warren, P. and Baines, D. Evaluation of the distance sampling technique to survey red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus on moors in northern England 2011 Wildlife Biology
Vol. 17, pp. 135-142 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Warren2011,
  author = {Warren, Philip and Baines, David},
  title = {Evaluation of the distance sampling technique to survey red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus on moors in northern England},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {135--142},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2981/10-085}
}
Warren, W.G. and Batcheler, C.L. The density of spatial patterns: robust estimation through distance methods 1979 Spatial and Temporal Analysis in Ecology, pp. 240-270  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{WarBat79,
  author = {Warren, W. G. and Batcheler, C. L.},
  title = {The density of spatial patterns: robust estimation through distance methods},
  booktitle = {Spatial and Temporal Analysis in Ecology},
  publisher = {International Co-operative Publishing House},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {240--270}
}
Watson, R.A., Carlos, G.M. and Samoilys, M.A. Bias introduced by the non-random movement of fish in visual transect surveys 1995 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 77(2-3), pp. 205-214 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Watson1995,
  author = {Watson, R. A. and Carlos, G. M. and Samoilys, M. A.},
  title = {Bias introduced by the non-random movement of fish in visual transect surveys},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {77},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {205--214},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(93)E0085-H}
}
Watson, R.A. and Quinn II, T.J. Performance of transect and point count underwater visual census methods 1997 Ecological Modelling
Vol. 104(1), pp. 103-112 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Watson1997,
  author = {Watson, R. A. and Quinn, II, T. J.},
  title = {Performance of transect and point count underwater visual census methods},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {104},
  number = {1},
  pages = {103--112},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00117-8}
}
WDCS/Greenpeace Cetaceans and pelagic trawl fisheries in the western approaches of the English Channel 2005 School: WDCS/Greenpeace  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{WDCS/Greenpeace2005,
  author = {WDCS/Greenpeace},
  title = {Cetaceans and pelagic trawl fisheries in the western approaches of the English Channel},
  school = {WDCS/Greenpeace},
  year = {2005}
}
Webb, W.L. Notes on a method for censusing snowshoe hare populations 1942 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 6(1), pp. 67-69 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Webb1942,
  author = {Webb, William L.},
  title = {Notes on a method for censusing snowshoe hare populations},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1942},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--69},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3795523}
}
Wegge, P. and Storaas, T. Sampling tiger ungulate prey by the distance method: lessons learned in Bardia National Park, Nepal 2009 Animal Conservation
Vol. 12, pp. 78-84 
article DOI  
Abstract: ¡ P¿/P¿ Because tiger ¡ I¿ Panthera tigris/I¿ numbers are regulated by their prey base, prey abundance needs to monitored and estimated reliably. Recently, distance sampling has been adopted as the most appropriate method and is now becoming the standard monitoring protocol in all tiger range countries in south Asia. However, the accuracy of the density estimates generated by this method has not been assessed. From total counts within habitat blocks, we obtained accurate density estimates of ungulates within three main habitats in Bardia National Park, Nepal. We then applied the distance sampling method in the same habitats and compared the results. Distance sampling on foot in dense habitats (riverine forest and tallgrass floodplain) violated method assumptions, and sampling from vehicle along roads gave biased estimates. Sampling from elephant back worked well in all habitat types, but owing to their behaviour, the density of barking deer ¡ I¿ Muntiacus muntjak/I¿ was underestimated. The accuracy of the estimates varied with sampling effort; for the very abundant chital deer ¡ I¿ Axis axis/I, estimates varied markedly at &#60;200 animal observations, but converged at larger sample sizes to a similar point estimate as intensive block counts when approaching 300 observations. For the less abundant species, with &#60;20 observations along &#62;100&#8201;km of transect lines, the confidence intervals were quite high, and, hence, of limited value for detecting short-term populations trends. It is therefore difficult to obtain accurate density estimates of rare species by the distance method. In areas consisting of dense habitats, we recommend that the food base of tiger be estimated by distance sampling from elephant back, not on foot, directed at the main and most abundant prey species. For rare species, encounter rates obtained simultaneously may then serve as indices of relative abundances.
BibTeX:
@article{WeggeFebruary2009,
  author = {Wegge, P. and Storaas, T.},
  title = {Sampling tiger ungulate prey by the distance method: lessons learned in Bardia National Park, Nepal},
  journal = {Animal Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {78--84},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00230.x}
}
Wellendorf, S.D. and Palmer, W.E. Investigating the use of covey call point counts to estimate autumn density of northern bobwhites 2005 Wildlife Biology in Practice
Vol. 2, pp. 140-145 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wellendorf2005,
  author = {Wellendorf, S. D. and Palmer, W. E.},
  title = {Investigating the use of covey call point counts to estimate autumn density of northern bobwhites},
  journal = {Wildlife Biology in Practice},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {140--145}
}
Weller, F. A comparison of different approaches to monitoring bird density on New Zealand sheep and beef farms 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36, pp. 382-390 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Weller2012b,
  author = {Weller, F.},
  title = {A comparison of different approaches to monitoring bird density on New Zealand sheep and beef farms},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {382--390},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3053}
}
Weller, F., Blackwell, G. and Moller, H. Detection probability for estimating bird density on New Zealand sheep & beef farms 2012 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 36, pp. 371-381 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Weller2012a,
  author = {Weller, F. and Blackwell, G. and Moller, H.},
  title = {Detection probability for estimating bird density on New Zealand sheep & beef farms},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {371--381},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3051}
}
Welsh, A.H. Incomplete detection in enumeration surveys: whither distance sampling 2002 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics
Vol. 44, pp. 13-22 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wel2002,
  author = {Welsh, A. H.},
  title = {Incomplete detection in enumeration surveys: whither distance sampling},
  journal = {Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {13--22},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-842X.00204}
}
Welsh, C.J.E. and Capen, D.E. Availability of nesting sites as a limit to woodpecker populations 1992 Forest Ecology and Management
Vol. 48, pp. 31-41 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WelCap92,
  author = {Welsh, C. J. E. and Capen, D. E.},
  title = {Availability of nesting sites as a limit to woodpecker populations},
  journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {31--41},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90119-T}
}
Westbrooke, I.M., Etheridge, N.D. and Powlesland, R.G. Comparing methods for assessing mortality impacts of an aerial 1080 pest control operation on tomtits (Petroica macrocephala toitoi) in Tongariro forest 2003 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 27(2), pp. 115-123 
article URL 
Abstract: This study aimed to estimate the level of mortality of North Island tomtits (Petroica macrocephala toitoi) during an aerial 1080 possum poisoning operation in Tongariro Forest, New Zealand, and to evaluate transect-based alternatives to banding for monitoring tomtit populations. The operation used 12 g toxic (1080 at 0.15% weight/weight) cereal baits sown at 3 kg/ha. Transects were established at three neighbouring sites; two within the 1080 poison area, and one outside. The re-sighting of l4 out of 15 banded male tomtits at one site within the 1080 operation indicated that mortality was low. This was backed up by results from a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design to analyse density estimates from distance sampling along transects. We analysed the change in counts of territorial males before and after the operation based on the same transect surveys. This also showed little impact of poisoning on tomtits, and indicated that loss rates greater than 8.4% due to 1080 were incompatible with the data (95% one-sided confidence bound). Counts of territorial males gave a much tighter confidence bound than the banding or distance sampling results. Of the techniques applied, the counting of territorial males appears to have the most promise for providing high-precision estimates of short-term impacts, by taking full advantage of the territorial habits of male tomtits in spring. However, distance sampling shows potential for providing the basis for longer-term monitoring of tomtit populations. The transect-based approaches involved substantially fewer resources than banding for estimating short-term impacts, and offer a considerably less-intensive means of longer-term monitoring of tomtits.
BibTeX:
@article{Westbrooke2003,
  author = {Westbrooke, I. M. and Etheridge, N. D. and Powlesland, R. G.},
  title = {Comparing methods for assessing mortality impacts of an aerial 1080 pest control operation on tomtits (Petroica macrocephala toitoi) in Tongariro forest},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {115--123},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2191}
}
Wetmore, S.P., Keller, R.A. and Smith, G.E.P. Effects of logging on bird populations in British Columbia as determined by a modified point-count method 1985 Canadian Field Naturalist
Vol. 99, pp. 224-233 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wetetal85,
  author = {Wetmore, S. P. and Keller, R. A. and Smith, G. E. P.},
  title = {Effects of logging on bird populations in British Columbia as determined by a modified point-count method},
  journal = {Canadian Field Naturalist},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {224--233}
}
White, D.H., Kepler, C.B., Hatfield, J.S., Sykes, P.W. and Seginak, J.T. Habitat associations of birds in the Georgia Piedmont during winter 1996 Journal of Field Ornithology
Vol. 67, pp. 159-166 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Whietal96,
  author = {White, D. H. and Kepler, C. B. and Hatfield, J. S. and Sykes, P. W. and Seginak, J. T.},
  title = {Habitat associations of birds in the Georgia Piedmont during winter},
  journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {67},
  pages = {159--166}
}
White, G.C. Correcting wildlife counts using detection probabilities 2005 Wildlife Research
Vol. 32(3), pp. 211-216 
article DOI  
Abstract: One of the most pervasive uses of indices of wildlife populations is unconnected counts of animals. Two examples are the minimum number known alive from capture and release studies, and aerial surveys where the detection probability is not estimated from a sightability model, marked animals, or distance sampling. Both the mark-recapture and distance-sampling estimators are techniques to estimate the probability of detection of an individual animal (or cluster of animals), which is then used to correct a count of animals. However, often the number of animals in a survey is inadequate to compute an estimate of the detection probability and hence correct the count. Modern methods allow sophisticated modelling to estimate the detection probability, including incorporating covariates to provide additional information about the detection probability. Examples from both distance and mark-recapture sampling are presented to demonstrate the approach. textcopyright CSIRO 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{White2005,
  author = {White, G. C.},
  title = {Correcting wildlife counts using detection probabilities},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {211--216},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR03123}
}
White, G.C., Bartmann, R.M., Carpenter, L.H. and Garrott, R.A. Evaluation of aerial line transects for estimating mule deer densities 1989 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 53, pp. 625-635 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Whietal89,
  author = {White, G. C. and Bartmann, R. M. and Carpenter, L. H. and Garrott, R. A.},
  title = {Evaluation of aerial line transects for estimating mule deer densities},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {625--635},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3809187}
}
White, G.C. and Burnham, K.P. Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals 1999 Bird Study
Vol. 46, pp. Supplement, 120-138 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{White1999,
  author = {White, G. C. and Burnham, K. P.},
  title = {Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {Supplement, 120--138},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477239}
}
White, L.J.T. Biomass of rain forest mammals in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon 1994 Journal of Animal Ecology
Vol. 63, pp. 499-512 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Whi94,
  author = {White, L. J. T.},
  title = {Biomass of rain forest mammals in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  year = {1994},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {499--512},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/5217}
}
White, M.L.J., Gilbert, F. and Zalat, S. Bird surveys and distance sampling in St Katherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt in 2007 2007 Egyptian Journal of Biology
Vol. 9, pp. 60-68 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{White2007,
  author = {White, M. L. J. and Gilbert, F. and Zalat, S.},
  title = {Bird surveys and distance sampling in St Katherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt in 2007},
  journal = {Egyptian Journal of Biology},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {60--68}
}
Whitehead, H. Estimating abundance from one-dimensional passive acoustic surveys 2009 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 73, pp. 1000-1009 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Whitehead2009,
  author = {Whitehead, Hal},
  title = {Estimating abundance from one-dimensional passive acoustic surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {1000--1009},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-303}
}
Whitesides, G.H., Oates, J.F., Green, S.M. and Kluberdanz, R.P. Estimating primate densities from transects in a west African rain forest: a comparison of techniques 1988 Journal of Animal Ecology
Vol. 57, pp. 345-367 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Whietal88,
  author = {Whitesides, G. H. and Oates, J. F. and Green, S. M. and Kluberdanz, R. P.},
  title = {Estimating primate densities from transects in a west African rain forest: a comparison of techniques},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {345--367},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/4910}
}
Whitt, A.D., Powell, J.A., Richardson, A.G. and Bosyk, J.R. Abundance and distribution of marine mammals in nearshore waters off New Jersey, USA 2015 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 15, pp. 45-59 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Whitt2015,
  author = {Whitt, A. D. and Powell, J. A. and Richardson, A. G. and Bosyk, J. R.},
  title = {Abundance and distribution of marine mammals in nearshore waters off New Jersey, USA},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {45--59}
}
Whittaker, D.G., Dyke, W.A.V. and Love, S.L. Evaluation of aerial line transect for estimating pronghorn antelope abundance in low-density populations 2003 Wildlife Society Bulletin
Vol. 31(2), pp. 443-453 
article URL 
Abstract: Recent trend surveys have indicated that pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) populations have declined in Oregon. However, fluctuations of up to 50% from year to year suggest that trend data may not accurately reflect true population changes, and data reliability may be questioned if proposals for mitigating population declines become contentious. We evaluated aerial line transect (LT) for estimating pronghorn antelope abundance in Oregon. We conducted surveys in 2 Oregon Big Game Management Units (BGU) during May 1998 and 1 BGU during May 1999 and 2000. We found LT sampling provided reasonable estimates of population size in our survey areas where densities were lower than in other states already utilizing the technique. However, 95% confidence intervals for estimates were large. In addition, application to low-density populations was more expensive compared to traditional survey methods because additional effort was required to obtain desired sample size and resulting precision. Relative comparisons with historic trend counts and management implications are discussed.
BibTeX:
@article{Whit2003,
  author = {Whittaker, Donald G. and Dyke, Walter A. Van and Love, Stuart L.},
  title = {Evaluation of aerial line transect for estimating pronghorn antelope abundance in low-density populations},
  journal = {Wildlife Society Bulletin},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {443--453},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784323}
}
Wich, S.A. and Boyko, R.H. Which factors determine orangutan nests' detection probability along transects? 2011 Tropical Conservation Science
Vol. 4, pp. 53-63 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wich2011,
  author = {Wich, S. A. and Boyko, R. H.},
  title = {Which factors determine orangutan nests' detection probability along transects?},
  journal = {Tropical Conservation Science},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {53--63},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291100400106}
}
Wickersham, L.E. and Wickersham, J.L. Density and habitat use of gray vireos (Vireo vicinior) in northwestern New Mexico: 2006 final report 2006 School: Ecosphere Environmental Services  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Wickersham2006,
  author = {Wickersham, Lynn E. and Wickersham, John L.},
  title = {Density and habitat use of gray vireos (Vireo vicinior) in northwestern New Mexico: 2006 final report},
  school = {Ecosphere Environmental Services},
  year = {2006}
}
Wiens, J.A. and Nussbaum, R.A. Model estimation of energy flow in northwestern coniferous forest bird communities 1975 Ecology
Vol. 56, pp. 547-561 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WieNus75,
  author = {Wiens, J. A. and Nussbaum, R. A.},
  title = {Model estimation of energy flow in northwestern coniferous forest bird communities},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {547--561},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1935490}
}
Wiens, J.D., Noon, B.R. and Reynolds, R.T. Post-fledging survival of northern goshawks: the importance of prey abundance, weather, and dispersal 2006 Ecological Applications
Vol. 16(1), pp. 406-418 
article DOI  
Abstract: Effective wildlife conservation strategies require an understanding of how fluctuating environmental conditions affect sensitive life stages. As part of a long-term study, we examined post-fledging and post-independence survival of 89 radio-marked juvenile Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) produced from 48 nests in northern Arizona, USA, during 1998-2001. Information-theoretic methods were used to examine within- and among-year variation in survival relative to environmental (prey abundance, weather), territory (hatching date, brood size), and individual (gender, body mass) sources of variation. The results support age- and cohort-specific differences in survival that were best explained by behaviors occurring at distinct stages of juvenile development, annual changes in the density of primary bird and mammal prey species, and gender-related differences in body mass. Survival between fledging and independence increased linearly with age and varied among annual cohorts of radio-marked juveniles from 0.81 (95% CI 5 0.60-0.93) to 1.00 (95% CI 5 0.95-1.00) in association with annual differences in prey density; the slope coefficient for the additive effect of prey density on survival was 1.12 (95% CI 5 0.06-2.19). Survival declined to 0.71 (95% CI 5 0.60-0.93) shortly after juveniles initiated dispersal (weeks 8-12 post-fledging) and moved to more open habitats at lower elevations. Survival was not closely associated with weather or territory-level parameters. A comparison of the predictions of environmental-, territory-, and individual-based models of survival demonstrated that food availability was the primary factor limiting juvenile survival. This finding indicates that forest management prescriptions designed to support abundant prey populations while providing forest structural conditions that allow goshawks to access their prey within breeding areas should benefit juvenile survival. textcopyright 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
BibTeX:
@article{Wiens2006,
  author = {Wiens, J. D. and Noon, B. R. and Reynolds, R. T.},
  title = {Post-fledging survival of northern goshawks: the importance of prey abundance, weather, and dispersal},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {406--418},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1915}
}
Wigley, R.L., Theroux, R.B. and Murray, H.E. Deep-sea red crab, Gervon quinquedens, survey off northeastern United States 1975 Marine Fisheries Review
Vol. 37, pp. 1-21 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wigetal75,
  author = {Wigley, R. L. and Theroux, R. B. and Murray, H. E.},
  title = {Deep-sea red crab, Gervon quinquedens, survey off northeastern United States},
  journal = {Marine Fisheries Review},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {1--21}
}
Wiig, Ø. and Derocher, A.E. Application of aerial survey methods to polar bears in the Barents Sea 1999 Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods, pp. 27-36  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{WiiDer99,
  author = {Wiig, Ø. and Derocher, A. E.},
  title = {Application of aerial survey methods to polar bears in the Barents Sea},
  booktitle = {Marine Mammal Survey and Assessment Methods},
  publisher = {Balkema},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {27--36}
}
Wijesundara, C. and Wijesundara, M. Bird diversity of Dekinda forest reserve, Balana, Sri Lanka: implications for conservation 2014 Ceylon Journal of Science
Vol. 43, pp. 137-146 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wijesundara2014,
  author = {Wijesundara, Chaminda and Wijesundara, Manjula},
  title = {Bird diversity of  Dekinda forest reserve, Balana, Sri Lanka: implications for conservation},
  journal = {Ceylon Journal of Science},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {137--146},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.7283}
}
Wildman, V.J. and Ramsey, F.L. Estimating effective area surveyed with the cumulative distribution function 1985 School: Department of Statistics, Oregon State University  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{WilRam85,
  author = {Wildman, V. J. and Ramsey, F. L.},
  title = {Estimating effective area surveyed with the cumulative distribution function},
  school = {Department of Statistics, Oregon State University},
  year = {1985}
}
Wilkinson, N.I., Langston, R.H.W., Gregory, R.D., Gibbons, D.W. and Marquiss, M. Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus abundance and habitat use in scotland, in winter 1998-99 2002 Bird Study
Vol. 49(2), pp. 177-185 
article DOI  
Abstract: Capsule: A second full survey in which we estimate the population at 1073 birds (95% CL 549-2041). Aims: To provide an up-to-date estimate of the population size of Capercaillie in Britain and to identify habitat use by Capercaillie in winter. Methods: Using the census technique of distance sampling, flushed birds were counted along line transects walked in stratified random blocks of forest within the species' range. The same transects were surveyed as used in the 1992-94 survey, enabling direct comparison of the results. Densities were estimated using the DISTANCE program, combining these data with those from a similar survey of Capercaillie in 1992-94 to allow a more robust estimate of the detection function. Results: The Capercaillie population was estimated to be 1073 birds (95% CL 549-2041). This represents a decline of 51% between the two surveys, at a rate of 13% per annum. Females declined at a faster rate than males resulting in a marked change in the sex-ratio, which was close to 1:1 for the entire population. Bird densities declined by a similar magnitude in both native pinewoods and other woodlands in comparison to 1992-94. Even so, densities were significantly higher in native pinewoods (1.63 km-2) than in other woodlands (0.43 km-2), which comprised largely planted Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris, larch Larix spp., Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta and Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis. Overall, Capercaillie tended to use forest stands with a high proportion of Scots Pine and Blaeberry Vaccinium myrtilus; features that are typical of native pinewoods and old pine plantations. Conclusions: The Capercaillie population has undergone a dramatic decline during the last five years. The decline has been greater for females and has occurred across habitats. This information is helping to focus efforts in securing the future for Capercaillie in Scotland, which has now become a major conservation challenge.
BibTeX:
@article{Wilkinson2002,
  author = {Wilkinson, N. I. and Langston, R. H. W. and Gregory, R. D. and Gibbons, D. W. and Marquiss, M.},
  title = {Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus abundance and habitat use in scotland, in winter 1998-99},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {2002},
  volume = {49},
  number = {2},
  pages = {177--185},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063650209461263}
}
Williams, C.K., Applegate, R.D., Lutz, R.S. and Rusch, D.H. A comparison of raptor densities and habitat use in Kansas cropland and rangeland ecosystems 2000 Journal of Raptor Research
Vol. 34, pp. 203-209 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Wiletal00,
  author = {Williams, C. K. and Applegate, R. D. and Lutz, R. S. and Rusch, D. H.},
  title = {A comparison of raptor densities and habitat use in Kansas cropland and rangeland ecosystems},
  journal = {Journal of Raptor Research},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {203--209}
}
Williams, R., Ashe, E., Gaut, K., Gryba, R., Moore, J.E., Rexstad, E., Sandilands, D., Steventon, J. and Reeves, R.R. Animal counting toolkit: a practical guide to small-boat surveys for estimating abundance of coastal marine mammals 2017 Endang Species Res
Vol. 34, pp. 149-165 
article DOI  
Abstract: ABSTRACT: Small cetaceans (dolphins and porpoises) face serious anthropogenic threats in coastal habitats. These include bycatch in fisheries; exposure to noise, plastic and chemical pollution; disturbance from boaters; and climate change. Generating reliable abundance estimates is essential to assess sustainability of bycatch in fishing gear or any other form of anthropogenic removals and to design conservation and recovery plans for endangered species. Cetacean abundance estimates are lacking from many coastal waters of many developing countries. Lack of funding and training opportunities makes it difficult to fill in data gaps. Even if international funding were found for surveys in developing countries, building local capacity would be necessary to sustain efforts over time to detect trends and monitor biodiversity loss. Large-scale, shipboard surveys can cost tens of thousands of US dollars each day. We focus on methods to generate preliminary abundance estimates from low-cost, small-boat surveys that embrace a Â`training-while-doingÂ' approach to fill in data gaps while simultaneously building regional capacity for data collection. Our toolkit offers practical guidance on simple design and field data collection protocols that work with small boats and small budgets, but expect analysis to involve collaboration with a quantitative ecologist or statistician. Our audience includes independent scientists, government conservation agencies, NGOs and indigenous coastal communities, with a primary focus on fisheries bycatch. We apply our Animal Counting Toolkit to a small-boat survey in CanadaÂ's Pacific coastal waters to illustrate the key steps in collecting line transect survey data used to estimate and monitor marine mammal abundance.
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2017a,
  author = {Williams, R. and Ashe, E. and Gaut, K. and Gryba, R. and Moore, J. E. and Rexstad, E. and Sandilands, D. and Steventon, J. and Reeves, R. R.},
  title = {Animal counting toolkit: a practical guide to small-boat surveys for estimating abundance of coastal marine mammals},
  journal = {Endang Species Res},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {34},
  pages = {149--165},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00845}
}
Williams, R., Hedley, S.L., Branch, T.A., Bravington, M.V., Zerbini, A.N. and Findlay, K.P. Chilean blue whales as a case study to illustrate methods to estimate abundance and evaluate conservation status of rare species 2011 Conservation Biology
Vol. 25, pp. 526-535 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2011,
  author = {Williams, Rob and Hedley, Sharon L. and Branch, Trevor A. and Bravington, Mark V. and Zerbini, Alexandre N. and Findlay, Ken P.},
  title = {Chilean blue whales as a case study to illustrate methods to estimate abundance and evaluate conservation status of rare species},
  journal = {Conservation Biology},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {25},
  pages = {526--535},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01656.x}
}
Williams, R., Hedley, S.L. and Hammond, P.S. Modeling distribution and abundance of Antarctic baleen whales using ships of opportunity 2006 Ecology and Society
Vol. 11(1), pp. - 
article DOI  
Abstract: Information on animal abundance and distribution is at the cornerstone of many wildlife and conservation strategies. However, these data can be difficult and costly to obtain for cetacean species. The expense of sufficient ship time to conduct design-unbiased line transect surveys may be simply out of reach for researchers in many countries, which nonetheless grapple with problems of conservation of endangered species, by-catch of small cetaceans in commercial fisheries, and progression toward ecosystem-based fisheries management. Recently developed spatial modeling techniques show promise for estimating wildlife abundance using non-randomized surveys, but have yet to receive much field-testing in areas where designed surveys have also been conducted. Effort and sightings data were collected along 9 650 km of transects aboard ships of opportunity in the Southern Ocean during the austral summers of 2000-2001 and 2001-2002. Generalized additive models with generalized cross-validation were used to express heterogeneity of cetacean sightings as functions of spatial covariates. Models were used to map predicted densities and to estimate abundance of humpback, minke, and fin whales in the Drake Passage and along the Antarctic Peninsula. All species' distribution maps showed strong density gradients, which were robust to jackknife resampling when each of 14 trips was removed sequentially with replacement. Looped animations of model predictions of whale density illustrate uncertainty in distribution estimates in a way that is informative to non-scientists. The best abundance estimate for humpback whales was 1 829 (95% CI: 978-3 422). Abundance of fin whales was 4 487 (95% CI: 1 326-15 179) and minke whales was 1,544 (95% CI: 1,221-1,953). These estimates agreed roughly with those reported from a designed survey conducted in the region during the previous austral summer. These estimates assumed that all animals on the trackline were detected, but preliminary results suggest that any negative bias due to violation of this assumption was likely small. Similarly, current methodological limitations prohibit inclusion of all known sources of uncertainty in the favored variance estimator. Meanwhile, our approach can be seen generally as an inexpensive pilot study to identify areas of predicted high density that could be targeted to: inform stratified designs for future line transect surveys, making them less expensive and more precise; increase efficiency of future photo-identification or biopsy studies; identify candidate time-area fisheries closures to minimize by-catch; or direct ecotourism activities. The techniques are likely to apply to areas where funding is limiting, where cetacean studies or wilderness-based tourism are just beginning, or in regions where even a very rough estimate of animal abundance is needed for conservation or management purposes. Copyright textcopyright 2006 by the author(s).
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2006,
  author = {Williams, R. and Hedley, S. L. and Hammond, P. S.},
  title = {Modeling distribution and abundance of Antarctic baleen whales using ships of opportunity},
  journal = {Ecology and Society},
  publisher = {Resilience Alliance, Inc.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {--},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01534-110101}
}
Williams, R., Leaper, R., Zerbini, A.N. and Hammond, P.S. Methods for investigating measurement error in cetacean line-transect surveys 2007 Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Vol. 87, pp. 313-320 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2007,
  author = {Williams, Rob and Leaper, Russell and Zerbini, Alexandre N. and Hammond, Philip S.},
  title = {Methods for investigating measurement error in cetacean line-transect surveys},
  journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {313--320},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055154}
}
Williams, R. and Thomas, L. Cost-effective abundance estimation of rare animals: testing performance of small-boat surveys for killer whales in British Columbia 2009 Biological Conservation
Vol. 142(7), pp. 1542-1547 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Williams2009a,
  author = {Williams, Rob and Thomas, Len},
  title = {Cost-effective abundance estimation of rare animals: testing performance of small-boat surveys for killer whales in British Columbia},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {142},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1542--1547},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.028}
}
Williams, R. and Thomas, L. Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada 2007 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 9, pp. 15-28 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Williamssubmitted,
  author = {Williams, R. and Thomas, L.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {15--28}
}
Williamson, L.D., Brookes, K.L., Scott, B.E., Graham, I.M., Bradbury, G., Hammond, P.S. and Thompson, P.M. Echolocation detections and digital video surveys provide reliable estimates of the relative density of harbour porpoises 2016 Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 7(7), pp. 762-769 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{MEE3:MEE312538,
  author = {Laura D. Williamson and Kate L. Brookes and Beth E. Scott and Isla M. Graham and Gareth Bradbury and Philip S. Hammond and Paul M. Thompson},
  title = {Echolocation detections and digital video surveys provide reliable estimates of the relative density of harbour porpoises},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {7},
  number = {7},
  pages = {762--769},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12538}
}
Wilson, A.M., Barr, J. and Zagorski, M. The feasibility of counting songbirds using unmanned aerial vehicles 2017 The Auk
Vol. 134(2), pp. 350-362 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson2017,
  author = {Wilson, Andrew M. and Barr, Janine and Zagorski, Megan},
  title = {The feasibility of counting songbirds using unmanned aerial vehicles},
  journal = {The Auk},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {350--362},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1642/AUK-16-216.1}
}
Wilson, D.J., Lyver, P.O., Greene, T.C., Whitehead, A.L., Dugger, K.M., Karl, B.J., Barringer, J.R.F., McGarry, R., Pollard, A.M. and Ainley, D.G. South polar skua breeding populations in the Ross Sea assessed from demonstrated relationship with Adélie penguin numbers 2017 Polar Biology
Vol. 40, pp. 577-592 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson2017a,
  author = {Wilson, Deborah J. and Lyver, Philip O'B. and Greene, Terry C. and Whitehead, Amy L. and Dugger, Katie M. and Karl, Brian J. and Barringer, James R. F. and McGarry, Roger and Pollard, Annie M. and Ainley, David G.},
  title = {South polar skua breeding populations in the Ross Sea assessed from demonstrated relationship with Adélie penguin numbers},
  journal = {Polar Biology},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {577--592},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1980-4}
}
Wilson, D.J., Norbury, G. and Walker, S. How does woody succession affect population densities of passerine birds in New Zealand drylands? 2014 New Zealand Journal of Ecology
Vol. 38(2), pp. 257-267 
article URL 
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson2014a,
  author = {Wilson, D. J. and Norbury, G. and Walker, S.},
  title = {How does woody succession affect population densities of passerine birds in New Zealand drylands?},
  journal = {New Zealand Journal of Ecology},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {38},
  number = {2},
  pages = {257--267},
  url = {https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/3122}
}
Wilson, D.M. and Bart, J. Reliability of singing bird surveys: effects of song phenology during the breeding season 1985 The Condor
Vol. 87, pp. 69-73 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson1985,
  author = {Wilson, D. M. and Bart, J.},
  title = {Reliability of singing bird surveys: effects of song phenology during the breeding season},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {87},
  pages = {69--73},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1367132}
}
Wilson, K.R. and Anderson, D.R. Evaluation of two density estimators of small mammal population size 1985 Journal of Mammalogy
Vol. 66, pp. 13-21 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WilAnd85a,
  author = {Wilson, K. R. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Evaluation of two density estimators of small mammal population size},
  journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {13--21},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1380951}
}
Wilson, K.R. and Anderson, D.R. Evaluation of a density estimator based on a trapping web and distance sampling theory. 1985 Ecology
Vol. 66(4), pp. 1185-1194 
article DOI  
Abstract: A new density estimation technique using a trapping web and distance sampling theory was evaluated using Monte Carlo methods.-from Authorscapture recapture density estimation distance sampling Monte Carlo plotless sampling removal simulation small mammals trapping web design.Utah Coop. Wildl. Research Unit, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322, USA.
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson1985b,
  author = {Wilson, K. R. and Anderson, D. R.},
  title = {Evaluation of a density estimator based on a trapping web and distance sampling theory.},
  journal = {Ecology},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1185--1194},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1939171}
}
Winarni, N.L. and Jones, M. Community patterns of birds and butterflies in Lambusango forest, Buton, southeast Sulawesi in 2006 2007 School: Report to GEF Lambusango Conservation Program  techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Winarni2007,
  author = {Winarni, Nurul L. and Jones, Martin},
  title = {Community patterns of birds and butterflies in Lambusango forest, Buton, southeast Sulawesi in 2006},
  school = {Report to GEF Lambusango Conservation Program},
  year = {2007}
}
Winiarski, K.J., Burt, M.L., Rexstad, E., Miller, D.L., Trocki, C.L., Paton, P.W.C. and McWilliams, S.R. Integrating aerial and ship surveys of marine birds into a combined density surface model: a case study of wintering common loons 2014 The Condor
Vol. 116, pp. 149-161 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Winiarski2014a,
  author = {Winiarski, Kristopher J. and Burt, M. Louise and Rexstad, Eric and Miller, David L. and Trocki, Carol L. and Paton, Peter W. C. and McWilliams, Scott R.},
  title = {Integrating aerial and ship surveys of marine birds into a combined density surface model: a case study of wintering common loons},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {116},
  pages = {149--161},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-13-085.1}
}
Winiarski, K.J., Miller, D.L., Paton, P.W.C. and McWilliams, S.R. A spatial conservation prioritization approach for protecting marine birds given proposed offshore wind energy development 2014 Biological Conservation
Vol. 169, pp. 79-88 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Winiarski2014,
  author = {Winiarski, Kristopher J. and Miller, David L. and Paton, Peter W. C. and McWilliams, Scott R.},
  title = {A spatial conservation prioritization approach for protecting marine birds given proposed offshore wind energy development},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {169},
  pages = {79--88},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.004}
}
Winiarski, K.J., Miller, D.L., Paton, P.W.C. and McWilliams, S.R. Spatially explicit model of wintering common loons: conservation implications 2013 Marine Ecology Progress Series
Vol. 492, pp. 273-283 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Winiarski2013,
  author = {Winiarski, K. J. and Miller, D. L. and Paton, P. W. C. and McWilliams, S. R.},
  title = {Spatially explicit model of wintering common loons: conservation implications},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {492},
  pages = {273--283},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10492}
}
Witczuk, J. and Pagacz, S. Evaluating Alternative Flight Plans in Thermal Drone Wildlife Surveys{Simulation Study} 2021 Remote Sensing
Vol. 13(6), pp. 1102 
article DOI  
Abstract: The rapidly developing technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) extends to the availability of aerial surveys for wildlife research and management. However, regulations limiting drone operations to visual line of sight (VLOS) seriously affect the design of surveys, as flight paths must be concentrated within small sampling blocks. Such a design is inferior to spatially unrestricted randomized designs available if operations beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) are allowed. We used computer simulations to assess whether the VLOS rule affects the accuracy and precision of wildlife density estimates derived from drone collected data. We tested two alternative flight plans (VLOS vs. BVLOS) in simulated surveys of low-, medium- and high-density populations of a hypothetical ungulate species with three levels of effort (one to three repetitions). The population density was estimated using the ratio estimate and distance sampling method. The observed differences in the accuracy and precision of estimates from the VLOS and BVLOS surveys were relatively small and negligible. Only in the case of the low-density population (2 ind./100 ha) surveyed once was the VLOS design inferior to BVLOS, delivering biased and less precise estimates. These results show that while the VLOS regulations complicate survey logistics and interfere with random survey design, the quality of derived estimates does not have to be compromised. We advise testing alternative survey variants with the aid of computer simulations to achieve reliable estimates while minimizing survey costs.
BibTeX:
@article{Witczuk2021,
  author = {Witczuk, Julia and Pagacz, Stanisław},
  title = {Evaluating Alternative Flight Plans in Thermal Drone Wildlife Surveys{Simulation Study}},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1102},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061102}
}
Witting, L. and Pike, D.G. Distance estimation experiment for aerial minke whale surveys 2009 NAMMCO Sci. Publ.
Vol. 7, pp. 111-116 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Witting2009,
  author = {Witting, L. and Pike, D. G.},
  title = {Distance estimation experiment for aerial minke whale surveys},
  journal = {NAMMCO Sci. Publ.},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {111--116},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2709}
}
Woodroofe, M. and Zhang, R. Isotonic estimation for grouped data 1999 Statistics and Probability Letters
Vol. 45(1), pp. 41-47 
article DOI  
Abstract: A non-parametric estimator of a non-increasing density is found in a class of piecewise linear functions when the data consist only of counts. An EM-Algorithm for computing the estimator is developed, and the iterates in the algorithm are shown to converge to the maximum likelihood estimator. Potential applications to distance sampling models are described and illustrated with a numerical example. textcopyright 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
BibTeX:
@article{Woodroofe1999,
  author = {Woodroofe, M. and Zhang, R.},
  title = {Isotonic estimation for grouped data},
  journal = {Statistics and Probability Letters},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--47},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7152(99)00039-5}
}
Wright, D. and Jones, P. Population densities and habitat associations of the range-restricted rock firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria 2005 Bird Conservation International
Vol. 15(3), pp. 287-295 
article DOI  
Abstract: Population densities, using distance sampling, and habitat associations of the range-restricted Rock Firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis were investigated between late May and early July 2002 in a protected site at Amurum on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, and in unprotected surrounding habitats. Rock Firefinches were strongly associated with inselbergs and rocky outcrops and avoided scrub and abandoned farmland. Density was not significantly higher on the Amurum protected site (0.79 birds/ha; 95% CL 0.51-1.21) than on the unprotected areas (0.55 birds/ha; 95% CL 0.37-0.82). Rock Firefinches were locally common around inselbergs on the Jos Plateau, even where this habitat was unprotected. It remains uncertain to what extent increasing habitat degradation may affect this species' ability to persist as small populations in isolated habitat fragments. Rock Firefinch's host-specific brood parasite, the similarly range-restricted Jos Plateau Indigobird Vidua maryae, was not seen until June during this study, and no density estimate is available. textcopyright BirdLife International 2005.
BibTeX:
@article{Wright2005,
  author = {Wright, D. and Jones, P.},
  title = {Population densities and habitat associations of the range-restricted rock firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria},
  journal = {Bird Conservation International},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  pages = {287--295},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270905000456}
}
Wunder, M.B., Knopf, F.L. and Pague, C.A. The high-elevation population of mountain plovers in Colorado 2003 The Condor
Vol. 105(4), pp. 654-662 
article DOI  
Abstract: We surveyed a discrete population of Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) in South Park, Park County, Colorado, to determine the size and relative contribution of this geographically isolated area to the global population of plovers. First, we mapped potential plover habitat within South Park based on landform and vegetation descriptors. Second, we identified occupied habitat using observations from a systematic inventory of potential habitat from 1995-1999 and from a study of breeding biology from 2000-2002. Third, we estimated breeding densities within a framework designed specifically for distance sampling. We mapped 82750 ha of potential habitat. We recorded 2516 plover locations from which we estimated 29 176 ha of occupied habitat. We estimated densities for 14 960 ha of potential habitat. Average plover density from 2000-2002 was 7.9 ± 0.9 (SE) breeding adults km-2, a high value compared with other sites. We calculated a population of 1187 ± 140 (SE) plovers in the distance sampling area. Assuming density in our sampling area was similar for all documented occupied habitat, we estimated the population of plovers in South Park at 2310 adults. We conclude that South Park represents a contemporarily large concentration of breeding Mountain Plovers.
BibTeX:
@article{Wunder2003,
  author = {Wunder, Michael B. and Knopf, Fritz L. and Pague, Chris A.},
  title = {The high-elevation population of mountain plovers in Colorado},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {105},
  number = {4},
  pages = {654--662},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.4.654}
}
Wywialowski, A.P. and Stoddart, L.C. Estimation of jack rabbit density: methodology makes a difference 1988 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 52, pp. 57-59 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{WywSto88,
  author = {Wywialowski, A. P. and Stoddart, L. C.},
  title = {Estimation of jack rabbit density: methodology makes a difference},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {57--59},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3801058}
}
Yapp, W.B. The theory of line transects 1956 Bird Study
Vol. 3, pp. 93-104 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yap56,
  author = {Yapp, W. B.},
  title = {The theory of line transects},
  journal = {Bird Study},
  year = {1956},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {93--104},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00063655609475840}
}
Yazvenko, S.B., McDonald, T.L., Blokhin, S.A., Johnson, S.R., Meier, S.K., Melton, H.R., Newcomer, M.W., Nielson, R.M., Vladimirov, V.L. and Wainwright, P.W. Distribution and abundance of western gray whales during a seismic survey near Sakhalin Island, Russia 2007 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Vol. 134, pp. 45-73 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yazvenko2007,
  author = {Yazvenko, S. B. and McDonald, T. L. and Blokhin, S. A. and Johnson, S. R. and Meier, S. K. and Melton, H. R. and Newcomer, M. W. and Nielson, R. M. and Vladimirov, V. L. and Wainwright, P. W.},
  title = {Distribution and abundance of western gray whales during a seismic survey near Sakhalin Island, Russia},
  journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {134},
  pages = {45--73},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9809-9}
}
Yip, D.A., Bayne, E.M., Solymos, P., Campbell, J. and Proppe, D. Sound attenuation in forest and roadside environments: implications for avian point-count surveys 2017 The Condor
Vol. 119(1), pp. 73-84 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yip2017,
  author = {Yip, Daniel A. and Bayne, Erin M. and Solymos, Peter and Campbell, James and Proppe, Darren},
  title = {Sound attenuation in forest and roadside environments: implications for avian point-count surveys},
  journal = {The Condor},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {119},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--84},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-16-93.1}
}
Yip, D.A., Knight, E.C., Haave-Audet, E., Wilson, S.J., Charchuk, C., Scott, C.D., Sólymos, P. and Bayne, E.M. Sound level measurements from audio recordings provide objective distance estimates for distance sampling wildlife populations 2019 Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation
Vol. 6(3), pp. 301-315 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yip2019,
  author = {Yip, Daniel A. and Knight, Elly C. and Haave-Audet, Elène and Wilson, Scott J. and Charchuk, Connor and Scott, Chris D. and Sólymos, Péter and Bayne, Erin M.},
  title = {Sound level measurements from audio recordings provide objective distance estimates for distance sampling wildlife populations},
  journal = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {301--315},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.118}
}
Yoklavich, M.M., Love, M.S. and Forney, K.A. A fishery-independent assessment of an overfished rockfish stock, cowcod (Sebastes levis), using direct observations from an occupied submersible 2007 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Vol. 64, pp. 1795-1804 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yoklavich2007,
  author = {Yoklavich, Mary M. and Love, Milton S. and Forney, Karin A.},
  title = {A fishery-independent assessment of an overfished rockfish stock, cowcod (Sebastes levis), using direct observations from an occupied submersible},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {1795--1804},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1139/f07-145}
}
Yoshida, H., Shirakihara, K., Kishino, H. and Shirakihara, M. A population size estimate of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, from aerial sighting surveys in Ariake Sound and Tachibana Bay, Japan 1997 Researches on Population Ecology
Vol. 39, pp. 239-247 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yosetal97,
  author = {Yoshida, H. and Shirakihara, K. and Kishino, H. and Shirakihara, M.},
  title = {A population size estimate of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, from aerial sighting surveys in Ariake Sound and Tachibana Bay, Japan},
  journal = {Researches on Population Ecology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {239--247},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02765270}
}
Yoshida, H., Shirakihara, K., Kishino, H., Shirakihara, M. and Takemura, A. Finless porpoise abundance in Omura Bay, Japan: estimation from aerial sighting surveys 1998 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 62, pp. 286-291 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yosetal98,
  author = {Yoshida, H. and Shirakihara, K. and Kishino, H. and Shirakihara, M. and Takemura, A.},
  title = {Finless porpoise abundance in Omura Bay, Japan: estimation from aerial sighting surveys},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  year = {1998},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {286--291},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802290}
}
Yost, A.C. and Wright, R.G. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska 2001 Arctic
Vol. 54, pp. 41-48 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yosetal01,
  author = {Yost, A. C. and Wright, R. G.},
  title = {Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska},
  journal = {Arctic},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {41--48},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic762}
}
Young, J.K., Murray, K.M., Strindberg, S., Buuveibaatar, B. and Berger, J. Population estimates of endangered Mongolian saiga Saiga tatarica mongolica: implications for effective monitoring and population recovery 2010 Oryx
Vol. 44(02), pp. 285-292 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{CambridgeJournals:7467984,
  author = {Young, Julie K. and Murray, Kim M. and Strindberg, Samantha and Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar and Berger, Joel},
  title = {Population estimates of endangered Mongolian saiga Saiga tatarica mongolica: implications for effective monitoring and population recovery},
  journal = {Oryx},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {44},
  number = {02},
  pages = {285--292},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309990858}
}
Young, R.P., Fa, J.E., Ogrodowczyk, A., Morton, M., Lesmond, S. and Funk, S.M. The St Lucia whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus vanzoi: a conservation dilemma? 2006 ORYX
Vol. 40(3), pp. 358-361 
article DOI  
Abstract: Uncertainties in species definitions can have important consequences for biodiversity conservation because taxonomic rank is used as a criterion to assess the conservation priorities of threatened organisms. The Vulnerable St Lucia whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus vanzoi, considered a single species, is the sole representative of its genus in the Caribbean region, found on Maria Major and Maria Minor islands off the coast of St Lucia. However, a recent study revealed significant morphological and phylogenetic differences between the two populations and recommended they should be managed as two separate entities. We surveyed the two populations and estimated them to comprise 1,985 and 29 individuals on Maria Major and Minor, respectively. The Maria Minor population is currently at a critically low level and consequently highly susceptible to demographic and genetic stochasticity and catastrophic events, in particular the colonization of invasive mammalian predators. If our goal is to conserve biodiversity and evolutionary potential we face a dilemma in formulating the optimum strategy for the management of these two threatened populations on the species boundary. We discuss some potential management options but also raise this issue for discussion in the conservation biology community. textcopyright 2006 FFI.
BibTeX:
@article{Young2006,
  author = {Young, R. P. and Fa, J. E. and Ogrodowczyk, A. and Morton, M. and Lesmond, S. and Funk, S. M.},
  title = {The St Lucia whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus vanzoi: a conservation dilemma?},
  journal = {ORYX},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {358--361},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000937}
}
Yuan, Y., Bachl, F.E., Lindgren, F., Borchers, D.L., Illian, J.B., Buckland, S.T., Rue, H. and Gerrodette, T. Point process models for spatio-temporal distance sampling data from a large-scale survey of blue whales 2017 The Annals Of Applied Statistics
Vol. 11, pp. 2270-2297 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Yuan2017,
  author = {Yuan, Yuan and Bachl, Fabian E. and Lindgren, Finn and Borchers, David L. and Illian, Janine B. and Buckland, Stephen T. and Rue, Håvard and Gerrodette, Tim},
  title = {Point process models for spatio-temporal distance sampling data from a large-scale survey of blue whales},
  journal = {The Annals Of Applied Statistics},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {2270--2297},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1214/17-AOAS1078}
}
Z. Nomani, S. Line Transects by Design: The Influence of Study Design, Spatial Distribution and Density of Objects on Estimates of Abundance 2012 The Open Ecology Journal
Vol. 5(1), pp. 25-44 
article DOI  
Abstract: The line transect distance sampling method provides unbiased estimates of abundance when organisms are distributed randomly or line transects are laid out randomly, sample sizes are large and other assumptions of the method are met; such, however, is rarely the case in real life. We conducted a simulation study to investigate how spatial distribution and density of objects, and total length, layout and number of transects influence bias, precision, and accuracy of estimates of abundance obtained by distance sampling along line transects. Overall, density estimated using the distance sampling method was within 4.9% of the true density, but it varied substantially depending upon spatial distribution of objects. Of the three spatial distribution patterns considered, estimates of density were least biased, and most precise and accurate when objects were distributed randomly; they were most biased, and least precise and accurate when objects followed a clumped distribution. The estimated bias (% difference between true density and estimated density) for clumped, random and uniform distribution was 13.1%, -0.4%, and 2.1%, respectively; precision (% coefficient of variation, CV( Dtextasciicircum )) was 13.7%, 9.1%, and 9.2%; and accuracy (root mean-squared error, RMSE) was 27.9%, 7.4%, and 11.7% for clumped, random, and uniform distribution, respectively. Increasing total transect length and using several short transects (as opposed to few long transects) generally reduced bias, and increased accuracy and precision of estimates of abundance. A systematic layout of transects worked as well as, or better than, random layout, except when objects were distributed uniformly in space. This study advances the utility of the line transect method by providing information both on how study design affects accuracy and precision of abundance estimates, and how it can be improved when assumptions of the method are not strictly met based on a priori knowledge of the spatial distribution and presumed density of the target organism through appropriate changes in the study design.
BibTeX:
@article{Z.Nomani2012,
  author = {Z. Nomani, Saif},
  title = {Line Transects by Design: The Influence of Study Design, Spatial Distribution and Density of Objects on Estimates of Abundance},
  journal = {The Open Ecology Journal},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25--44},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2174/1874213001205010025}
}
Zahl, S. Line transect sampling with unknown probability of detection along the transect 1989 Biometrics
Vol. 45, pp. 453-470 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zah89,
  author = {Zahl, S.},
  title = {Line transect sampling with unknown probability of detection along the transect},
  journal = {Biometrics},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {453--470},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2531489}
}
Zamboni, T., Delgado, A., Jimenez-Perez, I. and Angelo, C.D. How many are there? multiple-covariate distance sampling for monitoring pampas deer in Corrientes, Argentina 2015 Wildlife Research
Vol. 42(4), pp. 291 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zamboni2015,
  author = {Zamboni, T. and Delgado, Alicia and Jimenez-Perez, Ignacio and Angelo, Carlos De},
  title = {How many are there? multiple-covariate distance sampling for monitoring pampas deer in Corrientes, Argentina},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {CSIRO Publishing},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {42},
  number = {4},
  pages = {291},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/wr14222}
}
Zelelew, S.A., Bekele, A. and Archibald, G. Detection function, cluster size, density, and population size of Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina ceciliae in the upper Blue Nile River, Lake Tana area 2020 Scientific African
Vol. 10, pp. e00557 
article DOI  
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the abundance, density and cluster size of Black Crowned Cranes. Seventy four and 56 transects were examined in 14,764 ha of land in 2015 (wet season) and 2016 (dry season), respectively. Multiple Covariate Distance Sampling model was employed. The encounter rate, detection probability, expected cluster size and density were parameters for estimation. Hazard rate key (σ=0.3), detection function g(x)=1-exp[-(x/σ) (-β)], x≤w was selected for analysis. Cluster analysis based on exact sizes was computed by regression of log(s(i)) on g(x(i)). The minimum Akaike Information Criterion was chosen during estimator selection. The result showed that the cluster size of cranes during the wet season in wetland and farmland habitats regression estimate were Cwi=0.73+0.16*xi; and Cfi=0.52+-0.21*xi, respectively. Similarly, in 2016, the regression estimate of wetland and farmland were Cwi=0.16+0.56*xi and Cfi=0.20+-0.34*xi, respectively. During the wet season in 2015, in the wetland habitat, the crane density was estimated 0.21768±0.82 per hectare, and the total population (N) was estimated to be 1472±554.62. Whereas in the farmland, crane density was estimated 0.79921 E-01±0.13370E-01 per hectare, and the total population (N) was estimated to be 639. The total density and abundance of Black Crowned Cranes during the wet season in 2015 was estimated. The wet season pooled density estimate was 14.304 cranes per 100 hectares with (% CV = 26.75, df = 50.2, 95%CI= 0.84355E-01=CI = 0.24254) and the population size was estimated to be 2112 cranes with (% CV = 26.75, df = 50.2, 95%CI = 1245=CI = 3581). During the dry season, in 2016, the crane density was estimated 0.3625±0.6958E-01 per hectare, and the total population (N) was estimated to be 2452±470.65. In the farmland, the cranes density was estimated 0.13904±0.14809E-01 per hectare, and the total population (N) was estimated to be 1112±118.44. The dry season pooled density estimate was 24.142 cranes per 100 hectares with (%CV=13.62, df = 164.02, 95%CI = 0.18473=CI= 0.31550) and the population was estimated to be 3564 cranes with (%CV=13.62, df = 164.02, 95%CI = 2727=CI = 4658). In conclusion, the cluster size of cranes in wetland and farmland habitat during the dry season showed that the species consisted of a small number of cranes per family. However, the wetland habitat was more suitable than the farmland in consisting of larger cluster size and overall population of cranes. Wetland degradation is a threat for cranes.
BibTeX:
@article{zelelew_detection_2020,
  author = {Zelelew, Shimelis Aynalem and Bekele, Afework and Archibald, George},
  title = {Detection function, cluster size, density, and population size of Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina ceciliae in the upper Blue Nile River, Lake Tana area},
  journal = {Scientific African},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {e00557},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00557}
}
Zerbini, A. Improving precision in multiple covariate distance sampling: a case study with whales in Alaska 2006 School: University of Washington  phdthesis  
BibTeX:
@phdthesis{Zerbini2006b,
  author = {Zerbini, A.},
  title = {Improving precision in multiple covariate distance sampling: a case study with whales in Alaska},
  school = {University of Washington},
  year = {2006}
}
Zerbini, A.N., Andriolo, A., Rocha, J.M.D., SimÃ-Lopes, P.C., Siciliano, S., Pizzorno, J.L., Waite, J.M., DeMaster, D.P. and VanBlaricom, G.R. Winter distribution and abundance of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae) off Northeastern Brazil 2004 Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
Vol. 6(1), pp. 101-107 
article  
BibTeX:
@article{Zerbini2004,
  author = {Zerbini, A. N. and Andriolo, A. and Rocha, J. M. Da and SimÃ-Lopes, P. C. and Siciliano, S. and Pizzorno, J. L. and Waite, J. M. and DeMaster, D. P. and VanBlaricom, G. R.},
  title = {Winter distribution and abundance of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae) off Northeastern Brazil},
  journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--107}
}
Zerbini, A.N., Waite, J.M., Durban, J.W., LeDuc, R., Dahlheim, M.E. and Wade, P.R. Estimating abundance of killer whales in the nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands using line-transect sampling 2006 Marine Biology
Vol. 150(5), pp. 1033-1045 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zerbini2006,
  author = {Zerbini, A. N. and Waite, J. M. and Durban, J. W. and LeDuc, R. and Dahlheim, M. E. and Wade, P. R.},
  title = {Estimating abundance of killer whales in the nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands using line-transect sampling},
  journal = {Marine Biology},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {150},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1033--1045},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0347-8}
}
Zerbini, A.N., Waite, J.M., Laake, J.L. and Wade, P.R. Abundance, trends and distribution of baleen whales off Western Alaska and the central Aleutian Islands 2006 Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
Vol. 53(11), pp. 1772-1790 
article DOI  
Abstract: Large whales were extensively hunted in coastal waters off Alaska, but current distribution, population sizes and trends are poorly known. Line transect surveys were conducted in coastal waters of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula in the summer of 2001-2003. Abundances of three species were estimated by conventional and multiple covariate distance sampling (MCDS) methods. Time series of abundance estimates were used to derive rates of increase for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Fin whales occurred primarily from the Kenai Peninsula to the Shumagin Islands, but were abundant only near the Semidi Islands and Kodiak. Humpback whales were found from the Kenai Peninsula to Umnak Island and were more abundant near Kodiak, the Shumagin Islands and north of Unimak Pass. Minke whales (B. acutorostrata) occurred primarily in the Aleutian Islands, with a few sightings south of the Alaska Peninsula and near Kodiak Island. Humpback whales were observed in large numbers in their former whaling grounds. In contrast, high densities of fin whales were not observed around the eastern Aleutian Islands, where whaling occurred. Average abundance estimates (95% CI) for fin, humpback and minke whales were 1652 (1142-2389), 2644 (1899-3680), and 1233 (656-2315), respectively. Annual rates of increase were estimated at 4.8% (95% CI=4.1-5.4%) for fin and 6.6% (5.2-8.6%) for humpback whales. This study provides the first estimate of the rate of increase of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean. The estimated trends are consistent with those of other recovering baleen whales. There were no sightings of blue or North Pacific right whales, indicating the continued depleted status of these species.
BibTeX:
@article{Zerbini2006a,
  author = {Zerbini, Alexandre N. and Waite, Janice M. and Laake, Jeffrey L. and Wade, Paul R.},
  title = {Abundance, trends and distribution of baleen whales off Western Alaska and the central Aleutian Islands},
  journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {53},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1772--1790},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2006.08.009}
}
Zhang, S. On parametric estimation of population abundance for line transect sampling 2009 Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Vol. 18(1), pp. 79-92 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zhang2009,
  author = {Zhang, Shunpu},
  title = {On parametric estimation of population abundance for line transect sampling},
  journal = {Environmental and Ecological Statistics},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {79--92},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-009-0121-4}
}
Zhang, S. Improvements on the kernel estimation in line transect sampling without the shoulder condition 2001 Statistics & Probability Letters
Vol. 53, pp. 249-258 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zhang2001,
  author = {Zhang, Shunpu},
  title = {Improvements on the kernel estimation in line transect sampling without the shoulder condition},
  journal = {Statistics & Probability Letters},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {249--258},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7152(01)00013-X}
}
Zhang, S. Generalized likelihood ratio test for the shoulder condition in line transect sampling 2001 Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods
Vol. 30(11), pp. 2343-2354 
article DOI  
Abstract: We propose a generalized likelihood ratio procedure for testing the shoulder condition of a detection function in line transect sampling. The proposed procedure is compared to the other existing methods for testing the shoulder condition. It is demonstrated that the new method has a much higher power than the other methods when the true detection does not possess a shoulder, while it has similar performance to the other methods when the true detection satisfies the shoulder condition. We also apply the new method to some well known data sets in line transect sampling. Copyright textcopyright 2001 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
BibTeX:
@article{Zhang2001b,
  author = {Zhang, S.},
  title = {Generalized likelihood ratio test for the shoulder condition in line transect sampling},
  journal = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {30},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2343--2354},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1081/STA-100107690}
}
Zhang, S. A note on testing the shoulder condition in line transect sampling 1993 Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on Statistics and Related Fields  inproceedings  
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Zhang1993,
  author = {Zhang, S.},
  title = {A note on testing the shoulder condition in line transect sampling},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on Statistics and Related Fields},
  year = {1993}
}
Zhang, S., Karunamuni, R.J. and Jones, M.C. An improved estimator of the density function at the boundary 1999 Journal of the American Statistical Association
Vol. 94, pp. 1231-1241 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zhang1999,
  author = {Zhang, S. and Karunamuni, R. J. and Jones, M. C.},
  title = {An improved estimator of the density function at the boundary},
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  year = {1999},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {1231--1241},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10473876}
}
Zhao, X., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L., Pitman, R.L., Wang, K., Wei, Z., Stewart, B.S., Turvey, S.T., Akamatsu, T., Reeves, R.R. and Wanga, D. Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River, China 2008 Biological Conservation
Vol. 141, pp. 3006-3018 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{Zhao2008,
  author = {Zhao, Xiujiang and Barlow, Jay and Taylor, Barbara L. and Pitman, Robert L. and Wang, Kexiong and Wei, Zhuo and Stewart, Brent S. and Turvey, Samuel T. and Akamatsu, Tomonari and Reeves, Randall R. and Wanga, Ding},
  title = {Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River, China},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {3006--3018},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.005}
}
Zylstra, E.R., Steidl, R.J. and Swann, D.E. Evaluating survey methods for monitoring a rare vertebrate, the Sonoran desert tortoise 2010 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 74(6), pp. 1311-1318 
article DOI  
BibTeX:
@article{JWMG:JWMG1252,
  author = {Zylstra, Erin R. and Steidl, Robert J. and Swann, Don E.},
  title = {Evaluating survey methods for monitoring a rare vertebrate, the Sonoran desert tortoise},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {74},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1311--1318},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01252.x}
}
Estimation of g(0) in line-transect surveys of cetaceans 2005   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Thomsen2005,,
  title = {Estimation of g(0) in line-transect surveys of cetaceans},
  publisher = {ECS NEWSLETTER NO. 44 – SPECIAL ISSUE},
  year = {2005}
}
Monitoring bird populations by point counts 1995   techreport  
BibTeX:
@techreport{Ralph1995,,
  title = {Monitoring bird populations by point counts},
  publisher = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 187 p.},
  year = {1995}
}
Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. studies in avian biology no. 6 1981   book  
BibTeX:
@book{RalSco1981,,
  title = {Estimating numbers of terrestrial birds. studies in avian biology no. 6},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981}
}
Berry, K.H., Yee, J.L., Shields, T.A. and Stockton, L. The Catastrophic Decline of Tortoises at a Fenced Natural Area 2020 Wildlife Monographs
Vol. 205(1), pp. 1-53 
article DOI  
Abstract: Agassiz's desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), a threatened species of the southwestern United States, has severely declined to the point where 76% of populations in critical habitat (Tortoise Conservation Areas) are below viability. The potential for rapid recovery of wild populations is low because females require 12–20 years to reach reproductive maturity and produce few eggs annually. We report on a 34-year mark-recapture study of tortoises initiated in 1979 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area in the western Mojave Desert, California, USA, and provide substantive data on challenges faced by the species. In 1980, the United States Congress designated the Research Natural Area and protected the land from recreational vehicles, livestock grazing, and mining with a wildlife-permeable fence. The 7.77-km^2 study area, centered on interpretive facilities, included land both within the Natural Area and outside the fence. We expected greater benefits to accrue to the tortoises and habitat inside compared to outside. Our objectives were to conduct a demographic study, analyze and model changes in the tortoise population and habitat, and compare the effectiveness of fencing to protect populations and habitat inside the fence versus outside, where populations and habitat were unprotected. We conducted surveys in spring in each of 7 survey years from 1979, when the fence was under construction, through 2012. We compared populations inside to those outside the fence by survey year for changes in distribution, structure by size and relative age, sex ratios, death rates of adults, and causes of death for all sizes of tortoises. We used a Bayesian implementation of a Jolly Seber model for mark-recapture data. We modeled detection, density, growth and transition of tortoises to larger size-age classes, movements from inside the protective fence to outside and vice versa, and survival. After the second and subsequent survey years, we added surveys to monitor vegetation and habitat changes, conduct health assessments, and collect data on counts of predators and predator sign. At the beginning of the study, counts and densities for all sizes of tortoises were high, but densities were approximately 24% higher inside the fence than outside. By 2002, the low point in densities, densities had declined 90% inside the fence and 95% outside. Between 2002 and 2012, the population inside the fence showed signs of improving with a 54% increase in density. Outside the fence, densities remained low. At the end of the study, when we considered the initial differences in location, densities inside the fence were roughly 2.5 times higher than outside. The pattern of densities was similar for male and female adults. When evaluating survival by blocks of years, survivorship was higher in 1979–1989 than in 1989–2002 (the low point) and highest from 2002 to 2012. Recruitment and survival of adult females into the population was important for growing the population, but survival of all sizes, including juveniles, was also critical. Major events and activities driving the decline in populations both inside and outside the fence included illegal collecting, upper respiratory tract disease, and hyperpredation by the common raven (Corvus corax) on juvenile tortoises. Other sources of death were gunshots, vehicles, and predation by mammals. Outside the fence, fragmentation and deterioration of habitat was a critical driver. Between the first and last surveys, 2 different ecosystem processes were underway: recovery of vegetation and soils from grazing and vehicles inside the fence and continued deterioration outside the fence. Habitat outside the fence became increasingly denuded of shrubs and fragmented by roads and trails, and habitat fragments increased 50-fold. Outside the fence, biomass of non-native annual plants was higher and the cover of shrubs was lower, a reflection of ongoing deterioration. These changes and losses of habitat resulted in loss of shrub cover and sites for burrows, reduction in preferred food plants, and greater exposure to predators and extremes in temperature. Overall, the tortoise population and habitat inside the fence appeared to benefit from protection and showed signs of recovery at the end of the study. Fencing, control of vehicular access, and removal of livestock grazing were among several recommended management actions for critical habitat in the first recovery plan in 1994. At the end of the study, the Natural Area remained as 1 of 2 fenced, official protected areas for the species in the geographic range. We attribute fencing to continuing higher densities of adults inside the fence compared with outside the fence and promising signs of recovery. Densities of adults at the Natural Area also were 2.3 to 5.5 times higher than in 16 of the 17 Tortoise Conservation Areas (critical habitat units) within the geographic range. textcopyright 2020 The Authors. Wildlife Monographs published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. La tortue du désert ou gophère d'Agassiz (Gopherus agassizii), une espèce menacée du sud-ouest des États-Unis, a subi une forte régression, au point que 76% des populations dans l'habitat essentiel (zones de protection des tortues) sont en dessous du seuil de viabilité. Le potentiel de régénération rapide des populations sauvages est faible, car les femelles n'atteignent leur maturité reproductive qu'après 12 à 20 ans, et même alors, elles ne pondent que peu d'œufs chaque année. Nous présentons ici une étude par marquage-recapture sur les tortues, entreprise en 1979 et conduite pendant 34 ans dans la zone naturelle de recherche sur les tortues du désert, dans l'ouest du désert de Mojave en Californie, et nous fournissons des données concrètes sur les difficultés rencontrées par cette espèce. En 1980, le Congrès américain a délimité la zone naturelle de recherche et installé une clôture perméable à la faune pour protéger le terrain des véhicules récréatifs, du pâturage de bétail et de l'exploitation minière. La zone étudiée de 7,77 km^2, située autour des installations didactiques, comprenait des terres à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la zone naturelle clôturée. Nous nous attendions à ce que les tortues et leur habitat se trouvent davantage à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur de la zone. Nos objectifs étaient de mener une étude démographique, d'analyser et de modéliser les changements dans la population de tortues et leur habitat, et d'évaluer l'efficacité de la clôture sur la protection des populations et de l'habitat avec une comparaison entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur de la zone. Nous avons effectué des relevés au printemps de sept années entre 1979, lorsque la clôture était en construction, et 2012. Nous avons comparé les populations à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la clôture entre ces sept années: changements dans la distribution, structure selon la taille et l'âge relatif, proportion des sexes, taux de mortalité des adultes et causes de décès pour toutes les tailles de tortues. Nous avons utilisé une implémentation bayésienne d'un modèle Jolly-Seber pour les données de marquage-recapture. Nous avons modélisé la détection, la densité, la croissance et la transition des tortues vers les classes de taille-âge supérieures, leurs mouvements de l'intérieur de la clôture de protection vers l'extérieur et vice versa, et leur survie. À partir de la deuxième année, nous avons ajouté des relevés pour surveiller les changements de la végétation et de l'habitat, évaluer la santé des tortues et recueillir des données sur le nombre de prédateurs et les signes de présence de prédateurs. Au début de l'étude, les dénombrements et la densité des populations de toutes les tailles de tortues étaient élevés, mais les densités étaient environ 24% plus élevées à l'intérieur de la clôture qu'à l'extérieur. En 2002, l'année où elles étaient les plus faibles, les densités avaient diminué de 90% à l'intérieur de la clôture et de 95% à l'extérieur. Entre 2002 et 2012, la population à l'intérieur de la clôture a montré des signes d'amélioration avec une augmentation de 54% de la densité. À l'extérieur de la clôture, les densités sont restées faibles. À la fin de l'étude, lorsque les différences initiales de localisation ont été prises en compte, les densités à l'intérieur de la clôture étaient environ 2,5 fois plus élevées qu'à l'extérieur. Les densités de population étaient similaires pour les adultes mâles et femelles. L'évaluation par périodes a montré que la survie était meilleure entre 1979 et 1989 qu'entre 1989 et 2002 (le niveau le plus bas), et encore meilleure entre 2002 et 2012. Le nombre et la survie des femelles adultes étaient des facteurs importants pour accroître la population, mais la survie de toutes les tailles de tortues, y compris des jeunes, était critique également. Les principaux événements et activités entraînant le déclin des populations à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la clôture étaient notamment le braconnage, les maladies des voies respiratoires supérieures et l'hyperprédation des jeunes tortues par le corbeau commun (Corvus corax). Les autres causes de mortalité étaient les tirs d'armes à feu, les véhicules et la prédation par des mammifères. À l'extérieur de la clôture, la fragmentation et la détérioration de l'habitat étaient un facteur critique. Entre le premier et le dernier relevé, deux processus écosystémiques différents étaient à l'œuvre: régénération de la végétation et des sols précédemment abîmés par les pâturages et les véhicules à l'intérieur de la clôture; poursuite de la détérioration à l'extérieur de la clôture. L'habitat à l'extérieur de la clôture était de plus en plus dépourvu de végétation et fragmenté par les routes et les sentiers, et les fragments d'habitat ont été multipliés par 50. À l'extérieur de la clôture, la biomasse de plantes annuelles non indigènes a augmenté et le couvert d'arbustes a été réduit, reflétant une détérioration continue. Ces changements et ces pertes d'habitat ont entraîné une réduction du couvert arbustif et des sites pouvant accueillir des terriers, une raréfaction des plantes dont se nourrissent les tortues et une plus grande exposition aux prédateurs et aux températures extrêmes. Dans l'ensemble, la population de tortues et l'habitat à l'intérieur de la clôture semblaient avoir bénéficié de la protection apportée et montraient des signes de régénération à la fin de l'étude. La clôture, le contrôle de l'accès des véhicules et la suppression des pâturages faisaient partie des mesures recommandées pour l'habitat essentiel dans le premier plan de régénération en 1994. À la fin de l'étude, la zone naturelle est demeurée l'une des deux zones officiellement protégées et clôturées pour l'espèce dans l'aire de répartition de l'espèce. Nous attribuons à la clôture la persistance de plus fortes densités d'adultes à l'intérieur par rapport à l'extérieur ainsi que les signes prometteurs de régénération. Les densités de population adulte dans la zone naturelle étaient également de 2,3 à 5,5 fois plus élevées que dans 16 des 17 zones de protection des tortues (unités d'habitat essentiel) de l'aire de répartition de l'espèce.
BibTeX:
@article{Berry2020,
  author = {Berry, Kristin H. and Yee, Julie L. and Shields, Timothy A. and Stockton, Laura},
  title = {The Catastrophic Decline of Tortoises at a Fenced Natural Area},
  journal = {Wildlife Monographs},
  publisher = {[Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {205},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--53},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1052}
}
Breton, C. Invisible Trees and Meeting Management Needs: A Comparison of Distance Sampling and Traditional Forest Inventory Methods. 2018 School: University of New Hampshire  mastersthesis URL 
Abstract: Methods....................................................................................................................................... 5 Fixed Area Sampling .............................................................................................................. 7 Horizontal Point Sampling...................................................................................................... 9 Line Transect Sampling ........................................................................................................ 10 Point Transect Sampling ....................................................................................................... 12 Distance Sampling Estimators and Reference Populations .................................................. 13 Efficiency Analysis............................................................................................................... 15 Results....................................................................................................................................... 17 Precision and Accuracy......................................................................................................... 17 Distance Sampling and HPS Permutations ........................................................................... 22 Distance Sampling Models ................................................................................................... 24 Distance Sampling Efficiency............................................................................................... 27 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 30 Sampling Method Comparisons............................................................................................ 30 Sampling Efficiency.............................................................................................................. 32 Sampling and Management Implications.............................................................................. 34 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 35 References................................................................................................................................. 36 Appendix I ................................................................................................................................ 40 Appendix II ............................................................................................................................... 42
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Breton2018,
  author = {Breton, Connor},
  title = {Invisible Trees and Meeting Management Needs: A Comparison of Distance Sampling and Traditional Forest Inventory Methods.},
  school = {University of New Hampshire},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1221}
}
Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Marques, T.A. and Fewster, R.M. Wildlife Population Assessment: Changing Priorities Driven by Technological Advances 2023 Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice
Vol. 17(2), pp. 20 
article DOI  
Abstract: Advances in technology are having a large effect on the priorities for innovation in statistical ecology. Collaborations between statisticians and ecologists have always been important in driving methodological development, but increasingly, expertise from computer scientists and engineers is also needed. We discuss changes that are occurring and that may occur in the future in surveys for estimating animal abundance. As technology advances, we expect classical distance sampling and capture-recapture to decrease in importance, as camera (still and video) survey, acoustic survey, spatial capture-recapture and genetic methods continue to develop and find new applications. We explore how these changes are impacting the work of the statistical ecologist.
BibTeX:
@article{Buckland2023,
  author = {Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Marques, T. A. and Fewster, R. M.},
  title = {Wildlife Population Assessment: Changing Priorities Driven by Technological Advances},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {20},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42519-023-00319-6}
}
Carvalho, J.S., Stewart, F.A., Marques, T.A., Bonnin, N., Pintea, L., Chitayat, A., Ingram, R., Moore, R.J. and Piel, A.K. Spatio-Temporal Changes in Chimpanzee Density and Abundance in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Tanzania 2022 Ecological Applications
Vol. 32(8), pp. e2715 
article DOI  
Abstract: Species conservation and management require reliable information about animal distribution and population size. Better management actions within a species' range can be achieved by identifying the location and timing of population changes. In the Greater Mahale Ecosystem (GME), western Tanzania, deforestation due to the expansion of human settlements and agriculture, annual burning, and logging are known threats to wildlife. For one of the most charismatic species, the endangered eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), approximately 75% of the individuals are distributed outside national park boundaries, requiring monitoring and protection efforts over a vast landscape of various protection statuses. These efforts are especially challenging when we lack data on trends in density and population size. To predict spatio-temporal chimpanzee density and abundance across the GME, we used density surface modeling, fitting a generalized additive model to a 10-year time-series data set of nest counts based on line-transect surveys. The chimpanzee population declined at an annual rate of 2.41%, including declines of 1.72% in riparian forests (from this point forward, forests), 2.05% in miombo woodlands (from this point forward, woodlands) and 3.45% in nonforests. These population declines were accompanied by ecosystem-wide declines in vegetation types of 1.36% and 0.32% per year for forests and woodlands, respectively; we estimated an annual increase of 1.35% for nonforests. Our model predicted the highest chimpanzee density in forests (0.86 chimpanzees/km2, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.60–1.23; as of 2020), followed by woodlands (0.19, 95% CI 0.12–0.30) and nonforests (0.18, 95% CI 0.10–1.33). Although forests represent only 6% of the landscape, they support nearly one-quarter of the chimpanzee population (769 chimpanzees, 95% CI 536–1103). Woodlands dominate the landscape (71%) and therefore support more than a half of the chimpanzee population (2294; 95% CI 1420–3707). The remaining quarter of the landscape is represented by nonforests and supports another quarter of the chimpanzee population (750; 95% CI 408–1381). Given the pressures on the remaining suitable habitat in Tanzania, and the need of chimpanzees to access both forest and woodland vegetation to survive, we urge future management actions to increase resources and expand the efforts to protect critical forest and woodland habitat and promote strategies and policies that more effectively prevent irreversible losses. We suggest that regular monitoring programs implement a systematic random design to effectively inform and allocate conservation actions and facilitate interannual comparisons for trend monitoring, measuring conservation success, and guiding adaptive management.
BibTeX:
@article{Carvalho2022,
  author = {Carvalho, Joana S. and Stewart, Fiona A. and Marques, Tiago A. and Bonnin, Noemie and Pintea, Lilian and Chitayat, Adrienne and Ingram, Rebecca and Moore, Richard J. and Piel, Alex K.},
  title = {Spatio-Temporal Changes in Chimpanzee Density and Abundance in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Tanzania},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {32},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e2715},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2715}
}
Ducros, D., Devillers, R., Messager, A., Suet, M., Wachoum, A.S., Deschamps, C., Breme, B.M., Petersen, I.K., Kayser, Y., Vincent-Martin, N., Djimasngar, M.N., Portier, B., Champagnon, J., Mondain-Monval, J.-Y. and Defos du Rau, P. Planning from Scratch: A New Modelling Approach for Designing Protected Areas in Remote, Data-Poor Regions 2023 Journal of Applied Ecology
Vol. n/a(n/a), pp. 2018-2030 
article DOI  
Abstract: Human pressure on ecosystems has strongly increased over the last decades and now impacts even the most remote regions. To help mitigate these impacts, it is crucial to designate protected areas in regions that retain a high level of ecological integrity. However, ecological data remain scarce for many such areas, making the systematic design of new protected zones challenging. Following a request from local managers, we developed an original methodological approach to help design new zoning for a pre-existing protected area in a remote, data-poor Sahelian wetland of southern Chad, a vast area rich in biodiversity and exploited by diverse human activities. The method involved first collecting extensive aerial survey data (6252 records) on birds and mammals and then analysing this through a combination of distance sampling and density surface modelling. The biodiversity data, combined with ecological predictors, helped model species distribution layers that were then incorporated with socio-economic constraints into the systematic conservation planning tool Marxan. This approach produced an array of protected zoning options that met three levels of conservation objectives set by experts, corresponding to proportions of individuals from given species to protect in the proposed protected area. Frequent exchanges with local managers allowed the analyses to be refined, resulting in seven potential scenarios to be considered for conservation purposes. Synthesis and applications. In a context of high data scarcity, lack of access and short-term conservation objectives, this combined approach that optimizes newly obtained data via a suite of modelling tools can facilitate identifying and protecting natural areas in regions most in need of urgent conservation policy.
BibTeX:
@article{Ducros2023,
  author = {Ducros, Delphine and Devillers, Rodolphe and Messager, Antoine and Suet, Marie and Wachoum, Abakar Saleh and Deschamps, Clémence and Breme, Babakar Matar and Petersen, Ib Krag and Kayser, Yves and Vincent-Martin, Nicolas and Djimasngar, M'Baïti Narcisse and Portier, Bruno and Champagnon, Jocelyn and Mondain-Monval, Jean-Yves and Defos du Rau, Pierre},
  title = {Planning from Scratch: A New Modelling Approach for Designing Protected Areas in Remote, Data-Poor Regions},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  pages = {2018--2030},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14470}
}
Groenenberg, M., Crouthers, R., Yoganand, K., Banet-Eugene, S., Bun, S., Muth, S., Kim, M., Mang, T., Panha, M., Pheaktra, P., Pin, T., Sopheak, K., Sovanna, P., Vibolratanak, P., Wyatt, A.G. and Gray, T.N.E. Snaring Devastates Terrestrial Ungulates Whilst Sparing Arboreal Primates in Cambodia's Eastern Plains Landscape 2023 Biological Conservation
Vol. 284, pp. 110195 
article DOI  
Abstract: Snaring poses a significant threat to terrestrial animals in many parts of Southeast Asia. However, long-term population monitoring data to determine the impact of snaring on wildlife populations is limited. We used distance sampling to estimate wildlife densities and population trends and data collected from ranger patrols to assess snare numbers across two protected areas in Cambodia's Eastern Plains Landscape. We found that the populations of three ungulate species, including the globally endangered banteng (Bos javanicus), steeply declined as snare numbers appeared to increase. In the same time period, the populations of two globally threatened arboreal primates remained similar or increased. Our findings indicate that snaring likely impacts ground-dwelling ungulates whilst sparing arboreal primates. Current ungulate densities are at critically low levels with several species at the brink of extirpation in our study area. We recommend urgent and comprehensive conservation actions to restrict snaring and prevent irreversible wildlife population collapses in this landscape and across the broader region.
BibTeX:
@article{Groenenberg2023,
  author = {Groenenberg, M. and Crouthers, R. and Yoganand, K. and Banet-Eugene, S. and Bun, S. and Muth, S. and Kim, M. and Mang, T. and Panha, M. and Pheaktra, P. and Pin, T. and Sopheak, K. and Sovanna, P. and Vibolratanak, P. and Wyatt, A. G. and Gray, T. N. E.},
  title = {Snaring Devastates Terrestrial Ungulates Whilst Sparing Arboreal Primates in Cambodia's Eastern Plains Landscape},
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {284},
  pages = {110195},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110195}
}
Gupta, D. and Krishnamurthy, R. Spatial Density Patterns of Herbivore Response to Seasonal Dynamics in the Tropical Deciduous Forest of Central India 2023 Biotropica
Vol. n/a(n/a), pp. 430-443 
article DOI  
Abstract: Resource dynamism in seasonal forests leads ungulates to differential habitat preference; hence, their distribution aligns with environmental covariates across spatial and temporal scales. Seasonal patterns of four species of ungulates, namely sambar, chital, nilgai, and wild pig, were investigated and identified as the environmental variables driving the density gradient across two seasons, summer and winter, in the tropical dry deciduous forest of Panna Tiger Reserve, central India. Distance sampling data were analyzed using density surface modeling for ungulates with a survey effort of 518 km in winter and 356 km in summer in a generalized additive modeling framework. We found that season significantly affected the spatial densities of all ungulates, with sambar, chital, and nilgai congregating in summer and wild pig in winter. All ungulates showed a clear seasonal shift to the valley in summer and preferred plateaus in winter. The spatially explicit map outputs draw attention to the seasonal hot spots for ungulates abundance and the species and season-specific roles of environment variables in defining their distribution. These results provide a scientific basis for direct conservation efforts to the spatially prioritized habitats for cost-effective management interventions.
BibTeX:
@article{Gupta2023,
  author = {Gupta, Deepti and Krishnamurthy, Ramesh},
  title = {Spatial Density Patterns of Herbivore Response to Seasonal Dynamics in the Tropical Deciduous Forest of Central India},
  journal = {Biotropica},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  pages = {430--443},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13197}
}
Jefferson, T.A., Smultea, M.A. and Ward, E.J. Distribution and Abundance of California (Zalophus Californianus) and Steller (Eumetopias Jubatus) Sea Lions in the Inshore Waters of Washington, 2013-2016 2023 Aquatic Mammals
Vol. 49(4), pp. 366-381 
article DOI  
Abstract: Two species of sea lions occur in the inland waters of Washington State: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Both species breed elsewhere, but they typically move into Puget Sound and adjacent waters of the Salish Sea from autumn through spring. There is a need for information on their current abundance and seasonal use patterns as both species prey heavily on threatened/ endangered stocks of salmon and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus spp.), and empirical abundance estimates of these species are lacking for inland Washington waters. From 2013 to 2016, we conducted 39,399 km of aerial surveys for marine mammals in this area, sighting 255 groups of sea lions. We used a subset of 7,841 km of effort and 165 sea lion sightings made during surveys in good sighting conditions to estimate in-water abundance using line-transect methods. Historical tagging data collected in Pacific Northwest waters were used to evaluate the proportions of time that each species spent on land and conducting dives, and then to develop correction factors to derive total abundance for both sea lion species, providing the first empirical abundance estimates for these waters. We estimated that between 33 and 442 California sea lions were found in Puget Sound/ Hood Canal in different seasons, with nearly 3,000 being found in the broader inland Washington waters in the peak season (spring). Steller sea lions occurred in much smaller numbers, with a peak of 219 animals in Puget Sound/Hood Canal/Strait of Juan de Fuca in autumn (and possibly as many as 600 to 700 in the entire study area). While some estimates suffer from low precision, this study demonstrates that substantial numbers of sea lions use waters of the study area throughout much of the year. Our results provide an important step toward a better understanding of these two species in the inland waters of Washington, as well as their potential effects on protected salmonid prey species.
BibTeX:
@article{Jefferson2023,
  author = {Jefferson, Thomas A. and Smultea, Mari A. and Ward, Eric J.},
  title = {Distribution and Abundance of California (Zalophus Californianus) and Steller (Eumetopias Jubatus) Sea Lions in the Inshore Waters of Washington, 2013-2016},
  journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
  publisher = {Aquatic Mammals Journal},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {366--381},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.49.4.2023.366}
}
Jones, M.D., Smith, L.L., Richardson, K.(G., DeSha, J.N., Castellón, T., Hipes, D., Kalfin, A., Halstead, N.T. and Hunter, E.A. Simulation Modeling to Assess Line Transect Distance Sampling Under a Range of Translocation Scenarios 2023 Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management  article DOI  
Abstract: The accuracy of post-translocation monitoring methods is critical to assessing long-term success in translocation programs. Translocation can produce unique challenges to monitoring efforts, and it is therefore important to understand the flexibility and robustness of commonly used monitoring methods. In Florida, USA, thousands of gopher tortoises Gopherus polyphemus have been (and continue to be) translocated from development sites to permitted recipient sites. These recipient sites create a broad range of potential monitoring scenarios due to variability in soft-release strategy, habitat conditions, and population demographics. Line transect distance sampling (LTDS) is an effective method for monitoring natural tortoise populations, but is currently untested for translocated populations. We therefore produced 3,024 individual-based, spatially explicit scenarios of translocated tortoise populations that differed in recipient site and tortoise population properties (based on real-world examples, literature review, and expert opinion). We virtually sampled simulated tortoise populations using LTDS methods, and built a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the population density for each simulation, which incorporated individual-level covariates (i.e., burrow width and burrow occupancy). Line transect distance sampling was largely appropriate for the conditions that typify gopher tortoise recipient sites; particularly when detection probability on the transect lines was ≥ 0.85. Designing the layout of transects relative to the orientation of soft-release pens, to avoid possible sampling biases that lead to extreme outliers in estimates of tortoise densities, resulted in more accurate population estimates. We also suggest that use of individual-level covariates, applied using a Bayesian framework as demonstrated here, may improve the applicability of LTDS surveys in a variety of contexts, and that simulation can be a powerful tool for assessing survey design in complex sampling situations.
BibTeX:
@article{Jones2023,
  author = {Jones, Max D. and Smith, Lora L. and Richardson, Katherine (Gentry) and DeSha, J. Nicole and Castellón, Traci and Hipes, Dan and Kalfin, Alex and Halstead, Neal T. and Hunter, Elizabeth A.},
  title = {Simulation Modeling to Assess Line Transect Distance Sampling Under a Range of Translocation Scenarios},
  journal = {Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-23-029}
}
Kiffner, C., Giliba, R.A., Fust, P., Loos, J. and Waltert, M. Assessing Protected Area Effectiveness in Western Tanzania: Insights from Repeated Line Transect Surveys 2023 African Journal of Ecology
Vol. n/a(n/a), pp. 966-979 
article DOI  
Abstract: In many parts of East Africa, wildlife populations have declined over the past decades. Given these trends, site-based studies are needed to assess how protected areas with differing management strategies enable the effective conservation of wildlife populations. In Tanzania, game reserves are managed for tourist hunting, while national parks are managed for non-consumptive wildlife-based tourism. To assess the relative performance of these management strategies, we here focus on two areas: Rukwa Game Reserve (RGR) and Katavi National Park (KNP). Based on systematically designed line distance surveys in 2004 and 2021, we compared densities and group sizes of large mammal populations (African elephant, giraffe, buffalo, zebra, topi, and hartebeest) over time. Contrary to published ecosystem-wide declines observed in numerous species which considered earlier baselines, we did not detect significant population declines between 2004 and 2021. While these new results showing apparent stable populations do not invalidate earlier studies on wildlife declines, they could indicate a stabilisation phase after declines. This highlights the importance of considering appropriate temporal baselines and historical contexts when assessing conservation effectiveness.
BibTeX:
@article{Kiffner2023,
  author = {Kiffner, Christian and Giliba, Richard A. and Fust, Pascal and Loos, Jacqueline and Waltert, Matthias},
  title = {Assessing Protected Area Effectiveness in Western Tanzania: Insights from Repeated Line Transect Surveys},
  journal = {African Journal of Ecology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  pages = {966--979},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13200}
}
Laake, J.L. and Collier, B.A. Understanding Implications of Detection Heterogeneity in Wildlife Abundance Estimation 2023 The Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. n/a(n/a), pp. e22516 
article DOI  
Abstract: Negative bias in mark-recapture abundance estimators due to heterogeneity in detection (capture) probability is a well-known problem, but we believe most biologists do not understand why heterogeneity causes bias and how bias can be reduced. We demonstrate how heterogeneity creates dependence and bias in mark-recapture approaches to abundance estimation. In comparison, heterogeneity, and hence estimator bias, is not as problematic for distance sampling and mark-resight methods because both techniques estimate detection probabilities based on a known quantity. We show how the introduction of a known number of individuals planted into a study population prior to a mark-recapture survey can reduce bias from heterogeneity in detection probability. We provide examples with simulation and an analysis of motion-sensitive camera data from a study population of introduced eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) of known size with a subset of telemetered birds. In choosing a method for abundance estimation, careful consideration should be given to assumptions and how heterogeneity in detection probability can be accommodated for each application.
BibTeX:
@article{Laake2023,
  author = {Laake, Jeffrey L. and Collier, Bret A.},
  title = {Understanding Implications of Detection Heterogeneity in Wildlife Abundance Estimation},
  journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  pages = {e22516},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22516}
}
Lopez, D., Fonda, F., Monti, F. and Dal Zotto, M. Density Estimates and Habitat Preferences of Two Sympatric Bird Species as Potential Bioindicators of Tropical Forest Alterations 2023 Diversity
Vol. 15(2), pp. 208 
article DOI  
Abstract: Forestry management can shape the structure of habitat types and have important biological consequences on the composition of biodiversity. This study focused on Momotus lessonii and Eumomota superciliosa, two potential bioindicators of local and wide scale tropical forest alterations. The study took place in the Karen Mogensen Wildlife Refuge (Costa Rica), a protected area characterized by two main forest habitats where the two species coexist, i.e., primary moist and second-growth dry forest. A distance sampling method was used to obtain density estimates for each species. A spot mapping approach showed an apparent partitioning of the two species at the site. The Kilometric Abundance Index (KAI) and statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the two habitats, i.e., E. superciliosa tended to be more abundant and preferred the dry forest, whilst M. lessonii favored moist environments. The development of arid and semi-arid environments characterized by open areas will probably lead to a numerical increase in E. superciliosa with a consequent expansion, while the decline of moister and homogeneously forested environments will likely affect negatively M. lessonii. We argue that these birds will act as bioindicators of local and global environmental changes, and their monitoring will enable appropriate forest management decisions for conservation purposes.
BibTeX:
@article{Lopez2023,
  author = {Lopez, Dayron and Fonda, Federica and Monti, Flavio and Dal Zotto, Matteo},
  title = {Density Estimates and Habitat Preferences of Two Sympatric Bird Species as Potential Bioindicators of Tropical Forest Alterations},
  journal = {Diversity},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {208},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020208}
}
Özsandık¸ cı, U. and Özdemir, S. Seasonal Abundance Estimates of Cetaceans in the Southern Black Sea (Sinop), Türkiye 2023 Marine Mammal Science
Vol. n/a(n/a) 
article DOI  
Abstract: The availability of reliable information on the abundance and distribution of threatened species is fundamental to evaluating their conservation status and taking the necessary measures to implement effective management. The seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Sinop region, one of the essential fishing areas of the Black Sea, were estimated with line-transect data. Dedicated boat-based visual observations were conducted in four seasons between May 2019 and March 2020. Average estimates of abundance in the region over all seasons were 1,058 individuals for Black Sea harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena relicta; CV = 19.25%, 95% CI[725, 1,542]), 188 individuals for Black Sea bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ponticus; CV = 21.67%, 95% CI[123, 289]), and 311 individuals for Black Sea common dolphin (Delphinus delphis ponticus; CV = 16.77%, 95% CI[123, 427]). The highest estimates for all three species were obtained in the spring. Harbor porpoises and bottlenose dolphins were present in the study area throughout the year, while common dolphins left the region in winter. These findings offer valuable insights that can guide and inform future conservation strategies, aligning with national and international frameworks for the protection of these cetacean species.
BibTeX:
@article{Oezsandikci2023,
  author = {Özsandık¸ cı, U˘ gur and Özdemir, Süleyman},
  title = {Seasonal Abundance Estimates of Cetaceans in the Southern Black Sea (Sinop), Türkiye},
  journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.13092}
}
Popov, D., Panayotova, M., Bekova, R., Dimitrov, H. and Meshkova, G. Seasonal Abundance, Density and Distribution of Cetaceans in the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf in 2017 2023 Diversity
Vol. 15(2), pp. 229 
article DOI  
Abstract: Black Sea cetaceans are isolated and nominated as endemic subspecies listed in the IUCN Red List of Endangered species: the harbour porpoise and bottlenose dolphin as Endangered (EN) and the common dolphin as Vulnerable (VU). Studies of their distribution and abundance are scarce but obligatory for assessment of their conservation status. Being highly mobile apex predators entails large variations in spatial and temporal distribution. Two vessel line–transect distance sampling surveys were conducted in 2017 in the Bulgarian shelf with the aim to estimate the density, abundance and distribution during spring and autumn. Results have revealed a shift from the coastal to offshore shelf of harbour porpoises with marked southern movement. Density of porpoises varied from 1.423 ind./km2 (CV = 25.4%) in spring to 0.576 ind./km2 (CV = 43.43%) in autumn. The density of common dolphins was also decreasing, from 0.391 ind./km2 (CV = 36.84%) to 0.088 ind./km2 (CV = 42.13%), which was more significant in offshore (0.031 ind./km2, CV = 58.04%) than in the coastal shelf (0.138 ind./km2, CV = 48.59%). Bottlenose dolphins had almost constant density in both seasons in the coastal shelf: 0.211 ind./km2 (CV = 52.15%) and 0.187 ind./km2 (CV = 52.13%) but a very low density in the offshore shelf in autumn: 0.042 ind./km2 (CV = 71.07%). The importance of existing NATURA 2000 sites for the harbour porpoise (BG0000621 Shabla-Ezerets, BG0000573 Kompleks Kaliaka, BG0001001 Ropotamo and BG0001007 Strandzha) and bottlenose dolphin (BG0000621 Shabla-Ezerets, BG0000573 Kompleks Kaliaka, BG0001501 Emona and BG0001001 Ropotamo) were confirmed.
BibTeX:
@article{Popov2023,
  author = {Popov, Dimitar and Panayotova, Marina and Bekova, Radoslava and Dimitrov, Hristo and Meshkova, Galina},
  title = {Seasonal Abundance, Density and Distribution of Cetaceans in the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf in 2017},
  journal = {Diversity},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {229},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020229}
}
Rexstad, E., Buckland, S., Marshall, L. and Borchers, D. Pooling Robustness in Distance Sampling: Avoiding Bias When There Is Unmodelled Heterogeneity 2023 Ecology and Evolution
Vol. 13(1), pp. e9684 
article DOI  
Abstract: The pooling robustness property of distance sampling results in unbiased abundance estimation even when sources of variation in detection probability are not modeled. However, this property cannot be relied upon to produce unbiased subpopulation abundance estimates when using a single pooled detection function that ignores subpopulations. We investigate by simulation the effect of differences in subpopulation detectability upon bias in subpopulation abundance estimates. We contrast subpopulation abundance estimates using a pooled detection function with estimates derived using a detection function model employing a subpopulation covariate. Using point transect survey data from a multispecies songbird study, species-specific abundance estimates are compared using pooled detection functions with and without a small number of adjustment terms, and a detection function with species as a covariate. With simulation, we demonstrate the bias of subpopulation abundance estimates when a pooled detection function is employed. The magnitude of the bias is positively related to the magnitude of disparity between the subpopulation detection functions. However, the abundance estimate for the entire population remains unbiased except when there is extreme heterogeneity in detection functions. Inclusion of a detection function model with a subpopulation covariate essentially removes the bias of the subpopulation abundance estimates. The analysis of the songbird point count surveys shows some bias in species-specific abundance estimates when a pooled detection function is used. Pooling robustness is a unique property of distance sampling, producing unbiased abundance estimates at the level of the study area even in the presence of large differences in detectability between subpopulations. In situations where subpopulation abundance estimates are required for data-poor subpopulations and where the subpopulations can be identified, we recommend the use of subpopulation as a covariate to reduce bias induced in subpopulation abundance estimates.
BibTeX:
@article{Rexstad2023,
  author = {Rexstad, Eric and Buckland, Steve and Marshall, Laura and Borchers, David},
  title = {Pooling Robustness in Distance Sampling: Avoiding Bias When There Is Unmodelled Heterogeneity},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e9684},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9684}
}
Rivera-Milán, F.F., Schut, K., Zeegers, D., Nava, M. and Simal, F. Green and Hawksbill Turtle Detection and Abundance at Foraging Grounds in Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands 2023 Endangered Species Research
Vol. 51, pp. 173-182 
article DOI  
Abstract: Abundance estimates corrected for changes in detection are needed to assess population trends. We used transect-count surveys and N-mixture models to estimate green turtle Chelonia mydas and hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata detection and total abundance at foraging grounds in Bonaire during 2003-2018, and we used these total abundance estimates to fit a Bayesian state-space logistic model and make abundance predictions for 2019-2030. During 2019-2022, we also recorded distance categories to estimate detection and total abundance using distance sampling and N-mixture models. In the present study, we focus on distance sampling to estimate observer detectability and total abundance, and to determine if total abundance increased, declined, or did not change during 2019-2022 and when compared with 2003-2018 estimates and 2019-2030 predictions. Detectability averaged 0.53 (SE = 0.02) for green turtles and 0.51 (SE = 0.06) for hawksbill turtles. Density (ind. km-2) and population size (individuals in the 4 km2 survey region) averaged 72.1 (SE = 17.3) and 288 (SE = 69) for green turtles and 21.8 (SE = 4.6) and 87 (SE = 18) for hawksbill turtles. Green turtle total abundance did not change during 2019-2022 (p > 0.05) but remained low when compared with 2003-2018 estimates and 2019-2030 predictions. Hawksbill turtle total abundance declined between 2020 and 2021 (z = 2.15, p = 0.03) and increased between 2021 and 2022 (z = -3.04, p = 0.002), but 2019-2022 estimates were similar to 2003-2018 estimates and 2019-2030 predictions. Our methodology can be used to monitor sea turtle populations at coastal foraging grounds in the Caribbean.
BibTeX:
@article{RiveraMilan2023,
  author = {Rivera-Milán, Frank F. and Schut, Kaj and Zeegers, Daan and Nava, Mabel and Simal, Fernando},
  title = {Green and Hawksbill Turtle Detection and Abundance at Foraging Grounds in Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands},
  journal = {Endangered Species Research},
  publisher = {Inter-Research Science Center},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {173--182},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01253}
}
Salifu, K. Abundance Determination of Large Mammals with Distance Sampling Perspective, the Case of Elephants of the Mole National Park (MNP) of Ghana 2023 American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
Vol. 12(2), pp. 18 
article DOI  
Abstract: Distance sampling with line transect method has been applied by many researchers to monitor and observe varied animals and plants with the aim of determining the population density and or abundance of animals. The application of this method has not received the needed attention in Ghana, in particular to monitor, observe, and estimate the densities and abundance of animals and plants in the game reserves of the Mole National Park (MNP) is not without exception and the statistics of these are always reported based on guesses and without any scientific proof. This study has seen the application of line transect methodology in the MNP in which the abundance estimates are statistically determined with both the classical and Bayesian philosophies of statistical approaches. An alternative means of detectability estimation using the total probability concept has been established to enhance the probability of detection of a rare and elusive population of large mammals. In performing statistical investigations on rare and elusive population, it appears insufficient to model from the classical perspective, the use of PRIOR knowledge as seen in the Bayesian context cannot be underestimated. This study proposed that the concept of Total Probability with prior knowledge of animals and plants in line transect surveys must be well embraced, Periodic censuss must be conducted regularly to help in establishing the rate of extinction of units of interest in wildlife and Distance sampling data with line transect sampling methodology need not be analysed using only the classical reasoning. Attention must be given to the existence and availability of prior knowledge of the units under study.
BibTeX:
@article{Salifu2023,
  author = {Salifu, Katara},
  title = {Abundance Determination of Large Mammals with Distance Sampling Perspective, the Case of Elephants of the Mole National Park (MNP) of Ghana},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  publisher = {Science Publishing Group},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {18},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20231202.11}
}
Stapp, P., Hamblen, E., Duncan, C.L. and King, J.L. Status of the Introduced Mule Deer Population on Catalina Island, California, Based on Annual Spotlight Counts 2022 Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference
Vol. 30(30) 
article URL 
Abstract: Mule deer were first introduced to Santa Catalina Island, California, in the early 1930s and persist today. Other feral, non-native ungulates have been eradicated (goats, pigs) or significantly reduced in numbers (bison) over the past two decades. Effective management of the deer population is necessary to protect the island's biodiversity but is dependent upon reliable estimates of population density and demography. We used annual summer spotlight counts, conducted in eight of the past ten years, to estimate deer densities in the island interior. In 2021, we also surveyed transects in the area around Avalon, the largest town on the island. Distance sampling (Program DISTANCE) was used to model density based on line transect data. Island-wide densities varied from 6.3 to 16.9 deer per km2, with an average of 10.2 per km2, and were positively correlated with July-June rainfall during the preceding year. Most (77-96%) of the identifiable deer were adults and most adults were does (58-75%). Deer were spotted most frequently in island chaparral and coastal sage scrub vegetation, the most common vegetation cover types along transects, whereas the use of grasslands and man-made and non-native habitats varied among years. The estimated deer density in Avalon (65.7 per km2) was six to nine times higher than estimates for the interior transects in 2021. The high density of deer near Avalon suggests that gardens, landscaping, golf courses, and intentional feeding subsidize deer numbers in town that have the potential to spill over into the more natural areas of the island.
BibTeX:
@article{Stapp2022,
  author = {Stapp, Paul and Hamblen, Emily and Duncan, Calvin L. and King, Julie L.},
  title = {Status of the Introduced Mule Deer Population on Catalina Island, California, Based on Annual Spotlight Counts},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {30},
  number = {30},
  url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/847923z8}
}
Tracey, J.P., Fleming, P.J.S., Tracey, J.P. and Fleming, P.J.S. Recounting Bias Can Affect Abundance Estimates from Intensive Helicopter Surveys of Feral Goats 2022 Wildlife Research
Vol. 50(5), pp. 389-397 
article DOI  
Abstract: Context Aerial surveys are widely used for estimating the abundance of wildlife over large areas. The failure to count all animals within survey transects is commonly acknowledged and there are many techniques to measure and correct for underestimation. However, the possibility of animals being counted more than once in intensive surveys, which leads to overestimation, is rarely examined. Animals can move in response to observers or vehicles, and bias can occur when animals move before or after detection. Movement of animals immediately prior to and associated with observation processes is methodologically accommodated in distance sampling but bias attributable to responsive movement after observation platforms have passed requires investigation.Aims We sought to investigate potential biases caused by animal movement during intensive helicopter surveys of feral goats, and to quantify the probability that animals are available for recounting because of their responsive movements.Methods Using ground-based behavioural studies simultaneous with intensive helicopter strip surveys of feral goats, we measured the extent of responsive movement, distances and directions moved, and sampling design parameters, and contrasted those with random movements.Key results Feral goats did not move randomly in response to helicopters. Animals within the transect strips, and therefore potentially visible from the aircraft, were more likely to move than those outside the transect. Considerable responsive movement (flushing) occurred between transects and more animals (64%, n=448) moved towards unsampled transects than towards transects already sampled. Because of the spatial separation of transects, 21% of goats were available for recounting in adjacent transects, leading to potential overestimation.Conclusions Although most extensive surveys of macropods and other wildlife in Australia account for overestimation in their design, surveys that sample intensively and apply valid corrections for undercounting are likely to produce positively biased estimates of abundance where flushing occurs. Likewise, intensive thermal surveys could be subject to positive bias for animals prone to flushing. This is routinely ignored in wildlife management and research where close transects are used to estimate abundance.Implications Responsive movement requires consideration when designing intensive aerial surveys of wildlife. Randomised transects without replacement or larger distances between transects will counteract recounting bias.
BibTeX:
@article{Tracey2022,
  author = {Tracey, John P. and Fleming, Peter J. S. and Tracey, John P. and Fleming, Peter J. S.},
  title = {Recounting Bias Can Affect Abundance Estimates from Intensive Helicopter Surveys of Feral Goats},
  journal = {Wildlife Research},
  publisher = {CSIRO PUBLISHING},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {50},
  number = {5},
  pages = {389--397},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22097}
}
Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Lubow, B.C., Thomas, L., Corn, P.S., Medica, P.A. and Marlow, R.W. Field trials of line transect methods applied to estimation of desert tortoise abundance 2001 Journal of Wildlife Management
Vol. 65(3), pp. 583-597 
article DOI  
Abstract: We examine the degree to which field observers can meet the assumptions underlying line transect sampling to monitor populations of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). We present the results of 2 field trials using artificial tortoise models in 3 size classes. The trials were conducted on 2 occasions on an area south of Las Vegas, Nevada, where the density of the test population was known. In the first trials, conducted largely by experienced biologists who had been involved in tortoise surveys for many years, the density of adult tortoise models was well estimated (-3.9% bias), while the bias was higher (-20%) for subadult tortoise models. The bias for combined data was -12.0%. The bias was largely attributed to the failure to detect all tortoise models on or near the transect centerline. The second trials were conducted with a group of largely inexperienced student volunteers and used somewhat different searching methods, and the results were similar to the first trials. Estimated combined density of subadult and adult tortoise models had a negative bias (-7.3%), again attributable to failure to detect some models on or near the centerline. Experience in desert tortoise biology, either comparing the first and second trials or in the second trial with 2 experienced biologists versus 16 novices, did not have an apparent effect on the quality of the data or the accuracy of the estimates. Observer training, specific to line transect sampling, and field testing are important components of a reliable survey. Line transect sampling represents a viable method for largescale monitoring of populations of desert tortoise; however, field protocol must be improved to assure the key assumptions are met.
BibTeX:
@article{AND01,
  author = {Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Lubow, B. C. and Thomas, L. and Corn, P. S. and Medica, P. A. and Marlow, R. W.},
  title = {Field trials of line transect methods applied to estimation of desert tortoise abundance},
  journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management},
  publisher = {[Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
  year = {2001},
  volume = {65},
  number = {3},
  pages = {583--597},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3803111}
}
Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D. and Hill, D.A. Bird census techniques 1992   book  
BibTeX:
@book{Bibetal92,
  author = {Bibby, C. J. and Burgess, N. D. and Hill, D. A.},
  title = {Bird census techniques},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  year = {1992}
}
Buuveibaatar, B., Strindberg, S., Kaczensky, P., Payne, J., Chimeddorj, B., Naranbaatar, G., Amarsaikhan, S., Dashnyam, B., Munkhzul, T., Purevsuren, T., Hosack, D.A. and Fuller, T.K. Mongolian Gobi supports the world's largest populations of khulan Equus hemionus and goitered gazelles Gazella subgutturosa 2017 Oryx
Vol. 51(4), pp. 639-647 
article DOI  
Abstract: Mongolia's Gobi Desert ecosystem, a stronghold for populations of the Asiatic wild ass (khulan) Equus hemionus and the goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa, faces conservation challenges as a result of rapid economic development, including mining-related infrastructure projects. There is a paucity of reliable data on population abundance for these ungulates in the region, which makes it difficult to assess how they are responding to increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our aim was to obtain abundance estimates for khulan and goitered gazelles to inform their management and form the basis of a long-term monitoring programme. Each year during 2012– 2015 we surveyed a total of 64 line transects spaced 20 km apart, with a total of 3,464 km of survey effort across 78,717 km2. Distance sampling analysis provided annual estimates of density and abundance, which were cross-referenced with the results of an aerial survey conducted in 2013. Overall, we observed 784 groups (14,608 individuals) of khulan and 1,033 groups (3,955 individuals) of goitered gazelles during the four surveys. The abundance estimates for 2013 were 35,899 (95% CI 22,680– 40,537) khulan and 28,462 (95% CI 21,326– 37,987) goitered gazelles. These estimates were congruent with the results from the aerial survey, which overlapped spatially and temporally with our ground-based survey. Our findings confirm that Mongolia's Gobi Desert supports the largest population of khulan and goitered gazelles in the world, and we provide a critical update on the status of the two species.
BibTeX:
@article{buuveibaatar_mongolian_2017,
  author = {Buuveibaatar, B. and Strindberg, S. and Kaczensky, P. and Payne, J. and Chimeddorj, B. and Naranbaatar, G. and Amarsaikhan, S. and Dashnyam, B. and Munkhzul, T. and Purevsuren, T. and Hosack, D. A. and Fuller, T. K.},
  title = {Mongolian Gobi supports the world's largest populations of khulan Equus hemionus and goitered gazelles Gazella subgutturosa},
  journal = {Oryx},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {51},
  number = {4},
  pages = {639--647},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000417}
}
Flesch, A.D., Murray, I.W., Gicklhorn, J.M. and Powell, B.F. Application of distance sampling for assessing abundance and habitat relationships of a rare Sonoran Desert cactus 2019 Plant Ecology
Vol. 220(11), pp. 1029-1042 
article DOI  
Abstract: Accurate abundance estimates of plant populations are fundamental to numerous ecological questions and for conservation. Estimating population parameters for rare or cryptic plant species, however, can be challenging and thus developing and testing new methods is useful. We assessed the efficacy of distance sampling for estimating abundance and habitat associations of the endangered Pima pineapple cactus (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina), a rare plant in the Sonoran Desert of southwestern North America that has traditionally been surveyed with census-based methods. Distance sampling (DS) involves measuring distances between focal objects and samples of lines or points, and modeling detection functions that adjust estimates for variation in detection probability (P). Although often used in animal systems, DS remains largely untested for plants. We encountered 105 live individuals along 36.9 km of transects in 11 study plots placed across much of the geographic range of the species, and estimated an average density of 1.47 individuals/ha (CV,=,0.139). Compared to values from intensive censuses, density estimates from DS were underestimated by only 2.3% on average and highly correlated on the untransformed (r,=,0.84) and logarithmic (r,=,0.93) scales. Estimates of P averaged 0.49 and declined as soils became increasingly dominated by larger soil substrates, and somewhat with increasing vegetation volume and decreasing cactus height. Local densities increased with increasing slope and soil substrate size and decreased with increasing vegetation volume (P,≤,0.024). Combined with careful survey design, DS offers an efficient method for estimating population parameters for uncommon and cryptic plants.
BibTeX:
@article{flesch_application_2019,
  author = {Flesch, Aaron D. and Murray, Ian W. and Gicklhorn, Jeffrey M. and Powell, Brian F.},
  title = {Application of distance sampling for assessing abundance and habitat relationships of a rare Sonoran Desert cactus},
  journal = {Plant Ecology},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {220},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1029--1042},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-019-00972-7}
}
Legault, A., Theuerkauf, J., Baby, E., Moutin, L., Rouys, S., Saoumoé, M., Verfaille, L., Barré, N., Chartendrault, V. and Gula, R. Standardising distance sampling surveys of parrots in New Caledonia 2013 Journal of Ornithology
Vol. 154(1), pp. 19-33 
article DOI  
Abstract: Standardised surveys are essential for monitoring populations and identifying areas that are critical for conservation. With the aim of developing a standardised method of surveying parrots in the rainforests of New Caledonia, we used distance sampling to estimate densities of New Caledonian Parakeets (Cyanoramphus saisseti), Horned Parakeets (Eunymphicus cornutus), Ouvéa Parakeets (E. uvaeensis), and New Caledonian Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii). We carried out surveys in the early morning and late afternoon, when parrots were easiest to detect. To minimise errors associated with estimating distances and flock sizes by ear, we conducted brief searches to locate parrots, then measured their distance from the transect line. We recorded birds in flight and consider these records to be important when estimating parakeet populations. In agreement with existing knowledge on distance sampling, we found line transects to be more efficient than point transects for estimating the density of parakeets. Our results indicate that parrots located beyond 50– 70 m from the transect line have little influence upon density estimates. In addition, surveys on roads are likely to underestimate densities if not corrected for road width. We generated relatively stable and precise density estimates (CV < 0.25) with approximately 40– 50 detections, yet additional effort may be warranted under different study conditions. Although we aimed to improve parrot surveys in New Caledonia, our suggestions may be useful to other researchers studying rainforest birds, and can be adapted to suit different species or environments.
BibTeX:
@article{legault_standardising_2013,
  author = {Legault, Andrew and Theuerkauf, Jörn and Baby, Emilie and Moutin, Laetitia and Rouys, Sophie and Saoumoé, Maurice and Verfaille, Ludovic and Barré, Nicolas and Chartendrault, Vivien and Gula, Roman},
  title = {Standardising distance sampling surveys of parrots in New Caledonia},
  journal = {Journal of Ornithology},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {154},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--33},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0864-9}
}
Ramsey, F.L. and Scott, J.M. Tests of hearing ability 1981 (6)Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds, pp. 341-345  incollection  
BibTeX:
@incollection{RamSco81,
  author = {Ramsey, F. L. and Scott, J. M.},
  title = {Tests of hearing ability},
  booktitle = {Estimating Numbers of Terrestrial Birds},
  publisher = {Cooper Ornithological Society},
  year = {1981},
  number = {6},
  pages = {341--345}
}
Schorr, R.A. Using distance sampling to estimate density and abundance of Saussurea weberi Hultén (Weber's saw-wort) 2013 The Southwestern Naturalist
Vol. 58(3), pp. 378-383 
article DOI  
Abstract: Saussurea weberi Hultén (Weber's saw-wort) is a rare alpine calciphilic plant of the Rocky Mountains with disjunct populations in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. In Colorado, populations of S. weberi are scattered among <20 locations within the Mosquito Range and Hoosier Ridge regions. Saussurea weberi has specific habitat requirements, and its populations or populations of its pollinators may be susceptible to changing climatic conditions and use of off-road vehicles. It is scarce and discontinuous throughout its range, and there is no reliable estimate of density or abundance. Most estimates of abundance are based on cursory visits and unreplicated counts. To quantify size of the population at one of its centers, I used distance-sampling techniques to sample the population at Horseshoe Cirque, Park County, Colorado. I estimated density and abundance and examined variability of estimates to provide information for understanding the size of populations and for guidance in future protocols for sampling.Saussurea weberi Hultén es una planta alpina poco común de suelos de sales de calcio en las Rocky Mountains con poblaciones disyuntas en Colorado, Wyoming y Montana. En Colorado se dispersan poblaciones de S. weberi en <20 lugares dentro de las regiones del Mosquito Range y Hoosier Ridge. Saussurea weberi tiene requisitos particulares de hábitat, y sus poblaciones o las poblaciones de sus polinizadores pueden resultar susceptibles a condiciones cambiantes de clima y el uso de vehículos de todo terreno. Es una planta escasa y discontinua por toda su distribución geográfica y no existen estimaciones confiables de su densidad ni abundancia. La mayoría de las estimaciones de abundancia se basa en visitas superficiales y conteos no replicados. Para cuantificar el tamaño de la población en uno de sus centros, se usaron las técnicas de muestreo de distancia para muestrear la población en Horseshoe Cirque en el condado de Park del estado de Colorado. Hice estimaciones de la densidad y la abundancia y evalué la variabilidad de las estimaciones para proporcionar información que sirva para entender el tamaño de las poblaciones y para proveer orientación para los protocolos de muestreos futuros.
BibTeX:
@article{Schorr2013,
  author = {Schorr, Robert A.},
  title = {Using distance sampling to estimate density and abundance of Saussurea weberi Hultén (Weber's saw-wort)},
  journal = {The Southwestern Naturalist},
  publisher = {Southwestern Association of Naturalists},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {378--383},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-58.3.378}
}
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B. and Marques, T.A. Distance 5.0 2006 Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/  book  
BibTeX:
@book{D5,
  author = {Thomas, L. and Laake, J. L. and Strindberg, S. and Marques, F. F. C. and Buckland, S. T. and Borchers, D. L. and Anderson, D. R. and Burnham, K. P. and Hedley, S. L. and Pollard, J. H. and Bishop, J. R. B. and Marques, T. A.},
  title = {Distance 5.0},
  year = {2006}
}
Ollier, C., Sinn, I., Boisseau, O., Ridoux, V. and Virgili, A. Matching Visual and Acoustic Events to Estimate Detection Probability for Small Cetaceans in the ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative 2023 Frontiers in Marine Science
Vol. 10 
article DOI URL 
Abstract: Estimating the detection probability of small cetaceans using either visual or acoustic surveys is difficult because they do not surface or vocalise continuously and can be imperceptible to an observer or hydrophone. Animals seen at the surface may have lower vocalisation rates, while submerged individuals may be more vocally active. This study aims to estimate visual, acoustic and combined detection probability by using Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (MRDS) methodology. We used vessel-based visual sightings and acoustic data (based on click identification) collected simultaneously during the ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative in summer 2018 onboard the R/V Song of the Whale. This study focused on small cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea, including the most commonly-encountered species, the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). We identified duplicate events between visual and acoustic platforms using a decision tree based on time and distance thresholds to estimate g(0) (the detection probability on the trackline) for small cetaceans. A total of 30 duplicate events were identified from 107 and 109 events identified by the visual and acoustic platforms respectively. We tested the models with two key functions. With a hazard-rate key function, the g(0) was estimated at 0.52 (CV=21.0%) for both platforms combined, 0.29 (CV=25.6%) for the visual platform and 0.32 (CV=25.1%) for the acoustic platform. With a half-normal key function, g(0) was estimated at 0.51 (CV = 21.7%) for both platforms combined, 0.29 (CV = 25.6%) for the visual platform and 0.33 (CV = 23.2%) for the acoustic platform. Our results illustrate that passive acoustic monitoring can be used as an independent platform in MRDS to estimate the detection probability. Our estimate of g(0) was well below 1, far from the perfect detection commonly assumed for abundance estimation. Without correction for detection biases, total abundance would be underestimated by a factor of two when using both acoustic and visual data. This highlights the importance of using dual-platform surveys to estimate detection probability in order to improve abundance estimates and conservation efforts.
BibTeX:
@article{Ollier2023,
  author = {Ollier, Camille and Sinn, Ilona and Boisseau, Oliver and Ridoux, Vincent and Virgili, Auriane},
  title = {Matching Visual and Acoustic Events to Estimate Detection Probability for Small Cetaceans in the ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative},
  journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {10},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1244474},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1244474}
}